Daniel Malacara, Zacarias Malacara9780824746131, 0-8247-4613-9
Table of contents :
Handbook of Optical Design Second Edition……Page 1
Preface to the Second Edition……Page 7
Preface to the First Edition……Page 8
Contents……Page 10
1.1 WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT AND FERMAT’S PRINCIPLE……Page 16
Table of Contents……Page 0
1.1.1 Gradient Index of Refraction……Page 22
1.2.1 Reflection Laws……Page 24
1.2.2 Refraction Laws……Page 25
1.2.3 Vectorial Form of Refraction Laws……Page 26
1.3 BASIC MERIDIONAL RAY TRACING EQUATIONS……Page 27
1.3.1 Meridional Ray Tracing by the L–U Method……Page 31
1.3.2 Meridional Ray Tracing by the Q–U Method……Page 32
1.4 GAUSSIAN OR FIRST-ORDER OPTICS……Page 33
1.4.2 Delano’s Relation……Page 36
1.5 IMAGE FORMATION……Page 37
1.6 STOP, PUPILS, AND PRINCIPAL RAY……Page 40
1.6.1 Telecentric Systems……Page 43
1.7 OPTICAL SINE THEOREM……Page 44
1.7.1 Lagrange Invariant……Page 46
1.8 HERSCHEL INVARIANT AND IMAGE MAGNIFICATIONS……Page 48
1.9 RAY ABERRATIONS AND WAVE ABERRATIONS……Page 49
REFERENCES……Page 51
2.1 THIN LENSES……Page 53
2.2 FORMULAS FOR IMAGE FORMATION WITH THIN LENSES……Page 56
2.3 NODAL POINTS OF A THIN LENS……Page 58
2.4 IMAGE FORMATION WITH CONVERGENT LENSES……Page 59
REFERENCES……Page 61
3.1 FOCAL LENGTH AND POWER OF A LENS SYSTEM……Page 62
3.2 IMAGE FORMATION WITH THICK LENSES OR SYSTEMS OF LENSES……Page 64
3.3 CARDINAL POINTS……Page 66
3.4 IMAGE FORMATION WITH A TILTED OR CURVED OBJECT……Page 68
3.5 THICK LENSES……Page 70
3.6 SYSTEMS OF THIN LENSES……Page 73
3.7 THE LAGRANGE INVARIANT IN A SYSTEM OF THIN LENSES……Page 76
3.8.1 Shifting the Stop……Page 77
3.8.2 Shifting Object and Image Planes……Page 79
3.9 THE DELANO y–y DIAGRAM……Page 80
A Shift of the Object and Image……Page 84
REFERENCES……Page 85
4.1 SPHERICAL ABERRATION CALCULATION……Page 86
4.2 PRIMARY SPHERICAL ABERRATION……Page 90
4.2.1 Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens……Page 93
4.2.3 Spherical Aberration for a Plane-Parallel Plate in Converging Light……Page 97
4.4 SPHERICAL ABERRATION OF ASPHERICAL SURFACES……Page 99
4.5.1 Refractive Spherical Surfaces……Page 100
4.5.3 Descartes Ovoid……Page 102
4.6 ABERRATION POLYNOMIAL FOR SPHERICAL ABERRATION……Page 104
4.6.1 Caustic……Page 106
4.6.2 Aberration Balancing……Page 109
4.7 HIGH-ORDER SPHERICAL ABERRATION……Page 111
4.8 SPHERICAL ABERRATION CORRECTION WITH GRADIENT INDEX……Page 112
REFERENCES……Page 114
5.1 OBLIQUE RAYS……Page 115
5.2 PETZVAL CURVATURE……Page 121
5.3.1 Offense Against the Sine Condition……Page 124
5.3.2 Coma Contribution of Each Surface……Page 126
5.4 ASTIGMATISM……Page 128
Tangential Image……Page 131
Sagittal Image……Page 132
5.4.2 Relations Between Petzval Curvature and Astigmatism……Page 133
5.4.3 Comatic and Astigmatic Images……Page 135
5.4.4 Aplanatic Refractive Surfaces……Page 140
5.5 DISTORTION……Page 141
5.6 OFF-AXIS ABERRATIONS IN ASPHERICAL SURFACES……Page 144
