Handbook of Optics, Vol. 2: Devices, Measurements, and Properties

Optical Society of America, Michael Bass0070479747

In Volume II,readers will find coverage of: Elements,from the traditional to more recently developed components such as integrated,micro,binary,gradient index,fiber,and x-ray optics; Instruments,from cameras to optical scanners to FLIR systemsl Measurements,including both the theory and the methodology; Optical and physical properties of material.

---

Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Title……Page 4
Contents……Page 6
Contributors……Page 17
Preface……Page 19
Glossary and Fundamental Constants……Page 20
Part 1 – Optical Elements……Page 27
1 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 28
1 . 3 BASICS……Page 30
1 . 4 STOPS AND PUPILS……Page 33
1 . 7 COMPOUND MICROSCOPES……Page 34
1 . 9 APLANATIC SURFACES AND IMMERSION LENSES……Page 35
1 . 1 0 SINGLE ELEMENT LENS……Page 36
1 . 1 1 LANDSCAPE LENSES AND THE INFLUENCE OF STOP POSITION……Page 42
1 . 1 2 TWO – LENS SYSTEMS……Page 44
1 . 1 3 ACHROMATIC DOUBLETS……Page 48
1 . 1 4 TRIPLET LENSES……Page 51
1 . 1 5 SYMMETRICAL LENSES……Page 52
1 . 1 6 DOUBLE – GAUSS LENSES……Page 53
1 . 1 8 TELEPHOTO LENSES……Page 54
1 . 2 0 PERFORMANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE LENSES……Page 55
1 . 2 1 RAPID ESTIMATION OF LENS PERFORMANCE……Page 61
1 . 2 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 66
2 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 67
2 . 3 GAUSSIAN ANALYSIS OF AFOCAL LENSES……Page 68
2 . 4 KEPLERIAN AFOCAL LENSES……Page 73
2 . 5 GALILEAN AND INVERSE GALILEAN AFOCAL LENSES……Page 80
2 . 6 RELAY TRAINS AND PERISCOPES……Page 82
2 . 7 REFLECTING AND CATADIOPTRIC AFOCAL LENSES……Page 85
2 . 8 REFERENCES……Page 88
GLOSSARY……Page 90
PRISM POLARIZERS……Page 91
GLAN – TYPE PRISMS……Page 98
NICOL – TYPE PRISMS……Page 106
POLARIZING BEAM – SPLITTER PRISMS……Page 108
DICHROIC AND DIFFRACTION – TYPE POLARIZERS……Page 115
NON – NORMAL – INCIDENCE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION POLARIZERS……Page 125
RETARDATION PLATES……Page 135
VARIABLE RETARDATION PLATES AND COMPENSATORS……Page 146
HALF – SHADE DEVICES……Page 149
MINIATURE POLARIZATION DEVICES……Page 150
REFERENCES……Page 151
4 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 160
4 . 6 PRISM DESCRIPTIONS……Page 161
4 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 186
5 . 3 PRISMS 1 , 2 , 3……Page 187
5 . 4 GRATINGS……Page 189
5 . 5 PRISM AND GRATING CONFIGURATIONS AND INSTRUMENTS……Page 190
5 . 6 REFERENCES……Page 201
6 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 203
6 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 204
6 . 3 DEVICE PHYSICS……Page 205
6 . 4 INTEGRATED OPTICS MATERIALS AND FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY……Page 214
6 . 5 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS……Page 222
6 . 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATED OPTICS……Page 230
6 . 7 FUTURE TRENDS……Page 239
6 . 8 REFERENCES……Page 240
7 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 245
7 . 4 MICRO – OPTICS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS……Page 246
7 . 5 MOLDED MICROLENSES……Page 249
7 . 6 MONOLITHIC LENSLET MODULES……Page 256
7 . 7 DISTRIBUTED – INDEX PLANAR MICROLENSES……Page 257
7 . 8 SMILE MICROLENSES……Page 260
7 . 9 MICRO – FRESNEL LENSES……Page 262
7 . 1 0 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES……Page 271
7 . 1 1 REFERENCES……Page 275
8 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 279
8 . 3 DESIGN — GEOMETRICAL OPTICS……Page 280
