Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy

John Zumerchik9780028650210, 9780028658957, 0028650212, 0028650182, 0028650190, 0028650204

”These volumes provide a snapshot of the history and science of energy production, conservation, and use. Multidisciplinary in scope, the 253 signed and lavishly illustrated articles cover topics ranging from biofuels and bicycles to steam engines and thermodynamics. The work ends with a fascinating energy time line that puts major events in the history of energy into context.”–”Outstanding Reference Sources,” American Libraries, May 2002

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 2
EDITORIAL BOARD……Page 3
ISBN 0-02-865021-2……Page 4
CONTENTS……Page 5
Editorial and Production Staff……Page 6
PREFACE……Page 7
LIST OF ARTICLES……Page 9
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS……Page 17
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS……Page 26
ACID RAIN……Page 32
AERODYNAMICS……Page 38
AGRICULTURE……Page 46
AIR CONDITIONING……Page 53
AIRCRAFT……Page 62
AIR POLLUTION……Page 78
AIR QUALITY, INDOOR……Page 84
AIR TRAVEL……Page 91
ALEXANDERSON, ERNST FREDERIK WERNER……Page 95
ALTERNATING CURRENT……Page 96
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES……Page 97
AMPÈRE, ANDRÉ-MARIE……Page 100
ANIMAL AND HUMAN ENERGY……Page 102
APPLIANCES……Page 106
ARCHIMEDES……Page 114
ATMOSPHERE……Page 115
ATOMIC BOMB……Page 125
AUDITING OF ENERGY USE……Page 126
AUTOMOBILE PERFORMANCE……Page 128
AVAILABLE ENERGY……Page 139
AVIATION FUEL……Page 140
BATTERIES……Page 145
BEARINGS……Page 154
BECQUEREL, ALEXANDRE-EDMOND……Page 157
BEHAVIOR……Page 159
BERNOULLI, DANIEL……Page 171
BETHE, HANS ALBRECHT……Page 172
BICYCLING……Page 174
BIG BANG THEORY……Page 184
BIOFUELS……Page 187
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY USE, CELLULAR PROCESSES OF……Page 196
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY USE, ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING OF……Page 208
BLACK, JOSEPH……Page 218
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY……Page 220
BUILDING DESIGN, COMMERCIAL……Page 221
BUILDING DESIGN, ENERGY CODES AND……Page 227
BUILDING DESIGN, RESIDENTIAL……Page 233
BUTANE……Page 241
CAPACITORS AND ULTRACAPACITORS……Page 242
CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS……Page 245
CARNOT, NICOLAS LÉONARD SADI……Page 248
CARSON, RACHEL……Page 250
CATALYSTS……Page 252
CATAPULTS……Page 256
CHARCOAL……Page 257
CHEMICAL ENERGY, HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE USE OF……Page 259
CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF JULIUS EMANUEL……Page 265
CLIMATIC EFFECTS……Page 267
COAL, CONSUMPTION OF……Page 280
COAL, PRODUCTION OF……Page 286
COAL, TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF……Page 291
COGENERATION……Page 294
COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES……Page 295
COMBUSTION……Page 299
COMMUNICATIONS AND ENERGY……Page 305
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY……Page 309
CONSERVATION SUPPLY CURVES……Page 316
CONSUMPTION……Page 320
CONTROL SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF……Page 325
COOL COMMUNITIES……Page 333
CULTURE AND ENERGY USAGE……Page 338
CURIE, MARIE SKLODOWSKA……Page 345
CURRENT, ALTERNATING AND DIRECT……Page 346
DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT……Page 347
DIESEL, RUDOLPH……Page 352
DIESEL CYCLE ENGINES……Page 354
DIESEL FUEL……Page 364
DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING……Page 370
DOMESTIC ENERGY USE……Page 373
DRIVETRAINS……Page 377
DYNAMITE……Page 384
ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT ENERGY CHOICES……Page 385
ECONOMIC EXTERNALTIES……Page 389
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION……Page 391
EDISON, THOMAS ALVA……Page 395
EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY USE……Page 397
EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY USE, ECONOMIC CONCERNS AND……Page 405
EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY USE, LABELING OF……Page 408
EINSTEIN, ALBERT……Page 410
