Finely Dispersed Particles: Micro-, Nano-, and Atto-Engineering

Aleksandar M. Spasic, Jyh-Ping Hsu1574444638, 9781574444636, 9781420027662

Over the last decade, the biggest advances in physical chemistry have come from thinking smaller. The leading edge in research pushes closer to the atomic frontier with every passing year. Collecting the latest developments in the science and engineering of finely dispersed particles and related systems, Finely Dispersed Particles: Micro-, Nano-, and Atto-Engineering explores heat, mass, momentum and electron transfer phenomena of well-characterized interfaces at the milli-, micro-, nano-, and atto-scales. An interdisciplinary team of leading experts from around the world discuss recent concepts in the physics and chemistry of various well-studied interfaces of rigid and deformable particles in homo- and hetero-aggregate dispersed systems, including emulsions, dispersoids, foams, fluosols, polymer membranes, and biocolloids. The contributors clearly elucidate the hydrodynamic, electrodynamic, and thermodynamic instabilities that occur at interfaces, as well as the rheological properties of interfacial layers responsible for droplets, particles, and droplet-particle-film structures in finely dispersed systems. The book examines structure and dynamics from various angles, such as relativistic and non-relativistic theories, molecular orbital methods, and transient state theories. With a comprehensive survey of our current understanding, Finely Dispersed Particles: Micro-, Nano-, and Atto-Engineering provides a solid platform for further exploration and discovery at increasingly smaller scales.

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Table of contents :
Front cover……Page 1
Preface……Page 10
Editors……Page 12
Acknowledgment……Page 14
Contributors……Page 16
Table of Contents……Page 20
Part I. Introduction
……Page 24
I. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND SCALES — MACRO, MICRO, NANO, AND ATTO……Page 26
II. NANO CONTINUA, DISCONTINUA, AND SPACES OF INTERACTIONS……Page 27
III. GENERAL COMMENTS RELATED TO THE NEW CLASSIFICATION OF FINELY DISPERSED SYSTEMS A. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY……Page 41
REFERENCES……Page 44
Part II. General
……Page 46
Overview……Page 48
II. GENERAL MOBILITY EXPRESSION……Page 50
III. MOBILITY EXPRESSION CORRECT TO ORDER (HENRY’S FORMULA)……Page 51
IV. MOBILITY EXPRESSION CORRECT TO ORDER 1/……Page 53
V. MOBILITY EXPRESSION CORRECT TO ORDER……Page 54
VI. LIMITING MOBILITY OF HIGHLY CHARGED PARTICLES……Page 55
VIII. GENERAL MOBILITY EXPRESSION FOR SOFT PARTICLES……Page 56
IX. CHARGED-POLYMER-COATED PARTICLE……Page 58
X. UNCHARGED-POLYMER-COATED PARTICLE……Page 59
XI. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY IN SALT-FREE MEDIA……Page 60
REFERENCES……Page 62
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 66
II. THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER AROUND A COLLOID PARTICLE……Page 67
III. ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA AND THE ZETA POTENTIAL……Page 71
IV. ELECTROPHORESIS……Page 73
V. SEDIMENTATION POTENTIAL (DORN EFFECT)……Page 81
VI. DIELECTROPHORESIS……Page 83
VII. LOW-FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC DISPERSION OF SUSPENSIONS……Page 85
VIII. ELECTROACOUSTIC PHENOMENA……Page 88
IX. ELECTROKINETICS OF NONRIGID PARTICLES……Page 92
X. DYNAMIC STERN LAYER AND ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA……Page 95
REFERENCES……Page 96
4 Emulsions: Overview……Page 102
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 103
II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMULSIONS……Page 105
III. MAKING AND STABILIZING EMULSIONS……Page 108
IV. EMULSION SEPARATION AND BREAKING……Page 119
V. APPLICATIONS……Page 122
REFERENCES……Page 129
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS……Page 136
III. TRANSPORT AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS……Page 138
IV. TRANSPORT AT HIGHER REYNOLDS NUMBERS……Page 142
V. CONCLUSION……Page 149
REFERENCES……Page 150
Various Approaches and Transitions……Page 152
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 154
II. THE SCALING THEORIES AND INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS……Page 156
III. TRANSITIONS AND SELF-CONSISTENT FIELDS PHILOSOPHY……Page 159
IV. HYPERELASTICITY PHENOMENOLOGY AND REINFORCEMENT……Page 161
V. THEORIES OF RUBBER REINFORCEMENT — A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS WORK……Page 163
VI. THE UNSOLVED PROBLEMS AND SOME PARADOXES……Page 166
VII. THE THEORY OF RUBBER REINFORCEMENT — A NOVEL APPROACH……Page 167