8 . 4 DESIGN — SCALAR DIFFRACTION THEORY……Page 288
8 . 6 FABRICATION……Page 292
8 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 296
9 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 298
9 . 4 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION……Page 299
9 . 5 AXIAL GRADIENT LENSES……Page 300
9 . 6 RADIAL GRADIENTS……Page 302
9 . 8 SHALLOW RADIAL GRADIENTS……Page 304
9 . 9 MATERIALS……Page 305
9 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 306
1 0 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 308
1 0 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 310
1 0 . 3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION……Page 311
1 0 . 4 FIBER DISPERSION AND ATTENUATION……Page 315
1 0 . 5 POLARIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS……Page 318
1 0 . 6 OPTICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS……Page 319
1 0 . 7 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS……Page 326
1 0 . 8 NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS……Page 344
1 0 . 9 OPTICAL FIBER MATERIALS : CHEMISTRY AND FABRICATION……Page 349
1 0 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 353
1 0 . 1 1 FURTHER READING……Page 356
1 1 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 358
1 1 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 359
1 1 . 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND……Page 360
1 1 . 4 OPTICAL PERFORMANCE OF X – RAY / EUV IMAGING SYSTEMS……Page 363
1 1 . 5 DIFFRACTION EFFECTS OF GRAZING INCIDENCE X – RAY OPTICS……Page 365
1 1 . 6 GHOST IMAGES IN GRAZING INCIDENCE X – RAY TELESCOPES……Page 371
1 1 . 7 SCATTERING EFFECTS FROM OPTICAL FABRICATION ERRORS……Page 373
1 1 . 8 IMAGE QUALITY PREDICTIONS FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS……Page 382
1 1 . 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 386
1 1 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 387
1 2 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 392
1 2 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 393
1 2 . 3 THEORY OF ACOUSTO – OPTIC INTERACTION……Page 394
1 2 . 4 ACOUSTO – OPTIC MATERIALS……Page 405
1 2 . 5 BASIC ACOUSTO – OPTIC DEVICES……Page 410
1 2 . 6 APPLICATIONS……Page 425
1 2 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 440
1 3 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 446
1 3 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 448
1 3 . 3 CRYSTAL OPTICS AND THE INDEX ELLIPSOID……Page 449
1 3 . 4 THE ELECTRO – OPTIC EFFECT……Page 451
1 3 . 5 MODULATOR DEVICES……Page 460
1 3 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 478
1 4 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 481
1 4 . 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS……Page 482
1 4 . 4 PHYSICAL MECHANISMS FOR MODULATING LIGHT……Page 490
1 4 . 5 ELECTRO – OPTICS OF NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS……Page 492
1 4 . 6 ELECTRO – OPTICS OF POLYMER – DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS……Page 497
1 4 . 7 ELECTRO – OPTICS OF FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALS……Page 499
1 4 . 8 CONCLUSION……Page 503
1 4 . 9 REFERENCES……Page 504
Part 2 – Optical Instruments……Page 507
1 5 . 2 BACKGROUND……Page 508
1 5 . 3 PROPERTIES OF THE FINAL IMAGE……Page 509
1 5 . 5 RESOLVING FINE DETAIL……Page 510
1 5 . 7 DISPLAY……Page 511
1 5 . 9 VIDEO CAMERAS……Page 512
1 5 . 1 1 CRITICAL FEATURES……Page 513
1 5 . 1 2 TIME LAG……Page 514
1 5 . 1 3 AUTOMATION……Page 515
1 5 . 1 4 FLASH……Page 521
1 5 . 1 5 FLEXIBILITY THROUGH FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES……Page 522
