Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Proceedings of the 13th Course of the International School

Maurice M. Shapiro, Todor Stanev, John P. Wefel9789812387271, 981-238-727-7

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th Course of the International School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics. It focuses on major areas of astrophysics, their relation to cosmic ray physics, and our current understanding of the energetic processes in the Galaxy and the Universe that govern the acceleration and form the features of the cosmic rays that we detect at Earth.

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Table of contents :
CONTENTS……Page 10
Preface……Page 8
Understanding and modeling the Universe and its luminous systems……Page 14
1. Dark Matter and the Evolution of the Universe……Page 16
2. The Matter Density Parameter M,0……Page 22
3. The Vacuum Energy Density Parameter……Page 26
4. The (Four?) Elements of Modern Cosmology……Page 32
Acknowledgments……Page 33
References……Page 34
1. Introduction……Page 36
2. Horizons and Nonlocal Quantum Cosmology……Page 37
3. Examples: Nonlocality in Nuclear Physics and Quantum Mechanics……Page 38
4. BCS Theory and Quantum Cosmology……Page 39
5 . Rindler Wedges and Time-Like Killing Vectors……Page 41
6. Lee’s Theorem and Quantum Gravity……Page 42
7. Examples of Lee’s Theorem……Page 43
8. Derivation of the Quantum Temperature of the Accelerating Universe……Page 44
9. Quantum Temperature of Flat, Accelerating FL Models……Page 47
10. Conclusion……Page 48
References……Page 50
1. Introduction and Motivation……Page 52
2. Sample selection and Observations……Page 53
3.1. Detection rates and Jets morphologies……Page 54
3.2. Spectral Energy Distributions……Page 58
3.3. Caveats……Page 61
Acknowledgments……Page 62
References……Page 63
2. Types of Supernovae……Page 64
3.1. Thermonuclear Supernovae……Page 66
3.2. Core-collapse Supernovae……Page 67
4. Historical Galactic Supernovae……Page 68
6. Asymmetric Explosions and Polarization of Light……Page 69
7. Energies……Page 70
8. Light Curves……Page 71
8.2. Core-collapse or Type Ib,c and II……Page 72
9.1. Type Ia……Page 73
10.1. Methods……Page 74
10.2. Photospheric Line Analysis……Page 75
10.3. Nebular Spectral Line Analysis……Page 76
10.4. Abundances from Light Curves……Page 77
10.4.2. Type II……Page 78
11. The Gamma-Ray Burst Connection……Page 79
References……Page 81
1. Introduction……Page 84
2. Mechanisms of particle acceleration……Page 85
2.2. Inner magnetosphere……Page 86
2.4. Pulsar wind zone……Page 88
2.5. Pulsar nebula……Page 89
3. Contribution of pulsars to the cosmic rays……Page 90
4. Signatures of cosmic ray acceleration……Page 92
4.1. Prompt gamma-my and neutrino emission……Page 93
4.2.1. Pulsar an the interstellar medium……Page 97
4.2.2. Pulsar in the high density medium……Page 100
5. Conclusion……Page 103
References……Page 104
2. High energy processes inside a binary system……Page 108
3.2. The shock region……Page 110
References……Page 113
Young compact objects in the solar vicinity S. B. Popov, M. R. Prokhorov, M. Colpi, R. Turolla & A . Treves……Page 114
2.1. Log N — Log S distribution……Page 115
2.2. Census of close young isolated neutron stars of different types……Page 117
2.3. Alignment……Page 118
2.4. Possible correlation between initial magnetic fields and masses of neutron stars……Page 120
3. Close young isolated black holes……Page 121
References……Page 122
Cosmic rays……Page 124
1. Introduction……Page 126
2. Diffusion in a Dynamic Galaxy……Page 127
3. The cosmic ray flux variability from meteorites……Page 129
4. Do Cosmic rays affects the climate?……Page 130
5. Ice Age Epochs and Spiral Passages……Page 134
7. And the Dinosaurs?……Page 135
References……Page 137
1. Introduction and History……Page 140
2. The “Problem” of the Knee……Page 145
3. The Standard Model: Supernova Remnant Acceleration……Page 147
4. Experimental Data……Page 148
5. Summary and Prospects……Page 150
References……Page 152
1. Introduction……Page 154
2.1. The solar sytern and the heliosphere……Page 155
2.2. Dimensions and basic structure of the heliosphere……Page 156
2.3. Some complications……Page 158
3.1. I s there a baseline population?……Page 159
3.2. Solar energetic particles……Page 160
3.3. Acceleration and propagation in the inner heliosphere……Page 162
3.4. Messengers from the outer heliosphere and beyond……Page 164
4. Discussion and conclusions……Page 165
References……Page 166
1. Introduction……Page 170
2.1. Energy losses of protons……Page 172
2.2. Energy losses of heavy nuclei……Page 174
2.3. Maximum path length……Page 176
2.4. Predictions of the ambient CR energy spectrum……Page 177
2.5. The observations……Page 178
2.6. Attempts to explain the AGASA spectrum (no cutoff)……Page 182
