Understanding and Applying Machine Vision

Nello Zeuch9780824789299, 0-8247-8929-6

A discussion of applications of machine vision technology in the semiconductor, electronic, automotive, wood, food, pharmaceutical, printing, and container industries. It describes systems that enable projects to move forward swiftly and efficiently, and focuses on the nuances of the engineering and system integration of machine vision technology.

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Table of contents :
Preface……Page 2
Contents……Page 3
Increased productivity:……Page 4
Receiving inspection:……Page 5
Data input devices:……Page 6
Personnel:……Page 7
Machine Vision: Historical Perspective……Page 8
Clarification of Which Applications Are and Which Are Not Included as Machine Vision……Page 20
Machine Vision Includes a Broad Range of Technical Approaches……Page 21
Machine Vision Industry Business Strategies……Page 23
Image processing board set suppliers (IPBS) – A company offering one or more products, such as a frame grabber,……Page 27
Web scanner supplier – A company providing a turnkey system to inspect unpatterned products produced in webs……Page 28
Summary……Page 29
The ”What” and “Why” of Machine Vision……Page 30
Human Vision versus Machine Vision……Page 33
Machine Vision Definition……Page 38
Machine Vision Applications……Page 45
Overview of Generic Machine Vision Benefits and Justification……Page 51
References……Page 60
Machine Vision: Introductory Concepts……Page 61
Who Is Using Machine Vision……Page 64
Deploying Machine Vision……Page 65
Introductory Concepts……Page 68
Light and Lighting……Page 70
Geometry of Propagation……Page 73
Incandescent Light Bulb……Page 74
Discharge Tube……Page 76
Strobe Tube……Page 78
Laser……Page 79
Fiber- Optic Illuminators……Page 81
Condenser Lens……Page 82
Diffusers……Page 83
Collimators……Page 84
Change of Spectral Distribution……Page 85
Geometric Parameters: Shape or Profile of Object……Page 86
Front Lighting……Page 87
Image Formation by Lensing……Page 92
Focusing……Page 93
Other Parameters in Specifying Imaging System……Page 94
Distortion and Aberrations in Optics……Page 97
Different Types of Objectives……Page 100
Miscellaneous Comments……Page 102
Aspherical Image Formation……Page 104
Beam Splitter……Page 105
Image Scanning……Page 106
References……Page 107
Television Cameras……Page 108
Noncomposite Video……Page 111
Automatic Lens Drive Circuit……Page 113
Sensors……Page 115
Charge Injection Device……Page 117
Photodiode Matrix Sensors……Page 118
Dynamic Range……Page 120
Gamma……Page 121
Dark Current……Page 122
Camera and System Interface……Page 123
Frame Buffers and Frame Grabbers……Page 130
Smart Cameras……Page 131
References……Page 132
Image Processing……Page 133
Addition or Subtraction of a Constant to Each Pixel……Page 135
Binary Neighborhood Processing……Page 136
Erosion (Shrinking)……Page 137
Skeletonization……Page 138
Gray Scale Neighboring Processing……Page 139
Segmentation……Page 141
Max/ Min/ Average Gray Scale……Page 143
Histogramming……Page 144
Localized Thresholding……Page 146
Coding/ Feature Extraction……Page 154
Edge Finding……Page 155
Binary……Page 161
Gray- Scale Pattern Matching……Page 164
Image Analysis/ Classification/ Interpretation……Page 165
Decision- Making……Page 166
A Word about Gray Scale……Page 173
Summary……Page 175
References……Page 176
Three- Dimensional Machine Vision Techniques……Page 179
Stereo……Page 180
Stereopsis……Page 182
Active Imaging……Page 183
Simple Triangulation Range Finding……Page 185
Depth from Texture Gradient……Page 189
References……Page 190
Semiconductor Industry……Page 191
Electronic Manufacturing……Page 197
Preloaded Board Inspection (warpage) – Some companies have suggested a need to determine board warpage and……Page 200
Automotive Industry……Page 202
Application- Specific Machine Vision Systems in the Container Market……Page 206
Applications of Machine Vision in the Pharmaceutical Industry……Page 207
Analysis of the Sale of Machine Vision to the Food Industry……Page 214
Application- Specific Machine Vision Systems in the Printing Industry……Page 215
Volume- Measurement- Based Optimization……Page 217
Grade- Based Optimization……Page 218
Truck Stack Volume……Page 223
Alignment……Page 224
Metrology and Machine Vision – Overview……Page 225
Camera……Page 227
Vision Computer……Page 228
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)……Page 229
Optical Character Verification (OCV)/ Print Quality Inspection (PQI)……Page 230
Review of Defect Detection Issues……Page 233
Two Dimensional Symbology……Page 236
Color Based Machine Vision……Page 238
Evaluating Machine Vision Applications……Page 242
Dimensional Measurements……Page 243
Flaw Detection……Page 244
Line Scan Capture Implications……Page 245
Systematic Planning……Page 246
Recurring Concern……Page 250
Specification Development……Page 251
Preprocessing and Processing……Page 260
Image Analysis……Page 261
Acceptance……Page 262
Getting Information on Machine Vision……Page 263
Project Management……Page 264
ROI Summary……Page 272
Summary Sheet……Page 273
Project- Planning Advice……Page 274
References……Page 276
Laser- Based Triangulation Techniques……Page 277
Linear Diode Arrays……Page 278
Fiber- Optic Arrangements……Page 279
Laser Interferometer……Page 280
Electro- Optical Speed Measurements……Page 281
Acoustics……Page 282
Aberration……Page 283
Area Diode Array……Page 284
Back Porch……Page 285
Blur Circle……Page 286
Chain Code (Chain Encoding)……Page 287
Color……Page 288
Contrast……Page 289
Dark Current……Page 290
Diffraction Pattern……Page 291
Distortion……Page 292
F……Page 293
Responsivity……Page 294
Sampling……Page 295
Sentence……Page 296
SISD……Page 297
Spherical Aberration……Page 298
Subtraction……Page 299
Template Match……Page 300
Tracking……Page 301
Vertical Resolution……Page 302
Zoom Lens……Page 303
Production Process……Page 304
Application……Page 305
Part to Be Inspected……Page 307
Material Handling?……Page 309
Operator Interface……Page 311
Environmental Issues……Page 312
Other Issues/ Requirements……Page 313
Acceptance Test/ Buyoff Procedure……Page 314
A……Page 315
C……Page 317
D……Page 319
E……Page 320
G……Page 321
I……Page 322
L……Page 325
M……Page 327
O……Page 329
P……Page 330
S……Page 331
T……Page 334
X……Page 336