Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister9780070049970, 0070049971
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Front Matter……Page 2
Table of Contents……Page 4
Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures……Page 0
Contributors……Page 7
Dedication……Page 11
Preface to the First Edition……Page 15
Preface to the Tenth Edition……Page 13
Symbols and Abbreviations……Page 16
1.1 Mathematical Tables……Page 22
Segments of Circles……Page 23
Binomical Coefficients……Page 25
Compound Interest and Annuities……Page 26
Statistical Distributions……Page 30
Decimal Equivalents……Page 36
U.S. Customary System (USCS)……Page 37
The International System of Units (SI)……Page 38
Systems of Units……Page 45
Time……Page 46
Density and Relative Density……Page 47
Conversion and Equivalency Tables……Page 48
2. Mathematics……Page 56
Sets, Numbers, and Arithmetic……Page 57
Significant Figures and Precision……Page 59
Geometry, Areas, and Volumes……Page 60
Permutations and Combinations……Page 65
Linear Algebra……Page 66
Trigonometry……Page 69
Analytical Geometry……Page 73
Differential and Integral Calculus……Page 79
Series and Sequences……Page 85
Ordinary Differential Equations……Page 86
Vector Calculus……Page 89
Laplace and Fourier Transforms……Page 90
Special Functions……Page 92
Numerical Methods……Page 93
Computer Data Structures……Page 95
Computer Organization……Page 97
Distributed Computing……Page 101
Software Engineering……Page 104
Software Systems……Page 106
3. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids……Page 111
Systems and Units of Measurements……Page 112
Statics of Rigid Bodies……Page 113
Center of Gravity……Page 116
Moment of Inertial……Page 118
Kinematics……Page 120
Dynamics of Particles……Page 124
Work and Energy……Page 127
Impulse and Momentum……Page 128
Gyroscopic Motion and the Gyroscope……Page 129
Static and Kinetic Coeffcients of Friction……Page 130
Friction of Machine Elements……Page 135
3.3 Mechanics of Fluids……Page 139
Fluids and Other Substances……Page 140
Fluid Properties……Page 141
Fluid Statics……Page 143
Fluid Kinematics……Page 146
Fluid Dynamics……Page 147
Dimensionless Parameters……Page 151
Dynamic Similarity……Page 153
Dimensionless Analysis……Page 154
Forces of Immersed Objects……Page 156
Flow in Pipes……Page 157
Piping Systems……Page 160
Asme Pipeline Flowmeters……Page 163
Asme Weirs……Page 167
Open-Channel Flow……Page 169
Flow of Liquids from Tank Openings……Page 170
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems……Page 171
Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems……Page 180
Distributed-Parameter Systems……Page 182
Approximate Methods for Distributed Systems……Page 185
Vibration-Measuring Instruments……Page 188
4. Heat……Page 190
Units of Force and Mass……Page 191
Specific Heat of Gases……Page 192
General Principles of Thermodynamics……Page 193
Perfect Differentials. Maxwell Relations……Page 195
Ideal Gas Mixtures……Page 197
Graphical Representation……Page 198
Ideal Cycles with Perfect Gases……Page 199
Air Compression……Page 201
Thermal Properties of Saturated Vapors and of Vapor and Liquid Mixtures……Page 202
Changes of State. Superheated Vapors and Mixtures of Liquid and Vapor……Page 203
Humidity Measurements……Page 204
Air Conditioning……Page 205
Refridgeration……Page 207
Steam Cycles……Page 208
Thermodynamic Properties of Substances……Page 209
Flow of Fluids in Circular Pipes……Page 212
Combustion……Page 213
Effect of Dissociation……Page 218
Combustion of Liquid Fuels……Page 219