3.1. Large scale anisotropy……Page 185
3.2.1. Observations……Page 189
3.2.2. Multiplet probabilities……Page 190
3.3. Implication for the intergalactic matter……Page 195
References……Page 199
1. Introduction……Page 202
2. Observations of GRBs……Page 204
3. GRB Source Models……Page 205
4. Cosmic Ray Production by GRBs……Page 206
4.2. Rate and Power of GRBs in the Milky Way……Page 207
References……Page 210
1. Introduction……Page 212
2. The AMS detector on the STS-91 mission……Page 213
3.2. Measurements of the Cosmic Ray spectrum……Page 214
4. Conclusions and outlook……Page 216
References……Page 217
1. Introduction……Page 218
2.1. Method A……Page 219
2.2. Method B……Page 221
References……Page 223
1. Introduction……Page 224
2. Optimizing TRDs for high energies……Page 225
3. Accelerator test of Compton Scatter TRD……Page 226
5. Conclusion……Page 228
References……Page 229
1. Introduction……Page 230
2.1. Rich……Page 231
2.2. The time of flight……Page 232
2.3. The tracking system……Page 233
3.1.2. Scintillators and time-of-flight……Page 234
3.1.4. The Calorimeter……Page 235
3.3. Eficiency determination……Page 236
4. Results……Page 237
References……Page 238
Extensive air showers……Page 240
1. Introduction……Page 242
2. Measurement of UHECR……Page 243
3.1. Energy Spectrum……Page 244
3.2. Arrival Direction Distribution……Page 246
3.3. Mass Composition……Page 248
4.2. Non-electromagnetic Processes……Page 249
5.1. The Pierre Auger Observatory……Page 250
6. EUSO and OWL……Page 252
Acknowledgements……Page 253
Measurement and reconstruction of extensive air showers with the KASCADE field array G. Maier for the KASCADE Collaboration……Page 256
2. The KASCADE experiment……Page 257
3. Field Array……Page 258
4. Reconstruction of extensive air showers……Page 259
5. Summary and Conclusion……Page 261
References……Page 262
1. Introduction……Page 264
3.1. Shower Geometry……Page 265
3.2. Overview……Page 266
3.3. Some Results……Page 268
3.4. Pixel Pointing……Page 269
3.5. Gerenkov Contamination……Page 270
4. Conclusions & outlook……Page 271
References……Page 272
1. Introduction……Page 274
2. A Hybrid Simulation Technique……Page 276
3. Results for proton-initiated showers……Page 278
3.1. Depth of Maximum Development……Page 279
3.2. Number of Muons……Page 280
4. Summary……Page 281
References……Page 282
2. The Array……Page 286
3. Delayed signals……Page 287
4. Results……Page 288
4.2. Delayed signals in a set of counters……Page 289
References……Page 290
2. The main aim of the experiment……Page 292
3. The idea of the experiment……Page 293
4. The additional subject……Page 294
5 . Why Roland Maze ?……Page 295
6. Summary……Page 296
Gamma ray and neutrino astronomy……Page 298
1. Detecting Very High Energy (VHE) r-rays From The Ground……Page 300
2. Extragalactic Sources of VHE r-rays……Page 301
2.2. The Blazar Sequence……Page 302
3. Detected Sources of VHE 7-rays……Page 303
3.2. Markarian 501 (Mrk501)……Page 304
3.4. H1426+428 (H1426)……Page 305
Acknowledgments……Page 306
References……Page 307
1. Introduction……Page 308
2.1.1. Extragalactic Infra-red Background (IRB) Radiation……Page 309
2.2. Shell-type Supernova Remnants (SNRs)……Page 310
2.5.1. Cosmic Ray Composition……Page 311
2.5.4. Quantum Gravity……Page 312
3. Summary……Page 313
References……Page 314
1. Introduction……Page 316
1.3. Extragalactic Background Light……Page 317
3. Cosmological Parameters……Page 318
References……Page 321
2.1. The Structure……Page 322
2.2. The Reflector……Page 323
2.3. The Camera……Page 324
References……Page 325
1. Introduction……Page 326
2.1. MAGIC Detection Rates for Pulsed Emission……Page 327
2.2. Detection Times for Pulsars……Page 328
4. Conclusions……Page 330
References……Page 331
1. Introduction……Page 332
2.2. First Generation : 1968 – 1976……Page 333
2.4. High-Resolution Camera : 1988 – 1996……Page 334
2.5. High-Resolution Camera 11 : 1996 – 1999……Page 335
3. Future of VHE r-ray Astronomy……Page 336
References……Page 338
1. Introduction……Page 340
2.1. Radio-Quiet AGNs……Page 341
2.3. Blazars……Page 342
3. Gamma Rays from Blazars……Page 344
4. Neutrinos and Neutral Beams from Blazars……Page 348
References……Page 352
1. Why would one want one more astronomy ?……Page 354
1.1. How are these neutrinos generated……Page 355
1.2. How are the pions produced……Page 356
2. Sources of astrophysical neutrinos……Page 357
2.1. Diffuse extragalactic neutrino fluxes……Page 358
2.2. Neutrinos fiom propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays……Page 359
3. Detection of extraterrestrial neutrinos……Page 360
3.1. Neutrino telescopes……Page 362
References……Page 364
1. Introduction……Page 366
2. Radio Signal F’rom Electromagnetic Cascades……Page 367
3. The RICE Detector: Hardware and Triggers……Page 369
4. Analysis……Page 370
References……Page 371
List of participants……Page 372