John Rutherford0727916904
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 4
ISBN 0727916904……Page 5
Contents……Page 6
Contributors……Page 8
Acknowledgements……Page 12
Features of the cardiac history……Page 14
Appearance of the patient……Page 16
Arterial blood pressure and pulses……Page 19
Jugular venous pulse (Figure 1.1)……Page 21
Cardiac palpation……Page 24
Cardiac auscultation……Page 25
Added diastolic sounds……Page 26
Cardiac murmurs……Page 27
Mitral stenosis……Page 29
Aortic stenosis……Page 31
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy……Page 33
Mitral regurgitation……Page 35
Aortic regurgitation……Page 36
References……Page 40
Echocardiography: two-dimensional and Doppler……Page 41
Clinical echocardiography……Page 43
Valvular heart disease……Page 44
Magnetic resonance imaging……Page 63
Stress testing……Page 64
Abnormal findings……Page 65
Radiopharmaceuticals……Page 67
Detection systems……Page 68
Case 2.1……Page 74
Case 2.2……Page 77
Case 2.3……Page 80
Case 2.4……Page 83
References……Page 86
Diagnostic cardiac catheterization Definitions and overview……Page 87
Indications……Page 88
Procedural techniques……Page 89
Risks associated with cardiac catheterization……Page 91
Hemodynamic measurements……Page 92
Angiography……Page 100
Case 3.1……Page 104
Case 3.2……Page 107
Case 3.3……Page 112
Case 3.4……Page 115
Case 3.5……Page 118
Indications……Page 122
Summary of techniques……Page 124
Procedural success and risks……Page 127
Coronary atherectomy……Page 129
Case studies Case 3.6……Page 130
Further reading……Page 133
Definitions……Page 134
Pathophysiology……Page 137
Risk factors for the development of hypertension……Page 138
Laboratory evaluation of the patient with hypertension……Page 139
Secondary hypertension……Page 140
Establishing the diagnosis of hypertension……Page 142
Physical examination of the patient with hypertension……Page 143
Non-pharmacologic treatment of hypertension……Page 144
Diuretics……Page 146
Adrenergic inhibitors……Page 152
Calcium channel blockers……Page 154
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockade agents……Page 155
Algorithm for the treatment of hypertension……Page 156
Hypertension after 60 years……Page 160
Coarctation of the aorta……Page 162
Case 4.1……Page 163
Case 4.2……Page 165
References……Page 166
5: Lipid disorders……Page 168
Rationale for cholesterol lowering……Page 170
Treatment of hypercholesterolemia Dietary therapy……Page 172
Physical activity……Page 173
Drug treatment……Page 174
Case 5.1……Page 176
Case 5.2……Page 178
Case 5.3……Page 179
Case 5.4……Page 180
Case 5.5……Page 182
Case 5.6……Page 184
References……Page 185
Electrocardiographic characterization of acute coronary syndrome……Page 187
Diagnosis History……Page 189
Electrocardiographic findings……Page 190
Serum cardiac markers……Page 192
Radionuclide imaging……Page 194
Initial therapy for acute coronary syndromes……Page 195
Reperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction……Page 196
Antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy……Page 197
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors……Page 198
In-hospital management Risk stratification……Page 199
Coronary angiography and revascularization……Page 200
Risk factor modification……Page 201
Infarct expansion and remodeling……Page 202
Recurrent ischemia and infarction……Page 203
Cardiogenic shock……Page 205
Free wall rupture……Page 206
Acute mitral regurgitation……Page 207
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation……Page 208
Left ventricular aneurysm……Page 209
Left ventricular mural thrombus……Page 210
Case 6.1……Page 211
Case 6.2……Page 214
References……Page 216
Myocardial oxygen supply……Page 218
Myocardial oxygen demand……Page 219
Angina History……Page 220
Physical examination……Page 221
Bayes’ theorem……Page 223
Stress testing……Page 224
Prognostic importance of ventricular function and extent of coronary artery disease……Page 227
Treatment of chronic stable angina General measures……Page 231
Medical therapy……Page 232
Revascularization therapy……Page 234
Case 7.1……Page 236
Case 7.2……Page 242
References……Page 246
Bradycardia and conduction disturbances Sinus node dysfunction……Page 248
Atrioventricular block……Page 249
Atrial fibrillation……Page 251
Atrial flutter……Page 255
Multifocal atrial tachycardia……Page 256
Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia……Page 257
Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome……Page 258
Ventricular arrhythmias Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia……Page 261
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia……Page 265
Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death……Page 266
Case 8.1……Page 268
Case 8.2……Page 270
Case 8.3……Page 273
Case 8.4……Page 274
Case 8.5……Page 276
Case 8.6……Page 278
References……Page 280
Risk factors for sudden cardiac death……Page 281
Cardiac disorders predisposing to sudden cardiac death……Page 282
Reversible causes of sudden cardiac death……Page 284
Resuscitation of cardiac arrest……Page 285
Prevention of sudden cardiac death……Page 287
References……Page 289
Epidemiology……Page 291
Etiologies Ischemic heart disease……Page 292