Thermodynamic Properties of Substances……Page 220
Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces of Solids……Page 251
Radiation from Flames, Combustion Products, and Particle Clouds……Page 257
Radiative Exchange in Enclosures of Radiating Gas……Page 260
4.4 Transmission of Heat by Conduction and Convection……Page 268
Conduction and Convection……Page 269
Film Coefficients……Page 272
Laminar Flow……Page 275
5. Strength of Materials……Page 278
Stress-Strain Diagrams……Page 279
Fracture at Low Stresses……Page 284
Fatigue……Page 285
Creep……Page 287
Hardness……Page 289
Testing of Materials……Page 290
5.2 Mechanics of Materials……Page 291
Simple Stresses and Strains……Page 292
Combined Stresses……Page 295
Plastic Design……Page 296
Beams……Page 297
Torsion……Page 313
Columns……Page 315
Eccentric Loads……Page 317
Curved Beams……Page 318
Impact……Page 320
Theory of Elasticity……Page 321
Cylinders and Spheres……Page 322
Flat Plates……Page 324
Theories of Failure……Page 325
Plasticity……Page 326
Rotating Disks……Page 327
Experimental Stress Analysis……Page 328
5.3 Pipeline Flexure Stresses……Page 332
Penetrant Methods……Page 338
Radiographic Methods……Page 342
Eddy Current Methods……Page 343
Acoustic Signature……Page 344
6. Materials of Engineering……Page 345
Chemistry……Page 347
Specific Gravities and Densities……Page 351
Other Physical Data……Page 354
Steel……Page 357
Principles of Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel……Page 363
Composite Materials……Page 365
Commercial Steels……Page 366
Tool Steels……Page 374
Spring Steel……Page 375
Stainless Steels……Page 376
Cast Iron……Page 382
Steel Castings……Page 387
Introduction……Page 393
Aluminum and its Alloys……Page 397
Cemented Carbides……Page 405
Copper and Copper Alloys……Page 409
Low-Melting-Point Metals and Alloys……Page 418
Metals and Alloys for Use at Elevated Temperatures……Page 421
Metals and Alloys for Nuclear Energy Applications……Page 426
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys……Page 428
Powdered Metals……Page 431
Nickel and Nickel Alloys……Page 432
Titanium and Zirconium……Page 435
Zinc and Zinc Alloys……Page 437
6.5 Corrosion……Page 438
Thermodynamics of Corrosion……Page 439
Corrosion Kinetics……Page 440
Factors Influencing Corrosion……Page 441
Forms of Corrosion……Page 443
Corrosion Testing……Page 447
Corrosion Prevention or Reduction Methods……Page 448
Corrosion in Industrial and Utility Steam- Generating Systems……Page 449
Corrosion in the Chemical Process Industry……Page 451
Paint Ingredients……Page 452
Paints……Page 453
Other Protective and Decorative Coatings……Page 454
6.7 Wood……Page 456
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clear Wood……Page 457
Properties of Lumber Products……Page 463
Properties of Structural Panel Products……Page 468
Durability of Wood in Construction……Page 470
Abrasives……Page 472
Adhesives……Page 474
Brick, Block, and Tile……Page 475
Ceramics……Page 480
Cordage……Page 481
Electrical Insulating Materials……Page 482
Fibers and Fabrics……Page 483
Freezing Preventives……Page 485
Glass……Page 486
Natural Stones……Page 487
Paper……Page 488
Roofing Materials……Page 489
Rubber and Rubberlike Materials (Elastomers)……Page 490
Solvents……Page 492
Thermal Insulation……Page 493
Refractories……Page 495
Sealants……Page 499
Cement……Page 503
Lime……Page 504
Water……Page 505
Mortars……Page 506
Concrete……Page 507
Water Resources……Page 512
Measurements and Definitions……Page 513
Industrial Water……Page 515
Water Pollution Control……Page 516
Water Desalination……Page 517
Liquid Lubricants……Page 521