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLICATIONS……Page 177
REFERENCES……Page 178
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 182
II. CATALYTIC CO OXIDATION……Page 184
III. OSCILLATIONS AND CHEMICAL WAVES……Page 193
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELING……Page 198
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 207
REFERENCES……Page 208
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 214
II. OSCILLATORY CHEMICAL REACTION……Page 217
III. BRAY–LIEBHAFSKY OSCILLATORY REACTION……Page 220
IV. EXAMINATIONS OF CATALYSTS USING THE BRAY–LIEBHAFSKY REACTION AS THE MATRIX SYSTEM……Page 225
REFERENCES……Page 234
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 240
II. THE PROBLEM……Page 241
III. NEW APPROACH: THE CLUE……Page 245
IV. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DECOHERENCE THEORY……Page 246
V. NEW APPROACH……Page 249
VI. DISCUSSION……Page 253
REFERENCES……Page 254
10 Reality and Compatibility of Physical and Mathematical Formalisms……Page 256
II. INTERFACE IN PROBLEMS OF CONTINUUM PHYSICS……Page 257
III. BASIC NOTION OF GEOMETRY AND KINEMATICS OF SURFACE……Page 260
IV. MATERIAL DISPLACEMENT DERIVATIVE……Page 264
V. THE THEORY OF SINGULAR SURFACES……Page 279
VI. BALANCE LAWS OF BULK MATERIAL AND INTERFACE……Page 286
VII. CONCLUSION……Page 301
REFERENCES……Page 302
TOOLS……Page 304
11 Nonlinear Frequency Response Method for Investigation of Equilibria and Kinetics of Adsorption Systems……Page 306
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 307
II. NLFR OF AN IDEALLY MIXED ADSORBER……Page 312
III. LIBRARY OF THEORETICAL PARTICLE FRFs……Page 315
IV. ESTIMATION OF EQUILIBRIUM PARAMETERS FROM THE PARTICLE FRFS……Page 337
V. ESTIMATION OF KINETIC PARAMETERS FOR SIMPLE KINETIC MODELS……Page 339
VI. NLFR OF A CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMN……Page 343
VII. CONCLUSIONS……Page 345
REFERENCES……Page 348
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 352
II. SCALE UP/SCALE DOWN……Page 356
III. EFFECT OF CIRCULATION TIME AND SPECTRUM OF SHEAR RATES ON 10 MIXING TECHNOLOGIES A. GAS–LIQUID DISPERSIONS……Page 357
IV. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS……Page 361
REFERENCES……Page 363
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 364
II. WHAT DO WE SEE?……Page 367
III. DATA ACQUISITION……Page 373
IV. CHAOS AND FRACTALS……Page 378
V. CONCLUSION……Page 385
REFERENCES……Page 386
Part III. Homo-Aggregate Finely
Dispersed Systems……Page 388
Emulsions……Page 390
14 Non-Newtonian Effects on Particle Size in Mixing Systems……Page 392
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 394
II. THEORY: STRUCTURE……Page 396
III. THEORY OF ELECTROVISCOELASTICITY: DYNAMICS……Page 401
REFERENCES……Page 414
16 Production of Monodispersed Emulsions Using Shirasu Porous Glass Membranes……Page 418
II. SPG MEMBRANE……Page 419
III. MEMBRANE EMULSIFICATION……Page 427
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 450
REFERENCES……Page 452
Dispersoids……Page 456
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 458
II. MECHANICAL ALLOYING……Page 460
III. MILLS AND RELEVANT MILLING PARAMETERS……Page 461
IV. STRUCTURAL CHANGES DURING MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT……Page 466
V. MECHANOCHEMICAL REACTIONS……Page 468
VI. KINETICS OF MECHANOCHEMICAL REACTIONS……Page 470
VII. SUBSEQUENT HEAT TREATMENT OF THE MECHANOCHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED POWDERS……Page 472
VIII. POWDER CONTAMINATION……Page 474
IX. EXAMPLES OF THE MATERIALS SYNTHESIZED BY MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT……Page 475
X. CONCLUSIONS……Page 477
REFERENCES……Page 478
APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN MECHANOCHEMISTRY……Page 483
BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 484
18 Liquid–Liquid Dispersions……Page 486
II. EXTRACTION SYSTEMS……Page 488
III. REACTIVE EQUILIBRIA……Page 492
IV. REACTIVE MASS TRANSFER……Page 494
V. LIQUID–LIQUID HYDRODYNAMICS IN ELECTRIC FIELDS……Page 506
VI. SUMMARY……Page 509
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 510
REFERENCES……Page 511
Part IV. Hetero-Aggregate Finely
Dispersed Systems……Page 516
Foams……Page 518
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 520
II. MEASUREMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF BUBBLES……Page 521
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND PROSPECTS……Page 525
IV. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE POTENTIAL OF BUBBLES……Page 528
V. CONCLUSIONS……Page 529
REFERENCES……Page 530
Fluosols……Page 534
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 536
