Technical Manual for Dam Owners Impacts of Animals on Earthen Dams

Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Title Page
……Page 3
Table of Contents……Page 5
1.1 Background……Page 11
1.2 Target Audience, Purpose, and Application of This Manual……Page 12
1.3 Technical Resources Cited……Page 13
2.1 Background……Page 14
2.2 Hydraulic Alteration……Page 15
2.4 Surface Erosion……Page 16
3.1 Wildlife And The Earthen Dam……Page 18
3.2.1 Zone 1: Upstream Slope Area……Page 19
3.2.2 Zone 2: Dam Crest Area……Page 20
3.2.3 Zone 3: Upper Downstream Slope Area……Page 22
3.2.5 Zone 5: Downstream Toe Area……Page 23
3.2.6 Zone 6: Spillway, Outlets, and General Areas……Page 24
4.1 The Importance of Accurate Wildlife Identifcation……Page 25
4.2.1 Muskrat Overview 4.2 Identifying Nuisance Wildlife……Page 27
4.2.2 Beaver Overview……Page 29
4.2.3 Mountain Beaver Overview……Page 32
4.2.4 Groundhog Overview……Page 34
4.2.5 Pocket Gopher Overview……Page 36
4.2.6 North American Badger Overview……Page 39
4.2.7 Nutria Overview……Page 41
4.2.8 Prairie Dog Overview……Page 43
4.2.9 Ground Squirrel Overview……Page 45
4.2.10 Armadillo Overview……Page 47
4.2.11 Livestock Overview……Page 49
4.2.12 Crayfish Overview……Page 51
4.2.13 Coyote Overview……Page 52
4.2.14 Moles and Voles Overview……Page 54
4.2.15 River Otter Overview……Page 57
4.2.16 Gopher Tortoise Overview……Page 58
4.2.17 Red Fox and Gray Fox Overview……Page 60
4.2.18 Canada Goose Overview……Page 62
4.2.19 American Alligator Overview……Page 64
4.2.20 Ants Overview……Page 65
5.1 Conformity to the Clean Water Act of 1972……Page 67
5.3.1 Restoration Measures……Page 68
5.4 Dam Repair Zones……Page 69
5.4.1 Dam Repair Zone 1……Page 70
5.4.3 Dam Repair Zone 3……Page 72
5.4.5 Dam Repair Zone 5……Page 73
5.7.1 Muskrat……Page 74
5.7.2 Beaver……Page 76
5.7.9 Ground Squirrel……Page 78
5.7.15 River Otter……Page 79
5.8 Monitoring……Page 80
6.1 Compliance with State and Federal Regulations 6.1.1 Conformity to Federal Regulations……Page 81
6.1.2 Conformity to State Regulations……Page 82
6.2.2 Muskrat Control Through Trapping (University of Nebraska, 1994; South Carolina DNR, 2003)……Page 83
6.2.4 Muskrat Control Through Toxicants (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 85
6.3.2 Beaver Control Through Trapping (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 86
6.4.3 Mountain Beaver Control Through Fumigants (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 87
6.5.5 Groundhog Control Though Frightening (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 88
6.6.2 Pocket Gopher Control Through Trapping (USDA, 1994; University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 89
6.6.4 Pocket Gopher Control Through Toxicants (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 90
6.6.6 Pocket Gopher Control Through Repellents (University of Nebraska, 1994; Witmer et al., 1995)……Page 91
6.8 Nutria Management Methods 6.8.1 Nutria Control Through Habitat Modifcation (University of Nebraska, 1994; USDA, 1991)……Page 92
6.8.6 Nutria Control Through Repellents (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 93
6.9.3 Prairie Dog Control Through Fumigants (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 94
6.10 Ground Squirrel Management Methods……Page 95
6.10.4 Ground Squirrel Control Through Toxicants (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 96
6.11.2 Armadillo Control Through Trapping (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 97
6.12.2 Livestock Control Through Trapping (USDA, 1991; University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 98
6.14.2 Coyote Control Through Trapping (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 99
6.15.2 Mole and Vole Control Through Trapping (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 100
6.16 River Otter Management Methods 6.16.1 River Otter Control Through Habitat Modifcation (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 101
6.17.7 Gopher Tortoise Control Through Shooting (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 102
6.19 Canada Goose Management Methods 6.19.1 Canada Goose Control Through Habitat Modifcation (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 20……Page 103
6.19.5 Canada Goose Control Through Frightening (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2001b)……Page 104
6.20.6 American Alligator Control Through Repellents (University of Nebraska, 1994)……Page 105
6.21.7 Ant Control Through Shooting……Page 106
7.2 Fiscal Considerations of the Willing Dam Owner……Page 107
7.3 Overcoming the Economic Hurdles……Page 108
8.0 References……Page 112