5.7 ABERRATIONS AND WAVEFRONT DEFORMATIONS……Page 147
5.8 SYMMETRICAL PRINCIPLE……Page 150
5.9 STOP SHIFT EQUATIONS……Page 151
REFERENCES……Page 154
6.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 156
6.2 AXIAL CHROMATIC ABERRATION……Page 157
6.2.1 Axial Chromatic Aberration of a Thin Lens……Page 159
6.2.2 Achromatic Doublet……Page 160
6.2.3 Achromatic Doublet with Separated Elements……Page 162
6.2.4 Axial Chromatic Aberration Correction with One Glass……Page 163
6.2.5 Spherochromatism……Page 166
6.2.6 Conrady’s D–d Method of Achromatization……Page 167
6.3 SECONDARY COLOR ABERRATION……Page 169
6.3.1 Apochromatic Triplet……Page 170
6.4 MAGNIFICATION CHROMATIC ABERRATION……Page 171
6.4.2 Correction of the Magnification Chromatic Aberration……Page 174
6.4.3 Magnification Chromatic Aberration Correction with One Glass……Page 176
REFERENCES……Page 179
7.1 WAVE ABERRATION POLYNOMIAL……Page 182
7.2 ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS……Page 186
7.3 WAVEFRONT REPRESENTATION BY AN ARRAY OF GAUSSIANS……Page 191
7.4.1 Axial, Meridional, and Sagittal Plots……Page 194
REFERENCES……Page 200
8.1 HUYGENS–FRESNEL THEORY……Page 202
8.2 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION……Page 203
8.3 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION……Page 206
8.3.1 Circular Aperture……Page 209
8.3.2 Annular Aperture……Page 210
8.4 DIFFRACTION IMAGES WITH ABERRATIONS……Page 211
8.5 STREHL RATIO……Page 213
8.6 OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION……Page 215
8.6.1 Optical Transfer Function and Strehl Ratio……Page 219
8.7 RESOLUTION CRITERIA……Page 220
8.8 GAUSSIAN BEAMS……Page 222
8.8.1 Focusing and Collimating a Gaussian Beam……Page 224
REFERENCES……Page 225
9.1 MERIDIONAL RAY TRACING AND STOP POSITION ANALYSIS……Page 227
9.2.1 Geometrical Spot Size……Page 229
9.3.1 Calculation from Transverse Aberrations Data……Page 234
9.3.2 Direct Calculation of the Optical Path……Page 235
9.3.3 Conrady’s Method to Compute Wavefront Deformation……Page 238
9.4 POINT AND LINE SPREAD FUNCTION……Page 240
9.5.1 Geometrical Optical Transfer Function……Page 242
9.6 TOLERANCE TO ABERRATIONS……Page 244
9.6.1 Curvature and Thickness Tolerances……Page 245
REFERENCES……Page 246
10.2 DEFLECTING A LIGHT BEAM……Page 248
10.3 TRANSFORMING AN IMAGE……Page 251
10.4.1 Deflecting Prisms……Page 253
10.4.2 Retroreflecting Systems……Page 254
10.5.1 Inverting and Reverting Prisms……Page 257
10.5.2 Rotating Prisms……Page 258
10.6 BEAM-SPLITTING PRISMS……Page 260
10.7 CHROMATIC DISPERSING PRISMS……Page 262
REFERENCES……Page 266
11.1 OPTICAL SYSTEMS DIVERSITY……Page 267
11.2.1 Magnifiers……Page 268
11.2.2 Biocular Magnifiers……Page 271
11.2.3 Single Imaging Lens……Page 273
11.2.4 Landscape Lenses……Page 276
11.3 SPHERICAL AND PARABOLOIDAL MIRRORS……Page 278
Spherical Aberration……Page 280
Spherical aberration……Page 281
Astigmatism……Page 282
Petzval Curvature……Page 283