1 5 . 1 6 ADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS FORMATS……Page 523
1 5 . 1 7 LARGE FORMAT : A DIFFERENT WORLD……Page 524
1 5 . 1 8 SPECIAL CAMERAS……Page 526
1 5 . 1 9 FURTHER READING……Page 533
1 6 . 2 IMPOSED DESIGN LIMITATIONS……Page 534
1 6 . 3 MODERN LENS TYPES……Page 535
1 6 . 4 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM……Page 553
1 6 . 5 LENS PERFORMANCE DATA……Page 558
1 6 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 559
1 7 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 560
1 7 . 3 GENERAL OPTICAL CONSIDERATIONS……Page 563
1 7 . 4 MICROSCOPE LENSES , ABERRATIONS……Page 571
1 7 . 5 CONTRAST GENERATION……Page 581
1 7 . 6 ILLUMINATION AND IMAGING MODES……Page 596
1 7 . 7 OPTICAL MANIPULATION OF SPECIMEN WITH THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE……Page 606
1 7 . 8 MECHANICAL STANDARDS……Page 607
1 7 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 608
1 8 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 612
1 8 . 4 INTRODUCTION TO CATADIOPTRIC AND REFLECTIVE OBJECTIVES……Page 613
1 8 . 5 FIELD – OF – VIEW PLOTS……Page 649
1 8 . 6 DEFINITIONS……Page 651
1 8 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 653
1 9 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 657
1 9 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 658
1 9 . 3 SCANNED RESOLUTION……Page 663
1 9 . 4 SCANNERS FOR REMOTE SENSING……Page 671
1 9 . 5 SCANNING FOR INPUT / OUTPUT IMAGING……Page 682
1 9 . 6 SCANNER DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES……Page 690
1 9 . 7 SCAN – ERROR REDUCTION……Page 707
1 9 . 8 REFERENCES……Page 710
1 9 . 9 FURTHER READING……Page 712
2 0 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 714
2 0 . 3 OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERS……Page 715
2 0 . 4 LUMINESCENCE SPECTROMETERS……Page 718
2 0 . 5 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE DECAY TIME……Page 725
2 0 . 6 POLARIZATION SPECTROMETERS……Page 728
2 0 . 7 HIGH – RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES……Page 736
2 0 . 8 LIGHT SCATTERING……Page 743
2 0 . 9 REFERENCES……Page 745
2 1 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 746
2 1 . 3 BASIC TYPES OF INTERFEROMETERS……Page 747
2 1 . 4 THREE – BEAM AND DOUBLE – PASSED TWO – BEAM INTERFEROMETERS……Page 752
2 1 . 5 FRINGE – COUNTING INTERFEROMETERS……Page 755
2 1 . 7 FREQUENCY – MODULATION INTERFEROMETERS……Page 756
2 1 . 8 HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETERS……Page 757
2 1 . 9 PHASE – SHIFTING INTERFEROMETERS……Page 758
2 1 . 1 0 PHASE – LOCKED INTERFEROMETERS……Page 759
2 1 . 1 1 LASER – DOPPLER INTERFEROMETERS……Page 760
2 1 . 1 2 LASER – FEEDBACK INTERFEROMETERS……Page 761
2 1 . 1 3 FIBER INTERFEROMETERS……Page 762
2 1 . 1 4 INTERFEROMETRIC WAVE METERS……Page 764
2 1 . 1 5 SECOND – HARMONIC AND PHASE – CONJUGATE INTERFEROMETERS……Page 766
2 1 . 1 7 MICHELSON ’ S STELLAR INTERFEROMETER……Page 767
2 1 . 1 8 GRAVITATIONAL – WAVE INTERFEROMETERS……Page 768
2 1 . 1 9 REFERENCES……Page 770
2 2 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 774
2 2 . 4 LIGHT – MEASURING AND SAMPLE – MEASURING POLARIMETERS……Page 776
2 2 . 7 POLARIZATION GENERATORS AND ANALYZERS……Page 777
2 2 . 1 1 DIVISION OF APERTURE……Page 778
2 2 . 1 3 DEFINITIONS……Page 779
2 2 . 1 5 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF THE STOKES VECTOR……Page 781
2 2 . 1 6 POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF LIGHT BEAMS……Page 782
2 2 . 1 7 MUELLER MATRICES……Page 783
2 2 . 1 8 COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR THE MUELLER MATRIX……Page 785
