Pipeline rules of thumb handbook: quick and accurate solutions to your everyday pipeline problems

E.W. McAllister9780750674713, 0-7506-7471-7

-New material includes conversion tables in square millimeters, material on sizing plates for sizing pigs, conversion of gas volumes, relief valve sizing, and many other topics.-Hundreds of illustrations, photographs, and tables provide answers to even the most difficult pipeline problems at a glance.-A must-have reference work for the pipeline professional, its durable, handy paperback format is perfect for on the job, in the office, or on the road.-Also available is the CD-Rom version (ISBN 0884155105), containing the book, plus built-in software packages that can perform hundreds of complicated calculations in seconds.Now in its fifth edition, the Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook has been and continues to be the standard resource for any professional in the pipeline industry. A practical and convenient reference, it provides quick solutions to the everyday pipeline problems that the pipeline engineer, contractor, or designer faces. Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook assembles hundreds of shortcuts for pipeline construction, design, and engineering. Workable “how-to” methods, handy formulas, correlations, and curves all come together in this one convenient volume.

---

Table of contents :
Contents……Page 5
: General Information……Page 13
: RehabilitationÛRisk Evaluation……Page 0
Find the working strength of Manila rope……Page 17
Wire rope: field troubles and their causes……Page 21
Determine length of a V-belt……Page 23
Calculate V-belt length using simple equation……Page 24
MISCELLANEOUS……Page 25
How to determine glycol requirements to bring a system to a desired temperature protection level……Page 26
Properties of shafting……Page 27
Drill sizes for pipe taps……Page 29
Bolting dimensions for raised face weld neck flanges……Page 30
Steel fitting dimensions……Page 31
ANSI forged steel flanges……Page 32
Approximate angle of repose for sloping sides of excavations……Page 33
requirements……Page 34
Typical wire resistance……Page 35
How to cut odd-angle long radius elbows……Page 36
How to read land descriptions……Page 37
Size an air receiver for engine starting……Page 39
chart……Page 40
Cleaning after construction……Page 41
Estimate volume of onshore oil spill……Page 42
Estimating spill volume on water……Page 44
: Construction……Page 46
PROJECT SCOPING DATA……Page 47
How to determine the crop acreage included in a right-of-way strip……Page 48
Estimating manhours for removing trees……Page 49
Clearing and grading right-of-way……Page 50
How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of ditch?……Page 51
CONCRETE WORK……Page 52
Calculate maximum bend on cold pipe……Page 58
Determine length of a pipe bend……Page 59
Allowable pipe span between supports……Page 61
How engineers make pipe fit the ditch……Page 62
How to lower an existing pipeline that is still in service……Page 65
WELDING……Page 68
Mechanical properties of pipe welding rods……Page 69
PIPELINE WELDING……Page 70
How many welds will the average welder make per hour?……Page 79
Welding criteria permit safe and effective pipeline repair……Page 80
Guidelines for a successful directional crossing bid package……Page 86
: Pipe Design……Page 95
Properties of Pipe……Page 101
Length of pipe in bends……Page 103
Calculation of pipe bends……Page 104
Spacing of pipe supports……Page 106
American standard taper pipe threads (NPT)……Page 108
British standard taper pipe threads……Page 109
Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight, contents, velocity……Page 110
How to find pipe weight from outside diameter and wall thickness……Page 115
Determine buoyancy of bare and concrete coated steel pipe in water and mud……Page 116
Allowable working pressure for carbon steel pipe……Page 117
Find the stress in pipe wall due to internal pressure……Page 118
How to identify the series number of flanged fittings……Page 122
Polypipe design data……Page 123
: Electrical Design……Page 126
Hazardous locations……Page 128
Size portable electric generators……Page 130
Knockout dimensions……Page 131
National Electrical Code Tables……Page 132
Electrical formulas……Page 136
Motor controller sizes……Page 137