Spherical Aberration……Page 284
Coma……Page 285
Astigmatism……Page 286
11.3.4 Convex Spherical Mirror……Page 287
11.4 PERISCOPIC LENS……Page 289
11.5 ACHROMATIC LANDSCAPE LENSES……Page 291
11.6 ACHROMATIC DOUBLE LENS……Page 292
11.7.1 Mangin Mirror……Page 293
11.7.2 Dyson System……Page 294
11.7.3 Offner System……Page 295
11.8 FRESNEL LENSES AND GABOR PLATES……Page 296
REFERENCES……Page 298
12.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 299
12.2.1 Petzval Lens……Page 300
12.2.3 Cooke Triplet……Page 302
12.2.4 Tessar Lens……Page 308
12.3 SYMMETRICAL ANASTIGMAT SYSTEMS……Page 309
12.3.1 Dagor Lens……Page 310
12.3.2 Double Gauss Lens……Page 311
12.4 VARIFOCAL AND ZOOM LENSES……Page 314
REFERENCES……Page 320
13.1 THE HUMAN EYE……Page 322
13.1.1 Eye Aberrations……Page 324
13.2 OPHTHALMIC LENSES……Page 325
13.2.1 Ophthalmic Lens Magnifying Power……Page 328
13.3 OPHTHALMIC LENS DESIGN……Page 329
13.3.1 Tscherning Ellipses……Page 332
13.3.2 Aspheric Ophthalmic Lenses……Page 333
13.4 PRISMATIC LENSES……Page 335
13.5 SPHEROCYLINDRICAL LENSES……Page 336
REFERENCES……Page 338
14.1.1 Diffraction Effects and Atmospheric Turbulence……Page 340
14.1.2 Visual Limit Magnitude of a Telescope……Page 341
14.1.3 Photographic and CCD Limit Magnitude of a Telescope……Page 342
14.2.1 Schmidt Camera……Page 344
14.2.2 Bouwers Camera……Page 346
14.3 NEWTON TELESCOPE……Page 348
14.4.1 First-Order Design of Two Mirror Telescopes……Page 349
Spherical Aberration……Page 353
Coma……Page 354
Astigmatism……Page 355
14.4.3 Ritchey–Chretien Telescope……Page 356
14.4.4 Dall–Kirham Telescope……Page 361
14.4.5 Gregory Telescope……Page 362
14.4.6 Coude´ and Nasmythe Focus Configurations……Page 363
14.5 FIELD CORRECTORS……Page 364
14.5.2 Ross Corrector……Page 365
14.5.3 Wynne Corrector……Page 367
14.5.4 Aspheric Correctors……Page 368
14.6.1 Anastigmatic Concentric Schmidt–Cassegrain Telescope……Page 369
14.6.2 Flat-Field Anastigmatic Schmidt–Cassegrain Telescopes……Page 370
Spherical Secondary……Page 371
14.7 MULTIPLE MIRROR TELESCOPES……Page 372
14.8 ACTIVE AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS……Page 374
REFERENCES……Page 376
15.1.1 Exit Pupil Location in Visual Optical Systems……Page 379
15.1.2 Optical Models of the Human Eye……Page 381
15.2 BASIC TELESCOPIC SYSTEM……Page 382
15.3 AFOCAL SYSTEMS……Page 385
15.3.1 Two-Mirror Afocal Systems……Page 387
15.4 REFRACTING OBJECTIVES……Page 388
15.4.1 NonAplanatic Doublet……Page 389
15.4.2 Broken Contact Doublet……Page 393
15.4.3 Parallel Air-Space Doublet……Page 396
15.4.6 Laser Light Collimators……Page 397
15.5 VISUAL AND TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPES……Page 399
15.5.1 Galilean Telescopes……Page 400
15.5.2 Design of a Terrestrial Telescope Objective……Page 403
15.6 TELESCOPE EYEPIECES……Page 404
15.6.1 Huygens and Ramsden Eyepieces……Page 406
15.6.2 Erecting Eyepiece……Page 408
15.6.5 Orthoscopic Eyepiece……Page 409