2 2 . 1 9 ELLIPTICAL AND CIRCULAR POLARIZERS AND ANALYZERS……Page 786
2 2 . 2 0 LIGHT – MEASURING POLARIMETERS……Page 787
2 2 . 2 1 SAMPLE – MEASURING POLARIMETERS FOR MEASURING MUELLER MATRIX ELEMENTS……Page 789
2 2 . 2 2 POLARIMETRIC MEASUREMENT EQUATION AND POLARIMETRIC DATA REDUCTION EQUATION……Page 790
2 2 . 2 3 DUAL ROTATING RETARDER POLARIMETER……Page 792
2 2 . 2 5 DUAL ROTATING POLARIZER POLARIMETER……Page 793
2 2 . 2 6 NONIDEAL POLARIZATION ELEMENTS……Page 795
2 2 . 2 8 COMMON DEFECTS OF POLARIZATION ELEMENT……Page 796
2 2 . 2 9 THE MUELLER MATRIX FOR POLARIZATION COMPONENT CHARACTERIZATION……Page 798
2 2 . 3 0 APPLICATIONS OF POLARIMETRY……Page 799
2 2 . 3 2 DIATTENUATION AND POLARIZATION SENSITIVITY……Page 801
2 2 . 3 3 POLARIZANCE……Page 802
2 2 . 3 5 DEPOLARIZATION……Page 803
2 2 . 3 6 NONDEPOLARIZING MUELLER MATRICES AND JONES MATRICES……Page 804
2 2 . 3 7 HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS POLARIZATION ELEMENTS……Page 805
2 2 . 3 8 REFERENCES……Page 806
2 3 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 811
2 3 . 3 BACKGROUND AND BASIC PRINCIPLES……Page 812
2 3 . 4 HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY……Page 815
2 3 . 5 HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENTS……Page 822
2 3 . 6 HOLOGRAPHIC INSPECTION……Page 827
2 3 . 7 HOLOGRAPHIC LITHOGRAPHY……Page 832
2 3 . 8 HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY……Page 835
2 3 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 836
Part 3 – Optical Measurements……Page 842
2 4 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 843
2 4 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 846
2 4 . 3 RADIOMETRIC DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS……Page 848
2 4 . 4 RADIANT TRANSFER APPROXIMATIONS……Page 855
2 4 . 5 ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS……Page 862
2 4 . 6 PHOTOMETRY……Page 880
2 4 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 888
2 5 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 892
2 5 . 2 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY……Page 893
2 5 . 3 TRANSMITTANCE……Page 894
2 5 . 5 REFLECTANCE……Page 895
2 5 . 6 EMITTANCE……Page 898
2 5 . 9 MEASUREMENT OF TRANSMITTANCE……Page 899
2 5 . 1 1 MEASUREMENT OF REFLECTANCE……Page 902
2 5 . 1 2 MEASUREMENT OF EMITTANCE……Page 907
2 5 . 1 3 REFERENCES……Page 909
2 5 . 1 4 FURTHER READING……Page 916
2 6 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 917
2 6 . 3 DEFINITIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS……Page 918
2 6 . 4 INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATIONS AND COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS……Page 921
2 6 . 5 INSTRUMENTATION ISSUES……Page 925
2 6 . 6 MEASUREMENT ISSUES……Page 927
2 6 . 7 INCIDENT POWER MEASUREMENT, SYSTEM CALIBRATION, AND ERROR ANALYSIS……Page 929
2 6 . 9 REFERENCES……Page 930
2 7 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 933
2 7 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 934
2 7 . 3 CONVENTIONS……Page 935
2 7 . 4 MODELING AND INVERSION……Page 936
2 7 . 6 INSTRUMENTATION……Page 942
2 7 . 7 JONES – MATRIX GENERALIZED ELLIPSOMETRY……Page 951
2 7 . 8 MUELLER – MATRIX GENERALIZED ELLIPSOMETRY……Page 952
2 7 . 1 0 REFERENCES……Page 954
2 8 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 960
2 8 . 3 OPTICAL ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGY LEVELS……Page 961
2 8 . 4 THE HOMOGENEOUS LINESHAPE OF SPECTRA……Page 973
2 8 . 5 ABSORPTION , PHOTOLUMINESCENCE , AND RADIATIVE DECAY MEASUREMENTS……Page 979
2 8 . 6 REFERENCES……Page 985
2 9 . 2 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS……Page 987
