WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications

Dr Harri Holma, Dr Antti Toskala0470870966, 9780470870969, 9780470870976

As wireless communications technologies evolve, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) seems a strong candidate for providing multimedia to the handset, as well as Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS) – which is to say common wireless communications standards over most of the world. WCDMA for UMTS sets out to decipher the standards documents of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Specifically, this book deals with the 3GPP documents on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) for Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). This book should prove valuable to readers who plan to implement WCDMA in hardware designs or service offerings.A series of engineering problems make up the backbone of the book, and each part of the deployment process is explained via text and calculations. For example, in the discussion on planning a radio network for WCDMA service provision, the book explains precisely how to take into account requirements (for quality of service, user capacity, and coverage) and conditions (such as terrain). Readers get formulas into which they can plug relative traffic predictions for voice, real-time data, non-real-time data, and overhead. There’s also an explanation of how to interpret the formula output for deploying antennae. This is a serious engineering handbook for those who are involved in deploying WCDMA. – David Wall

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Table of contents :
Team DDU……Page 1
Contents……Page 8
Preface……Page 18
Acknowledgements……Page 22
Abbreviations……Page 24
1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems……Page 32
1.2 Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems……Page 33
1.3 Schedule for Third Generation Systems……Page 36
1.4 Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces……Page 37
1.5 Core Networks and Services……Page 40
References……Page 41
2.1 Introduction……Page 42
2.2.1 AMR Speech Service……Page 43
2.2.2 Video Telephony……Page 46
2.3.1 Images and Multimedia……Page 48
2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)……Page 50
2.3.3 Voice over IP (VoIP)……Page 52
2.3.4 Multiplayer Games……Page 53
2.4.1 Browsing……Page 54
2.4.3 Content Download……Page 56
2.4.4 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, MBMS……Page 57
2.5 Business Connectivity……Page 59
2.6 IP Multimedia Sub-system, IMS……Page 61
2.7 Quality of Service Differentiation……Page 62
2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber……Page 68
2.8.2 Cost of Capacity Delivery……Page 69
2.10.1 Location Services……Page 71
2.10.2 Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation……Page 72
2.10.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival, OTDOA……Page 73
2.10.4 Assisted GPS……Page 75
References……Page 76
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA……Page 78
3.3 Spreading and Despreading……Page 80
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception……Page 83
3.5 Power Control……Page 86
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers……Page 89
References……Page 91
4.2 Background in Europe……Page 92
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA……Page 93
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA……Page 94
4.2.6 ETSI Selection……Page 95
4.4 Background in Korea……Page 96
4.5.3 cdma2000……Page 97
4.6 Creation of 3GPP……Page 98
4.7 How does 3GPP Operate?……Page 100
4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU……Page 101
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release ’99……Page 103
References……Page 104
5.1 System Architecture……Page 106
5.2 UTRAN Architecture……Page 109
5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller……Page 110
5.3.2 Horizontal Layers……Page 111
5.3.3 Vertical Planes……Page 112
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS……Page 113
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS……Page 115
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol……Page 116
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol……Page 117
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the SABP Protocol……Page 118
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling……Page 119
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling……Page 122
5.6.2 Iu Flex……Page 124
5.6.5 All IP RAN Concept……Page 125
5.7.1 Release ’99 Core Network Elements……Page 126
5.7.2 Release 5 Core Network and IP Multimedia Sub-system……Page 127
References……Page 129
6.1 Introduction……Page 130
6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels……Page 131
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels……Page 132
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels……Page 134
6.3.1 Scrambling……Page 135
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation……Page 136
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation……Page 141
6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics……Page 144
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel……Page 145
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing……Page 148
6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel……Page 150
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel……Page 151
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing……Page 153
6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel……Page 155
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission……Page 156
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data……Page 157
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)……Page 158
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)……Page 159
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH)……Page 161
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)……Page 162
6.5.8 Physical Channels for the CPCH Access Procedure……Page 163
6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure……Page 164
6.6.3 Paging Procedure……Page 165
6.6.4 RACH Procedure……Page 166
6.6.5 CPCH Operation……Page 167
6.6.6 Cell Search Procedure……Page 168
6.6.7 Transmit Diversity Procedure……Page 169
6.6.8 Handover Measurements Procedure……Page 170
6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure……Page 171
6.6.10 Other Measurements……Page 173
6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive Antennas……Page 174
6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission……Page 175
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities……Page 176
References……Page 179