Determine the most economical size for electric power conductors……Page 138
How to calculate microwave hops on level ground……Page 139
For quick determination of the horsepower per ampere for induction motors (3 phase) at different voltages……Page 140
Pumping stations……Page 141
Point-by-point method……Page 142
Design procedure……Page 143
: Hydrostatic Testing……Page 145
Volume of water required to fill test section……Page 152
Volume required at test pressure……Page 153
APPENDIX B……Page 154
: Pipeline Drying……Page 158
PIPELINE DEWATERING, CLEANING, AND DRYING*……Page 159
Internal sand blasting……Page 160
Pipeline drying……Page 161
Moisture content of air……Page 163
Commissioning petrochemical pipelines……Page 165
Vacuum drying……Page 168
: Control Valves……Page 171
Sizing control valves for thruput……Page 176
Control valve selection……Page 181
RELIEF VALVE SIZING, SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND TESTING……Page 183
Rupture disc sizing……Page 187
Rupture disc sizing using the resistance to flow method ( KR)……Page 188
Basic valve flow-capacity coefficient ( Cv)……Page 192
: Corrosion/Coatings……Page 197
Project leak growth……Page 232
How to control corrosion at compressor stations……Page 231
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Rectifier-ground bed……Page 230
HVDC effects on pipelines……Page 226
How can the life of magnesium anodes be predicted?……Page 225
How many magnesium anodes are needed for supplementary protection to a short-circuited bare casing?……Page 224
What will be the resistance to earth of a single graphite anode?……Page 223
What is the most economical size for a rectifier cable?……Page 221
How can output of magnesium anodes be predicted?……Page 220
Chart aids in calculating ground bed resistance and rectifier power cost……Page 219
Estimate the pounds of sacrificial anode material required for offshore pipelines……Page 216
Cathodic protection for pipelines……Page 208
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Magnesium anode system……Page 207
How much coal-tar enamel for a mile of pipe?……Page 204
How much primer for a mile of pipe?……Page 203
NAPCA SPECIFICATIONS PIPELINE FELTS……Page 202
NAPCA specifications*……Page 200
ADVANCES IN PIPELINE PROTECTION……Page 233
Methods of locating coating defects……Page 234
Case histories……Page 237
Estimate the number of squares of tape for pipe coating (machine applied)……Page 238
Tape requirements for fittings, continued……Page 239
INDUCED AC VOLTAGES ON PIPELINES MAY PRESENT A SERIOUS HAZARD……Page 240
MEASURING UNWANTED ALTERNATING CURRENT IN PIPE……Page 242
Minimizing shock hazards on pipelines near HVAC lines……Page 247
: Gas General……Page 249
Physical properties of selected hydrocarbons and other chemicals and gases……Page 256
Nomograph for calculating density and specific volume of gases and vapors……Page 264
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING ENERGY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT……Page 265
Conversion table for pure methane……Page 275
Categories of natural gas and reserves terminology……Page 276
Glossary of common gas industry terms……Page 277
: Gas Compression……Page 280
Performance calculations for reciprocating compressors……Page 282
Centrifugal compressor performance calculations……Page 290
Nomographs for estimating compressor performance*……Page 294
Estimate compressor hp where discharge pressure is 1,000psi……Page 299
How to find the size fuel gas line for a compressor station……Page 300
Estimating fuel requirements for compressor installation……Page 302
: Gas Hydraulics……Page 303
Nomograph for determining pipe-equivalent factors……Page 307
Determination of leakage from gas line using pressure drop method……Page 309
Estimate pipe size requirements for increasing throughput volumes of natural gas……Page 312
Flow of fuel gases in pipelines……Page 314
Flow of gas……Page 318
Multi-phase flow……Page 322
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for compressible flow friction factor for clean steel and wrought iron pipe……Page 327
: Liquids General……Page 330
Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly……Page 332
Nomograph for calculating viscosities of liquid hydrocarbons at high pressure……Page 333
Calculate viscosity of a blend……Page 335