15.6.6 Erfle Eyepiece……Page 411
15.7 RELAYS AND PERISCOPES……Page 413
15.7.1 Indirect Ophthalmoscope……Page 414
15.7.2 Endoscopes……Page 416
REFERENCES……Page 418
16.1 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE……Page 420
16.1.1 Microscope Aperture and Resolving Power……Page 423
16.2 MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVES……Page 426
16.2.2 Lister Objectives……Page 430
16.2.3 Amici Objectives……Page 431
16.2.4 Oil Immersion Objectives……Page 432
16.2.6 Reflecting Objectives……Page 433
16.3 MICROSCOPE EYEPIECES……Page 435
16.3.1 Huygens Eyepieces……Page 436
16.3.2 Wide-Field Eyepieces……Page 438
16.4 MICROSCOPE ILLUMINATORS……Page 439
REFERENCES……Page 442
17.1 SLIDE AND MOVIE PROJECTORS……Page 444
17.2 COHERENCE EFFECTS IN PROJECTORS……Page 445
17.3.1 Lamp……Page 446
17.3.2 Condenser……Page 447
17.3.3 Projecting Lens……Page 448
17.4 ANAMORPHIC PROJECTION……Page 450
17.5 OVERHEAD PROJECTORS……Page 451
17.6 PROFILE PROJECTORS……Page 452
17.7 TELEVISION PROJECTORS……Page 453
REFERENCES……Page 454
18.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES……Page 455
18.2 OPTIMIZATION METHODS……Page 456
18.3 GLATZEL ADAPTIVE METHOD……Page 457
18.4 CONSTRAINED DAMPED LEAST SQUARES OPTIMIZATION METHOD……Page 459
18.4.1 Linearization of the Problem……Page 460
18.4.2 Use of the Lagrange Multipliers……Page 461
18.4.3 Matrix Representation……Page 463
18.4.4 Numerical Calculation of Matrix Solution……Page 465
18.4.5 Use of the Weight Factors……Page 466
18.5.1 Merit Function……Page 467
Color Averaging……Page 468
Field Averaging……Page 470
Axial Optical Thickness……Page 471
Edge Optical Thickness……Page 472
18.6.1 Global Optimization and Simulated Annealing……Page 473
18.8 LENS DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROGRAMS……Page 474
18.9 SOME COMMERCIAL LENS DESIGN PROGRAMS……Page 476
REFERENCES……Page 478
A1.1 NOTATION……Page 481
A1.2.1 Conrady’s Form……Page 484
A1.2.2 For Numerical Calculation……Page 485
A2.1 SPHERICAL AND ASPHERICAL SURFACES……Page 488
A2.1.1 Aberrations of Normals to Aspheric Surface……Page 491
A2.1.3 Off-Axis Paraboloids……Page 493
A2.1.4 Toroidal and Spherocylindrical Surfaces……Page 495
REFERENCES……Page 497
A3.1 OPTICAL GLASSES……Page 499
A3.3 INFRARED AND ULTRAVIOLET MATERIALS……Page 502
BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 503
A4.1.1 Transfer from First Surface to Plane Tangent to Next Surface……Page 504
A4.1.2 Transfer from Tangent Plane to Osculating Sphere……Page 505
A4.1.3 Transfer from Osculating Sphere to Aspheric Surface……Page 509
A4.1.4 Refraction at Aspheric Surface……Page 512
A4.1.5 Refraction at Toroidal or Spherocylindrical Surfaces……Page 513
A4.2 SUMMARY OF RAY TRACING RESULTS……Page 514
A4.3 TRACING THROUGH TILTED OR DECENTERED OPTICAL SURFACES……Page 516
REFERENCES……Page 519
Books……Page 521
Review Articles or Chapters in Books……Page 522
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