Viscosity Tests……Page 522
Other Physical and Chemical Tests……Page 523
Greases……Page 524
Lubrication of Specific Equipment……Page 525
General Overview of Plastics……Page 529
Additives……Page 545
Introduction……Page 546
Matrices……Page 547
Design and Analysis……Page 548
7. Fuels and Furnaces……Page 550
Coal……Page 551
Biomass Fuels……Page 557
Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels……Page 559
Gaseous Fuels……Page 563
Synthetic Fuels……Page 565
Explosives……Page 568
Dust Explosions……Page 571
Rocket Fuels……Page 577
7.2 Carbonization of Coal and Gas Making……Page 579
Carbonization of Coal……Page 580
Carbonizing Apparatus……Page 582
Gasification……Page 584
Types of Industrial Heating Furnaces……Page 590
Size and Economy of Furnaces……Page 591
Heat-Saving Methods……Page 593
Nature of the Fuel……Page 594
Furnace Design……Page 595
Combustion Calculations……Page 598
Recovery……Page 600
Resistor Furnaces……Page 601
Arc Furnaces……Page 604
Induction Furnaces……Page 606
Power Requirements for Electric Furnaces……Page 607
Submerged-Arc and Resistance Furnaces……Page 608
8. Machine Elements……Page 609
Linkages……Page 611
Cams……Page 612
Epicyclic Trains……Page 615
Screw Fastenings……Page 616
Rivet Fastenings……Page 635
Keys, Pins, and Cotters……Page 639
Splines……Page 641
Dry and Viscous Couplings……Page 642
Clutches……Page 645
Hydraulic Power Transmission 8-39……Page 647
Brakes……Page 648
Shrink, Press, Drive, and Running Fits……Page 651
Shafts, Axles, and Cranks……Page 655
Pulleys, Sheaves, and Flywheels……Page 658
Belt Drives……Page 659
Chain Drives……Page 667
Rotary and Reciprocating Elements……Page 673
Springs……Page 674
Wire Rope……Page 683
Fiber Lines……Page 689
Nails and Spikes……Page 690
Drill Sizes……Page 693
8.3 Gearing……Page 695
Basic Gear Data……Page 696
Fundamental Relationships of Spur and Helical Gears……Page 699
Helical Gears……Page 702
Nonspur Gear Types*……Page 703
Wormgears and Worms……Page 707
Strength and Durability……Page 708
Gear Materials……Page 716
Gear Lubrication……Page 721
8.4 Fluid Film Bearings……Page 724
Incompressible and Compressible Lubrication……Page 725
Elements of Journal Bearings……Page 730
Thrust Bearings……Page 733
Gas-Lubricated Bearings……Page 735
Principal Standard Bearing Types……Page 740
Rolling-Contact Bearings’ Life, Load, and Speed Relationships……Page 741
Life Adjustment Factors……Page 743
Bearing Closures……Page 744
Lubrication……Page 745
8.6 Packings and Seals……Page 746
Piping Standards……Page 751
Piping, Pipe, and Tubing……Page 754
Pipe Fittings……Page 777
Cast-Iron and Ductile-Iron Pipe……Page 795
Pipes and Tubes of Nonferrous Materials……Page 797
Vitrified, Wooden-Stave, and Concrete Pipe……Page 799
Fittings for Steel Pipe……Page 803
8.8 Preferred Numbers……Page 823
9. Power Generation……Page 825
Introduction……Page 827
Muscle-Generated Power……Page 828
Wind Power……Page 829
Power From Vegetation and Wood……Page 834
Solar Energy……Page 835
Geothermal Power……Page 841
Stirling (Hot Air) Engines……Page 844
Power From the Tides……Page 845
Utilization of Heat Energy of the Sea……Page 846
Power from Hydrogen……Page 847
Direct Energy Conversion……Page 848
Flywheel Energy Storage……Page 851
Slag and Ash……Page 853
Soot Blower Systems……Page 855
Pulverizers……Page 856
Burners……Page 858
Unburned Combustible Loss……Page 859
Boiler Types……Page 860
Furnaces……Page 861
Superheaters and Reheaters……Page 865
Air Heaters……Page 867
Steam Temperature, Adjustment and Control……Page 868
Boiler Circulation……Page 869
Flow of Gas Through Boiler Unit……Page 870