ELASTIC ENERGY……Page 413
ELECTRICITY……Page 415
ELECTRICITY, HISTORY OF……Page 422
ELECTRICITY REGULATION AND RATES……Page 427
ELECTRIC MOTOR SYSTEMS……Page 428
ELECTRIC POWER, GENERATION OF……Page 432
ELECTRIC POWER, SYSTEM PROTECTION, CONTROL, AND MONITORING OF……Page 443
ELECTRIC POWER, SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND……Page 450
ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS……Page 456
ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS……Page 461
ELECTRIC VEHICLES……Page 466
EMISSION CONTROL, POWER PLANT……Page 471
EMISSION CONTROL, VEHICLE……Page 477
ENERGY ECONOMICS……Page 486
ENERGY INTENSITY TRENDS……Page 489
ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS……Page 491
ENGINES……Page 498
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS……Page 501
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENERGY USE……Page 503
ERICSSON, JOHN……Page 511
ETHANOL……Page 513
ETHICAL AND MORAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY USE……Page 514
EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS……Page 521
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES……Page 523
FARADAY, MICHAEL……Page 524
FERMI, ENRICO……Page 526
FLYWHEELS……Page 528
FOSSIL FUELS……Page 531
FOURIER, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH……Page 535
FREIGHT MOVEMENT……Page 537
FUEL CELLS……Page 548
FUEL CELL VEHICLES……Page 558
FULLER, R. BUCKMINSTER, JR…….Page 561
FULTON, ROBERT……Page 564
FURNACES AND BOILERS……Page 566
FUTURES……Page 570
GASOLINE AND ADDITIVES……Page 574
GASOLINE ENGINES……Page 583
GENERATOR, ELECTRICAL……Page 593
GEOGRAPHY AND ENERGY USE……Page 594
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY……Page 599
GIBBS, JOSIAH WILLARD……Page 606
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES……Page 608
GOVERNMENT AND THE ENERGY MARKETPLACE……Page 619
GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY……Page 623
GREEN ENERGY……Page 625
GUNPOWDER……Page 628
HEAT AND HEATING……Page 629
HEATING OIL……Page 632
HEAT PUMPS……Page 633
HEAT TRANSFER……Page 638
HEAVISIDE, OLIVER……Page 642
HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN VON……Page 644
HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF……Page 645
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES……Page 647
HOUDRY, EUGENE JULES……Page 656
HYBRID VEHICLES……Page 659
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY……Page 670
HYDROGEN……Page 678
HYDROGEN BOMB……Page 686
IMPORT/EXPORT MARKET FOR ENERGY……Page 687
IMPULSE TURBINE……Page 691
INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS, ENERGY AS A FACTOR OF PRODUCTION IN……Page 692
INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN……Page 695
INSULATION……Page 700
IPATIEFF, VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVITCH……Page 704
JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT……Page 708
KAMERLINGH ONNES, HEIKE……Page 711
KEROSENE……Page 713
KINETIC ENERGY……Page 715
KINETIC ENERGY, HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE USE OF……Page 716
LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON……Page 724
LASERS……Page 726
LEVER……Page 729
LEWIS, WARREN K…….Page 730
LIGHTING……Page 732
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS……Page 742
LOAD MANAGEMENT……Page 745
LOCOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY……Page 746
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY……Page 754
LYELL, CHARLES……Page 755
MAGNETIC LEVITATION……Page 757
MAGNETISM AND MAGNETS……Page 762
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS……Page 767
MANUFACTURING……Page 770
MARKET IMPERFECTIONS……Page 779
MARKET TRANSFORMATION……Page 781
MASS TRANSIT……Page 783
MATERIALS……Page 791
MATTER AND ENERGY……Page 798
MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK……Page 803
MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT……Page 805
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY……Page 807
MEITNER, LISE……Page 812
METHANE……Page 814
METHANOL……Page 816
MILITARY ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL ASPECTS……Page 818