Viscosities of Hydrocarbon Liquids……Page 336
Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries……Page 337
Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes……Page 339
How fast does oil move in a pipeline?……Page 344
Table gives velocity heads for various pipe diameters and different rates of discharge……Page 346
: Liquids Hydraulics……Page 347
MARINE HOSE DATA……Page 348
Equivalent lengths……Page 358
Series systems……Page 359
Determine batch injection rate as per enclosure……Page 364
PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS……Page 365
Nomograph for calculating pressure drop of liquids in lines for turbulent flow……Page 373
The basics of drag reduction……Page 377
How drag-reducing agents can outweigh looping or boosting……Page 382
How active, passive drag affect DRA injections……Page 388
Predict subsurface temperature ranges……Page 394
Sizing pipelines for water flow……Page 395
Estimate crude gathering line throughput for a given pipe diameter……Page 396
How to determine the maximum surge pressure in liquid-filled pipeline when a main valve is closed suddenly……Page 398
Transient pressure analysis……Page 399
: Pumps……Page 411
Speed torque calculation……Page 424
PULSATION CONTROL FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS……Page 425
Estimate the discharge of a centrifugal pump at various speeds……Page 443
How to select motors for field gathering pumps……Page 447
Reciprocating pumps……Page 448
: Measurement……Page 463
Mass measurement light hydrocarbons……Page 471
Pipeline measurement of supercritical carbon dioxide……Page 472
Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase ethylene……Page 478
Properties of gas and vapors……Page 489
Determine required orifice diameter for any required differential when the present orifice and differential are known in gas measurement……Page 494
Estimate the temperature drop across a regulator……Page 495
List of typical specifications for domestic and commercial natural gas……Page 496
Determine the number of purges for sample cylinders……Page 497
How to measure high pressure gas……Page 498
Four ways to calculate orifice flow in field……Page 502
Practical maintenance tips for positive displacement meters……Page 505
Sizing headers for meter stations……Page 509
: Instrumentation……Page 512
DEVELOPMENTS IN PIPELINE INSTRUMENTATION……Page 515
CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY FOR INTEGRATED SCADA COMMUNICATIONS……Page 529
: Leak Detection……Page 534
: Tanks……Page 544
Estimating the contents of horizontal cylindrical tanks……Page 547
How to gauge a horizontal cylindrical tank……Page 548
Volume of liquid in vertical cylindrical tanks……Page 550
Hand-held calculator program simplifies dike computations……Page 551
: Maintenance……Page 556
How to plan for oil pipeline spills (Part 2)……Page 560
: Economics……Page 564
How to estimate construction costs……Page 568
Cost estimating strategies for pipelines, stations, terminals (Part 2)……Page 573
APPENDIX……Page 577
Economics……Page 578
Simple interest vs. compound interest……Page 582
Nominal interest rate vs. effective annual interest rate……Page 583
Analyzing and valuing investments/projects with multiple or irregular cash flows……Page 584
Perpetuities……Page 585
Gradients (payouts/payments with constant growth rates)……Page 587
Payback method……Page 589
Internal rate of return (IRR) method……Page 591
Net present value (NPV) method……Page 592
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS……Page 593
DECISION TREE ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENTS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTS……Page 594
ACCOUNTING FUNDAMENTALS……Page 598
Estimate the cost of a pipeline in the U.S. (based on 1994 data)……Page 602
How to compare the cost of operating an engine on diesel and natural gas……Page 603
Comparing fuel costs for diesel and electric prime movers……Page 604
Nomograph for calculating scale-up of tank costs……Page 606
Nomograph for determining sum-of-years depreciation……Page 607
Chart shows influence on unit cost of numbers of reciprocating compressor units installed in one station……Page 610
Chart gives unit cost per brake horsepower of centrifugal compressors with various types of prime movers……Page 611
Index……Page 626