Performance……Page 871
Water Treatment and Steam Purification……Page 872
Steam Purification……Page 875
Codes……Page 876
Nuclear Boilers……Page 877
Work and Dimensions of the Steam Engine……Page 878
9.4 Steam Turbines……Page 880
Steam Flow Through Nozzles and Buckets in Impulse Turbines……Page 881
Low-Pressure Elements of Turbines……Page 884
Turbine Buckets, Blading, and Parts……Page 886
Industrial and Auxiliary Turbines……Page 888
Large Central-Station Turbines……Page 890
Steam Turbine Performance……Page 893
Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Considerations……Page 897
Surface Condensers……Page 899
Direct-Contact Condensers……Page 905
Air Ejectors……Page 906
Vacuum Pumps……Page 907
Cooling Towers……Page 908
Closed Feedwater Heaters……Page 910
Evaporators……Page 913
General Features……Page 914
Analysis of Engine Process……Page 915
U.S. Automobile Engines……Page 918
Foreign Automobile Engines……Page 920
Truck and Bus Engines……Page 921
Tractor Engines……Page 922
Marine Engines……Page 923
Small Industrial, Utility, and Recreational Vehicle Gasoline Engines……Page 924
Wankel (Rotary) Engines……Page 926
Fuels……Page 928
Gas Exchange Processes……Page 930
Fuel-Air Mixture Preparation……Page 932
Combustion Chambers……Page 935
Spark Ignition Combustion……Page 938
Combustion Knock……Page 939
Cooling Systems……Page 941
Lubrication……Page 942
Air Pollution……Page 943
Fuels……Page 948
Thermodynamic Cycle Basis……Page 949
Brayton Cycle Variations……Page 950
Configuration Variations……Page 952
Waste Heat Recovery Systems……Page 953
Operating Characteristics……Page 954
Gas-Turbine Components……Page 955
Applications……Page 956
Nuclear Physics……Page 957
Utilization of Fission Energy……Page 959
Properties of Materials……Page 962
Fission Reactor Design……Page 964
Nuclear Power Plant Economics……Page 966
Nuclear Power Plant Safety……Page 969
Nuclear Power Plant Licensing……Page 970
Nuclear Fusion……Page 972
General……Page 973
Reaction Turbines……Page 975
Impulse Turbines……Page 979
Reversible Pump/ Turbines……Page 981
Model Tests……Page 982
Speed Regulation……Page 983
Turbine Tests……Page 984
10. Materials Handling……Page 985
Flow Analysis……Page 986
Material Feeding and Metering Modes……Page 987
Chain……Page 988
Wire Rope……Page 992
Holding Mechanisms……Page 994
Hoists……Page 996
Mine Hoists and Skips……Page 1000
Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators……Page 1002
Locomotive Haulage, Coal Mines……Page 1003
Industrial Cars……Page 1005
Car-Unloading Machinery……Page 1006
Surface Handling……Page 1007
Above-Surface Handling……Page 1010
Below-Surface Handling……Page 1017
Overhead Conveyors……Page 1019
Noncarrying Conveyors……Page 1024
Carrying Conveyors……Page 1028
Changing Direction of Materials on a Conveyor……Page 1038
Robots……Page 1040
Identification and Control of Materials……Page 1046
Storage Equipment……Page 1055
Loading Dock Design……Page 1057
11. Transportation……Page 1058
Traction Required……Page 1060
Fuel Consumption……Page 1062
Transmission Mechanisms……Page 1063
Automatic Transmissions……Page 1066
Final Drive……Page 1067
Suspensions……Page 1068
Steering……Page 1069
Brakes……Page 1070
Air Conditioning and Heating……Page 1073
Body Structure……Page 1074
Trucks……Page 1075
Diesel-Electric Locomotives……Page 1077
Electric Locomotives……Page 1082
Freight Cars……Page 1084
Passenger Equipment……Page 1090
Track……Page 1094
Vehicle-Track Interaction……Page 1095
The Marine Environment……Page 1097
Seaworthiness……Page 1098
Engineering Constraints……Page 1104