MOLECULAR ENERGY……Page 824
MOTOR FREIGHT……Page 831
NANOTECHNOLOGIES……Page 832
NATIONAL ENERGY LABORATORIES……Page 834
NATURAL GAS, CONSUMPTION OF……Page 841
NATURAL GAS, PROCESSING AND CONVERSION OF……Page 849
NATURAL GAS, TRANSPORTATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE OF……Page 855
NERNST, WALTHER HERMANN……Page 861
NEWCOMEN, THOMAS……Page 863
NEWTON, ISAAC……Page 865
NITROGEN CYCLE……Page 867
NUCLEAR ENERGY, BASIC PROCESSES OF……Page 868
NUCLEAR ENERGY, HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE USE OF……Page 871
NUCLEAR FISSION……Page 879
NUCLEAR FISSION FUEL……Page 887
NUCLEAR FUSION……Page 892
NUCLEAR WASTE……Page 900
OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS……Page 909
OERSTED, HANS CHRISTIAN……Page 915
OFFICE EQUIPMENT……Page 918
OIL AND GAS, DRILLING FOR……Page 923
OIL AND GAS, EXPLORATION FOR……Page 934
OIL AND GAS, PRODUCTION OF……Page 942
ONSAGER, LARS……Page 946
OTTO, NIKOLAUS AUGUST……Page 949
PARSONS, CHARLES ALGERNON……Page 952
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS……Page 954
PERPETUAL MOTION……Page 958
PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION……Page 961
PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY……Page 969
POTENTIAL ENERGY……Page 970
POWER……Page 971
PRESSURE……Page 973
PROPELLERS……Page 975
PROPERTY RIGHTS……Page 979
PROPULSION……Page 984
PULLEY……Page 987
RAILWAY PASSENGER SERVICE……Page 988
RANKINE, WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN……Page 995
REFINERIES……Page 996
REFINING, HISTORY OF……Page 1006
REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS……Page 1014
REGULATION AND RATES FOR ELECTRICITY……Page 1022
RENEWABLE ENERGY……Page 1024
RESERVES AND RESOURCES……Page 1026
RESIDUAL FUELS……Page 1033
REST ENERGY……Page 1035
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT……Page 1036
ROCKET PROPELLANTS……Page 1038
ROTARY ENGINES……Page 1042
SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIEVICH……Page 1043
SAVERY, THOMAS……Page 1045
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL UNDERSTANDING OF ENERGY……Page 1046
SEEBECK, THOMAS JOHANN……Page 1056
SEISMIC ENERGY……Page 1057
SHIPS……Page 1060
SIEMENS, ERNST WERNER VON……Page 1064
SMEATON, JOHN……Page 1066
SOLAR ENERGY……Page 1068
SOLAR ENERGY, HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE USE OF……Page 1081
SPACECRAFT ENERGY SYSTEMS……Page 1087
SPACE HEATING……Page 1097
SPERRY, ELMER AMBROSE……Page 1098
STEAM ENGINES……Page 1100
STEPHENSON, GEORGE……Page 1104
STIRLING, ROBERT……Page 1106
STIRLING ENGINES……Page 1108
STORAGE……Page 1113
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY……Page 1116
SUBSIDIES AND ENERGY COSTS……Page 1120
SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND ENERGY PRICES……Page 1124
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY……Page 1131
SYNTHETIC FUELS……Page 1132
TAXATION OF ENERGY……Page 1136
TESLA, NIKOLA……Page 1139
THERMAL ENERGY……Page 1141
THERMODYNAMICS……Page 1142
THOMPSON, BENJAMIN (COUNT RUMFORD)……Page 1149
THOMSON, JOSEPH JOHN……Page 1151
THOMSON, WILLIAM (LORD KELVIN)……Page 1153
TIRES……Page 1156
TOWNES, CHARLES HARD……Page 1158
TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT……Page 1161
TRANSFORMERS……Page 1171
TRANSPORTATION, EVOLUTION OF ENERGY USE AND……Page 1173
TREVITHICK, RICHARD……Page 1178
TRIBOLOGY……Page 1180
TRUE ENERGY COSTS……Page 1184
TURBINES, GAS……Page 1188
TURBINES, STEAM……Page 1200
TURBINES, WIND……Page 1205
UNITS OF ENERGY……Page 1213
UTILITY PLANNING……Page 1214
VOLTAGE……Page 1223
WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY……Page 1224
WATER HEATING……Page 1228
WATT, JAMES……Page 1233
WAVES……Page 1235
WHEATSTONE, CHARLES……Page 1240
WINDOWS……Page 1241
WORK AND ENERGY……Page 1251
Z-PINCH……Page 1252
ENERGY TIMELINE……Page 1253
A……Page 1265
B……Page 1266
C……Page 1267
D,E……Page 1269
F……Page 1272
H……Page 1273
I……Page 1274
J,K,L,M……Page 1275
N……Page 1276
O……Page 1277
P……Page 1278
Q,R……Page 1279
S……Page 1280
T……Page 1282
U,V,W……Page 1283
Y,Z……Page 1284