7.2 Protocol Architecture……Page 180
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture……Page 182
7.3.2 MAC Functions……Page 183
7.3.3 Logical Channels……Page 184
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer……Page 185
7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol……Page 186
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture……Page 187
7.4.2 RLC Functions……Page 188
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer……Page 189
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture……Page 191
7.6.2 BMC Functions……Page 192
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service……Page 193
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture……Page 195
7.8.2 RRC Service States……Page 196
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures……Page 199
References……Page 214
8.1 Introduction……Page 216
8.2 Dimensioning……Page 217
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets……Page 218
8.2.2 Load Factors……Page 221
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths……Page 233
8.2.4 Capacity per km2……Page 234
8.2.5 Soft Capacity……Page 235
8.2.6 Network Sharing……Page 238
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction……Page 239
8.3.2 Planning Tool……Page 240
8.3.3 Case Study……Page 241
8.3.4 Network Optimisation……Page 245
8.4 GSM Co-planning……Page 248
8.5.1 Introduction……Page 250
8.5.2 Uplink vs. Downlink Effects……Page 251
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference……Page 252
8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements……Page 254
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference……Page 256
8.6.2 Differences Between Frequency Variants……Page 257
8.6.3 WCDMA1900 in an Isolated 5 MHz Block……Page 259
References……Page 260
9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management……Page 262
9.2.1 Fast Power Control……Page 263
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control……Page 270
9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers……Page 276
9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM……Page 285
9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA……Page 289
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers……Page 290
9.4.1 Uplink Load……Page 292
9.4.2 Downlink Load……Page 294
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle……Page 295
9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy……Page 296
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control)……Page 298
References……Page 299
10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)……Page 300
10.2 Round Trip Time……Page 307
10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling……Page 309
10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH)……Page 310
10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH)……Page 311
10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel……Page 313
10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling……Page 317
10.4.1 Priorities……Page 319
10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover……Page 320
10.5.1 Link Level Performance……Page 322
10.5.2 System Level Performance……Page 323
10.6 Packet Data Application Performance……Page 325
10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance……Page 326
10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications……Page 327
10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications……Page 331
10.6.4 Business Connectivity……Page 333
10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance……Page 336
References……Page 337
11.1 Release ’99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities……Page 338
11.2 HSDPA Concept……Page 339
11.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture……Page 341
11.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure……Page 342
11.5.1 High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)……Page 343
11.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)……Page 346
11.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)……Page 348
11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure……Page 349
11.6 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates……Page 351
11.7 Mobility with HSDPA……Page 352
11.7.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover……Page 353
11.7.3 Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover……Page 354
11.7.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover……Page 355
11.8.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range……Page 357
11.8.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage……Page 361
11.8.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals……Page 365
11.9 Terminal Receiver Aspects……Page 368
11.10.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques……Page 369
11.10.2 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)……Page 370
11.11 Conclusion……Page 375
References……Page 376
12.2 Cell Coverage……Page 378
12.2.1 Uplink Coverage……Page 381
12.2.2 Downlink Coverage……Page 385
12.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes……Page 391
12.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity……Page 396
12.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity……Page 398
12.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials……Page 400
12.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials……Page 414
12.4.3 Summary……Page 416
12.5.1 Eb=N0 Performance……Page 418
12.5.2 RF Noise Figure……Page 421
12.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions……Page 422
12.6.2 Multiuser Detection……Page 429
References……Page 438
13.1.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD)……Page 442
13.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer……Page 444
13.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels……Page 445
13.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format……Page 446
13.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures……Page 452
13.3.1 TDD–TDD Interference……Page 456
13.3.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence……Page 457
13.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference……Page 460
13.4 HSDPA Operation with TDD……Page 461
References……Page 462
14.1 Introduction……Page 464
14.2.1 Physical Channels……Page 466
14.3.2 Downlink Spreading and Modulation……Page 467
14.4.1 Uplink Data Transmission……Page 469
14.4.2 Downlink Data Transmission……Page 470
14.4.3 Channel Coding for User Data……Page 471
14.5.3 Broadcast Channel……Page 472
14.6.1 Power Control Procedure……Page 473
14.6.3 Random Access Procedure……Page 474
14.6.4 Handover Measurements Procedure……Page 475
References……Page 476
Index……Page 478