Main Propulsion Plants……Page 1105
Propulsors……Page 1109
Propulsion Transmission……Page 1112
High-Performance Ship Systems……Page 1114
Upper Atmosphere……Page 1116
Subsonic Aerodynamic Forces……Page 1117
Airfoils……Page 1118
Stability and Control……Page 1127
Helicopters……Page 1128
Supersonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics……Page 1129
Linearized Small-Disturbance Theory……Page 1134
11.5 Jet Propulsion and Aircraft Propellers……Page 1138
Essential Features of Airbreathing or Thermal-Jet Engines……Page 1139
Essential Features of Rocket Engines……Page 1142
Notation……Page 1144
Power and Efficiency Relationships……Page 1146
Performance Characteristics of Airbreathing Jet Engines……Page 1147
Criteria of Rocket-Motor Performance……Page 1150
Aircraft Propellers……Page 1152
Space Flight……Page 1157
Astronomical Constants of the Solar System……Page 1158
Dynamic Environments……Page 1160
Space-Vehicle Trajectories, Flight Mechanics, and Performance……Page 1161
Orbital Mechanics……Page 1162
Lunar- and Interplanetary-Flight Mechanics……Page 1163
Atmospheric Entry……Page 1164
Attitude Dynamics, Stabilization, and Control of Spacecraft……Page 1166
Metallic Materials for Aerospace Applications……Page 1168
Structural Composites……Page 1169
Materials for Use in High-Pressure Oxygen Systems……Page 1170
Space Environment……Page 1171
Space-Vehicle Structures……Page 1173
Vibration of Structures……Page 1174
Space Propulsion……Page 1175
Spacecraft Life Support and Thermal Management……Page 1177
Docking of Two Free-Flying Spacecraft……Page 1182
Natural Gas……Page 1183
Crude Oil and Oil Products……Page 1186
Solids……Page 1188
Container Specifications……Page 1191
Container Fleets……Page 1192
12. Building Construction and Equipment……Page 1193
Purposes……Page 1194
Plant Design……Page 1195
Contract Procedures……Page 1209
Loads and Forces……Page 1210
Design of Structural Members……Page 1213
Masonry Construction……Page 1219
Timber Construction……Page 1220
Steel Construction……Page 1225
Materials……Page 1241
Loads……Page 1242
Load Factors for Reinforced Concrete……Page 1243
Reinforced Concrete Beams……Page 1244
Reinforced Concrete Columns……Page 1247
Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems……Page 1248
Footings……Page 1250
Prestressed Concrete……Page 1251
Forms……Page 1252
Comfort Indexes……Page 1253
Indoor Design Conditions……Page 1254
Outdoor Design Conditions……Page 1255
Air Conditioning……Page 1263
Psychrometrics……Page 1277
Duct Design……Page 1280
Fans……Page 1281
Fan Laws……Page 1282
Heat Rejection Apparatus……Page 1283
Light Meters……Page 1291
Light Sources……Page 1292
Prescribing Illumination……Page 1297
Lighting Design……Page 1299
Heat From Lighting……Page 1308
Definitions……Page 1309
The Production and Reception of Sounds……Page 1310
Noise Control……Page 1311
Applications……Page 1313
Safety……Page 1315
13. Manufacturing Processes……Page 1316
Patterns……Page 1317
Molding Processes and Materials……Page 1318
Molding Sand……Page 1320
Casting Alloys……Page 1321
Cleaning and Inspection……Page 1322
Structure……Page 1323
Plasticity……Page 1324
Plastic-Working Techniques……Page 1325
Rolling Operations……Page 1326
Shearing……Page 1329
Drawing……Page 1331
Bulk Forming……Page 1334
Equipment for Working Metals……Page 1336
Arc Welding……Page 1339
Resistance Welding……Page 1344
Other Welding Processes……Page 1345
Thermal Cutting Processes……Page 1346
Design of Welded Connections……Page 1347
Base Metals for Welding……Page 1357
Introduction……Page 1360
Basic Mechanics of Metal Cutting……Page 1361