II. GENERAL APPROACH TO THE SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESSES……Page 537
III. DESIGNING STRUCTURES IN SPRAY PYROLYSIS UNDER THE ACTION OF ULTRASONIC FIELDS……Page 541
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: STRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES IN DIFFERENT CERAMIC SYSTEMS……Page 544
V. GENERAL APPROACH TO THE DESIGNING OF STRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF OTHER PERIODICAL PHYSICAL FIELDS……Page 547
REFERENCES……Page 552
Polymer Membranes……Page 558
21 Transfer Phenomena Through Polymer Membranes……Page 560
II. MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT……Page 561
III. MASS TRANSFER MODELING OF MEMBRANE PROCESS……Page 565
IV. CONCLUSION……Page 581
NOTATIONS……Page 582
REFERENCES……Page 584
Multiphase Dispersed Systems……Page 588
22 Gas–Flowing Solids–Fixed Bed Contactors……Page 590
II. FLUID DYNAMICS……Page 591
III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING……Page 598
IV. FLOW PATTERN AND CONTACTING……Page 605
V. HEAT TRANSFER……Page 608
VI. MASS TRANSFER……Page 610
VII. APPLICATIONS……Page 614
NOMENCLATURE……Page 619
REFERENCES……Page 621
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 624
II. POSSIBLE FEATURES AND EFFECTS……Page 629
III. MASS TRANSFER IN PELLETS……Page 630
IV. REACTION KINETICS……Page 641
V. TRANSIENT REGIMES……Page 646
VI. CATALYST DEACTIVATION……Page 650
VII. CAPILLARY CONDENSATION IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES……Page 654
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 658
NOTATIONS……Page 659
REFERENCES……Page 660
24 Particle Production Using Supercritical Fluids……Page 664
I. PROPERTIES OF SUPERCRITICAL GASES……Page 665
II. NANOSCALE PARTICLE PREPARATION……Page 669
III. AEROGELS AND SOL–GEL PROCESSING……Page 686
REFERENCES……Page 695
Part V. Hetero–Aggregate Finely Dispersed Systems of Biological Interest
……Page 702
Biocolloids……Page 704
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 706
II. FIXED CHARGE……Page 709
III. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION……Page 714
IV. PHENOMENA RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL CELLS……Page 726
REFERENCES……Page 734
26 Modeling Mesoscopic Fluids with Discrete-Particles — Methods, Algorithms, and Results……Page 738
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 739
II. DISCRETE-PARTICLES: ALGORITHMS AND METHODS……Page 745
III. COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISCRETE-PARTICLE SIMULATIONS……Page 765
IV. COLLOIDAL DYNAMICS MODELED BY DISCRETE-PARTICLES……Page 775
V. A CONCEPT OF PROBLEM-SOLVING ENVIRONMENT FOR DISCRETE-PARTICLE SIMULATIONS……Page 792
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 795
REFERENCES……Page 796
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 802
II. DNA DYNAMICS……Page 805
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……Page 832
REFERENCES……Page 833
28 Surface Modification of Dispersed Phases Designed for In Vivo Removal of Overdosed Toxins……Page 836
II. INTRODUCTION……Page 837
III. OIL-IN-WATER MICROEMULSION STUDIES……Page 838
IV. SURFACE MODIFIED PARTICLE TOXIN RECEPTOR STUDIES……Page 845
V. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EFFECTIVENESS OF DISPERSED PHASE WITH……Page 850
VI. MICROEMULSIONS REVISITED……Page 851
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND PATH FORWARD……Page 852
REFERENCES……Page 853
II. POLYHEDRICAL NANOCAPSULES……Page 856
III. ROUNDED CONCENTRIC STRUCTURES……Page 863
IV. FORMATION KINETICS……Page 865
V. PURIFICATION AND BIOLOGICAL COVERAGE……Page 867
VI. NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS……Page 869
REFERENCES……Page 871
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 876
II. PREPARATION OF MICRO- AND NANOCARRIERS WITH ENCAPSULATED ANIMAL CELLS OR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS……Page 877
III. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER MICRO- AND NANOCARRIERS LOADED WITH BIOMATERIALS……Page 882
REFERENCES……Page 887
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 892
II. FORCES ACTING ON DROPLET FORMATION……Page 893
III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES……Page 895
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. PARAMETERS AFFECTING MICROBEAD SIZE……Page 897
NOTATIONS……Page 907
REFERENCES……Page 908
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 910
II. DESIGN OF MICRO-BIOSENSOR……Page 911
III. IMMOBILIZATION OF CHROMATOPHORES……Page 912
IV. EXPERIMENTAL A. ISOLATION……Page 913
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 915
VI. CONCLUSION……Page 922
REFERENCES……Page 923
Index……Page 926
Back cover……Page 936