Cardiomyopathies……Page 293
Valvular heart disease……Page 296
Other causes of congestive heart failure……Page 297
Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure Basic mechanisms……Page 298
Neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms……Page 300
Hemodynamic mechanisms of heart failure……Page 302
Diastolic heart failure……Page 303
Evaluation of the patient with congestive heart failure……Page 305
Physical examination……Page 307
Investigations……Page 310
Therapy for congestive heart failure……Page 312
Digoxin……Page 314
Diuretics……Page 315
Vasodilators……Page 318
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors……Page 319
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists……Page 321
Additional therapy for congestive heart failure……Page 322
Case 10.1……Page 323
Case 10.2……Page 326
Case 10.3……Page 330
Case 10.4……Page 332
References……Page 335
Left to right shunts Atrial septal defects……Page 336
Ventricular septal defects……Page 339
Patent ductus arteriosus……Page 342
Obstructive lesions Aortic stenosis……Page 343
Pulmonic stenosis……Page 345
Coarctation of the aorta……Page 346
Cyanotic congenital heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot……Page 348
Eisenmenger’ syndrome……Page 351
Case 11.1……Page 353
Case 11.2……Page 358
Case 11.3……Page 362
Case 11.4……Page 366
References……Page 369
Mitral stenosis……Page 370
Clinical evaluation……Page 371
Invasive evaluation……Page 374
Treatment……Page 375
Aortic stenosis……Page 378
Etiology and natural history……Page 379
Clinical evaluation……Page 380
Invasive evaluation……Page 383
Treatment……Page 384
Etiology and natural history……Page 385
Mitral valve prolapse……Page 388
Non-invasive evaluation……Page 389
Treatment……Page 390
Aortic regurgitation……Page 392
Etiology and natural history……Page 393
Invasive evaluation……Page 395
Treatment……Page 396
Regurgitation……Page 398
Pulmonary valve stenosis……Page 400
Clinical classifications……Page 401
Clinical manifestations and evaluation……Page 403
Treatment……Page 405
Case 12.1……Page 406
Case 12.2……Page 410
Case 12.3……Page 413
References……Page 415
Acute pericarditis……Page 417
Complications of pericarditis……Page 423
Case studies Case 13.1……Page 429
Diseases of the aorta Normal aortic anatomy……Page 433
Aortic aneurysms……Page 434
Abdominal aortic aneurysms……Page 435
Aortic dissection……Page 438
Management……Page 444
Case studies Case 13.2……Page 445
Heart tumors……Page 450
Primary benign tumors of the heart……Page 451
Metastatic tumors to the heart……Page 454
Case studies Case 13.3……Page 455
Heart tumors……Page 457
Pathophysiology……Page 458
Diagnosis……Page 460
Laboratory and imaging tests……Page 464
Right heart catheterization and pulmonary angiography……Page 468
Overall diagnostic strategy……Page 469
Management……Page 471
Anticoagulation……Page 472
Thombolysis……Page 473
Embolectomy……Page 474
Case 14.1……Page 475
Case 14.2……Page 478
Case 14.3……Page 481
References……Page 487
15: Non-cardiac surgery in patients with heart disease……Page 489
Risk assessment……Page 491
Coronary artery disease……Page 492
Valvular heart disease……Page 495
Arrhythmias……Page 499
Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter–defibrillators……Page 501
Cardiac Risk Index……Page 502
Specialized testing……Page 504
Postoperative medical management……Page 507
Case 15.1……Page 508
Case 15.2……Page 510
Case 15.3……Page 513
References……Page 515
Peripartum cardiomyopathy……Page 517
Valvular heart disease……Page 518
Mitral stenosis……Page 519
Anticoagulation……Page 520
Coronary artery disease……Page 521
Pulmonary hypertension……Page 522
Marfan’s syndrome……Page 523
Cardiac arrhythmias……Page 524
Antibiotic prophylaxis……Page 525
Case 16.1……Page 526
Case 16.2……Page 531
References……Page 534
Case 17.1……Page 536
Answer to question 3……Page 537
Answer to question 4……Page 538
Answer to question 6……Page 543
Case 17.1 (continued)……Page 544
Answer to question 8……Page 545
Answer to question 10……Page 546
Answer to question 11……Page 548
Case 17.1 (continued)……Page 549
Answers Answer to question 12……Page 550
Answer to question 13……Page 553
Case 17.1 (continued)……Page 557
Answer to question 15……Page 558
Case 17.2……Page 559
Answers Answer to question 1……Page 560
Answer to question 2……Page 561
Answer to question 3……Page 563
Case 17.2 (continued)……Page 566
Answers Answer to question 4……Page 567
Case 17.2 (continued)……Page 569
Answer to question 7……Page 570
Case 17.2 (continued)……Page 571
References……Page 572
Diagnosis……Page 573
Treatment……Page 576
Association with coronary artery disease……Page 577
Case studies Case 18.1……Page 580
Thromboembolism……Page 583
Case studies Case 18.2……Page 587
Cerebrovascular disease……Page 590
Diagnosis……Page 591
Treatment……Page 593
Case 18.3……Page 595
Case 18.4……Page 597
Case 18.5……Page 603
References……Page 609
A……Page 610
B……Page 614
C……Page 615
D……Page 619
E……Page 620
F……Page 621
G,H……Page 622
I……Page 623
L……Page 624
M……Page 625
N……Page 627
O……Page 628
P……Page 629
R……Page 631
S……Page 632
T……Page 634
V……Page 635
X……Page 636
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