Cutting-Tool Materials……Page 1363
Machine Tools……Page 1365
Turning……Page 1366
Drilling……Page 1370
Reaming……Page 1371
Milling……Page 1372
Gear Manufacturing……Page 1374
Broaching……Page 1375
Abrasive Processes……Page 1376
Other Material Removal Processes……Page 1380
13.5 Surface Texture Designation, Production, and Control……Page 1382
Designation Standards, Symbols, and Conventions……Page 1383
Surface Quality Versus Tolerances……Page 1385
Sawing……Page 1387
Boring……Page 1389
Sanding……Page 1390
14. Fans, Pumps, and Compressors……Page 1392
Reciprocating Pumps……Page 1393
Rotary Pumps……Page 1402
Power Output and Input……Page 1404
System Design……Page 1405
Nomenclature and Mechanical Design……Page 1406
Materials of Construction……Page 1411
Pump Performance……Page 1412
Installation, Operation, Maintenance……Page 1417
14.3 Compressors……Page 1418
Polytropic Process……Page 1419
Positive-Displacement Compressors Versus Dynamic Compressors……Page 1420
Reciprocating Compressors……Page 1421
Compressor Valves……Page 1422
Lubrication……Page 1423
Rotary-Vane Compressors……Page 1424
Rotary, Twin-Screw, Oil-Flooded Compressors……Page 1425
Rotary Single-Screw Compressors……Page 1427
Orbiting Scroll Compressors……Page 1428
Thrust Pressures……Page 1429
Selection of Pumps……Page 1430
Types and Sizes……Page 1431
Vapor Contamination……Page 1433
Applications of High-Vacuum Pumps……Page 1434
Fan Types and Nomenclature……Page 1435
Fan Performance and Testing……Page 1436
Fan and System Performance Characteristics……Page 1437
15. Electrical and Electronics Engineering……Page 1443
Electrical and Magnetic Units……Page 1444
Conductors and Resistance……Page 1446
Magnetism……Page 1450
Batteries……Page 1453
Dielectric Circuits……Page 1457
Transients……Page 1458
Alternating Currents……Page 1460
Electrical Instruments and Measurements……Page 1462
DC Generators……Page 1467
DC Motors……Page 1469
Synchronous Generators……Page 1473
Transformers……Page 1476
AC Motors……Page 1479
AC-DC Conversion……Page 1483
Synchronous Converters……Page 1484
Rating of Electrical Apparatus……Page 1485
Switchboards……Page 1486
Power Transimission……Page 1488
Power Distribution……Page 1493
Wiring Calculations……Page 1495
Interior Wiring……Page 1497
Resistor Materials……Page 1503
Magnets……Page 1504
Automobile Systems……Page 1508
Components……Page 1510
Discrete-Component Circuits……Page 1513
Linear Integrated Circuits……Page 1517
Digital Integrated Circuits……Page 1521
Conputer Integrated Circuits……Page 1524
Computer Applications……Page 1525
Power Electronics……Page 1527
Communications……Page 1529
Global Positioning Information……Page 1532
16. Instruments and Controls……Page 1534
Counting Events……Page 1535
Mass and Weight Measurement……Page 1536
Measurement of Linear and Angular Displacement……Page 1537
Force and Torque Measurement……Page 1540
Pressure and Vacuum Measurement……Page 1541
Temperature Measurement……Page 1542
Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate……Page 1546
Power Measurement……Page 1548
Electrical Measurements……Page 1549
Velocity and Acceleration Measurement……Page 1550
Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties……Page 1551
Indicating, Recording, and Logging……Page 1552
Information Transmission……Page 1553
16.2 Automatic Controls……Page 1554
Basic Automatic-Control System……Page 1555
Process as Part of the System……Page 1556
Transient Analysis of a Control System……Page 1557
Time Constants……Page 1559
Block Diagrams……Page 1560
Controller Mechanisms……Page 1561
Hydraulic-Control Systems……Page 1563