2 9 . 3 LENGTH AND STRAIGHTNESS MEASUREMENTS……Page 989
2 9 . 4 ANGLE MEASUREMENTS……Page 998
2 9 . 5 CURVATURE AND FOCAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS……Page 1006
2 9 . 6 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS……Page 1013
2 9 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 1015
3 0 . 3 CLASSICAL NONINTERFEROMETRIC TESTS……Page 1018
3 0 . 4 INTERFEROMETRIC TESTS……Page 1023
3 0 . 5 INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY OF INTERFEROMETERS……Page 1025
3 0 . 6 INTERFEROGRAM EVALUATION……Page 1029
3 0 . 7 PHASE – SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY……Page 1033
3 0 . 8 MEASURING ASPHERICAL WAVEFRONTS……Page 1039
3 0 . 9 REFERENCES……Page 1042
3 1 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 1044
3 1 . 3 TYPES OF CGHs……Page 1045
3 1 . 4 PLOTTING CGHs……Page 1046
3 1 . 5 INTERFEROMETERS USING COMPUTER – GENERATED HOLOGRAMS……Page 1049
3 1 . 6 ACCURACY LIMITATIONS……Page 1050
3 1 . 7 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS……Page 1051
3 1 . 8 REFERENCES……Page 1053
3 2 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1055
3 2 . 3 DEFINITIONS……Page 1056
3 2 . 4 MTF CALCULATIONS……Page 1058
3 2 . 5 MTF MEASUREMENTS……Page 1061
3 2 . 6 REFERENCES……Page 1063
Part 4 – Optical and Physical Properties of Materials……Page 1065
3 3 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 1066
3 3 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1068
3 3 . 3 OPTICAL MATERIALS……Page 1069
3 3 . 4 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS……Page 1070
3 3 . 5 PROPERTIES TABLES……Page 1101
3 3 . 6 REFERENCES……Page 1147
3 4 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1165
3 4 . 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES……Page 1166
3 4 . 5 OPTICAL PROPERTIES……Page 1170
3 4 . 6 OPTICAL DESIGN……Page 1172
3 4 . 7 PROCESSING……Page 1176
3 4 . 8 COATINGS……Page 1183
3 4 . 9 REFERENCES……Page 1184
3 5 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 1186
3 5 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1188
3 5 . 3 SUMMARY DATA……Page 1197
3 5 . 4 REFERENCES……Page 1259
3 6 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 1264
3 6 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1266
3 6 . 3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES……Page 1271
3 6 . 4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES……Page 1322
3 6 . 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 1345
3 6 . 7 REFERENCES……Page 1355
3 7 . 1 INTRODUCTION……Page 1360
3 7 . 2 SELECTION PROCESS FOR BLACK BAFFLE SURFACES IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS……Page 1371
3 7 . 3 THE CREATION OF BLACK SURFACES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS……Page 1374
3 7 . 4 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF BLACK SURFACES……Page 1377
3 7 . 5 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK SURFACES……Page 1380
3 7 . 6 SURFACES FOR ULTRAVIOLET AND FAR – INFRARED APPLICATIONS……Page 1382
3 7 . 7 SURVEY OF SURFACES WITH OPTICAL DATA……Page 1388
3 7 . 8 PAINTS……Page 1389
3 7 . 1 1 REFERENCES……Page 1422
Part 5 – Nonlinear and Photorefractive Optics……Page 1430
3 8 . 1 GLOSSARY……Page 1431
3 8 . 2 INTRODUCTION……Page 1432
3 8 . 3 BASIC CONCEPTS……Page 1434
3 8 . 4 MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS……Page 1448
3 8 . 5 APPENDIX……Page 1451
3 8 . 6 REFERENCES……Page 1453
3 9 . 1 INTRODUCTION……Page 1455
3 9 . 2 MATERIALS……Page 1465
3 9 . 3 DEVICES……Page 1479
3 9 . 4 REFERENCES……Page 1489
3 9 . 5 FURTHER READING……Page 1496