Closed-Loop Block Diagram……Page 1565
Frequency Response……Page 1566
Bode Diagram……Page 1567
Stability and Performance of an Automatic Control……Page 1570
Sampled-Data Control Systems……Page 1571
Modern Control Techniques……Page 1572
Evaluating Multivariable Performance and Stability Robustness of a Control System Using Singular Values……Page 1574
Review of Optimal Control Theory……Page 1576
Procedure for LQG/LTR Compensator Design……Page 1577
Example Controller Design for a Deaerator……Page 1578
Analysis of Singular-Value Plots……Page 1581
Technology Review……Page 1582
Horizontal Distance……Page 1583
Vertical Distance……Page 1584
Angular Measurement……Page 1586
Special Problems in Surveying and Measuration……Page 1589
Global Positioning System……Page 1591
17. Industrial Engineering……Page 1593
Plant Organization……Page 1594
Process Analysis……Page 1595
Just-In-Time Techniques, Manufacturing Resource Planning, and Production Control……Page 1596
Control of Materials……Page 1598
Optimization Techniques……Page 1599
Employee Relations……Page 1602
Role and Purpose of Cost Accounting……Page 1603
Classifications of Costs……Page 1604
Elements of Costs……Page 1606
Management and the Control Function……Page 1607
Budgets and Standard Costs……Page 1608
Supporting Decision Making……Page 1609
Cost Management……Page 1610
Characterizing Observational Data: The Average and Standard Deviation……Page 1611
Process Variability – How Much Data?……Page 1612
Comparison of Methods or Processes……Page 1613
Go/ No-Go Data……Page 1615
Control Charts……Page 1616
Process Analysis……Page 1617
Operation Analysis……Page 1618
Principles of Motion Study……Page 1619
Time Study Observations……Page 1620
Performance Rating……Page 1621
Time Formulas and Standard Data……Page 1623
Constructed Plant Costs……Page 1624
Fixed Charges……Page 1627
Operating Expenses……Page 1628
Overall Generation Costs……Page 1629
Power Prices……Page 1630
Psychomotor Behavior……Page 1631
Manual Control……Page 1632
17.7 Automatic Manufacturing……Page 1633
Design for Assembly……Page 1634
Autofacturing Subsystems……Page 1635
18. The Engineering Environment……Page 1637
An Overview of Ecology……Page 1638
Cost/ Benefit Balancing and ISO 9000 Registration……Page 1639
Control of Thermal Discharges……Page 1640
Wastewater Control……Page 1641
Sources and Control of Air Pollution……Page 1643
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management……Page 1653
RCRA and CERCLA……Page 1654
Safety……Page 1655
Construction……Page 1659
Automatic Sprinklers……Page 1660
Underground Water Piping for Fire Service……Page 1662
Portable Hand Extinguishers……Page 1663
Patents……Page 1664
Trademarks……Page 1665
Copyrights……Page 1666
Professional Liability Insurance……Page 1667
19. Refrigeration, Cryogenics, Optics, and Miscellaneous……Page 1669
Properties of Refrigerants……Page 1670
Overall Cycles……Page 1680
Components of Compression Systems……Page 1681
Thermoelectric Cooling……Page 1685
Methods of Applying Refrigeration……Page 1686
Refrigerant Piping……Page 1688
Cold Storage……Page 1689
Ice Making……Page 1692
Deep Refrigeration……Page 1693
19.2 Cryogenics……Page 1694
Refrigeration Methods……Page 1695
Properties of Solids at Low Temperatures……Page 1697
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids (Cryogens)……Page 1702
Instrumentation……Page 1705
Insulation……Page 1706
Safety……Page 1708
Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics……Page 1709
Interference and Interferometry……Page 1710
Proofreading……Page 1711
Special Alphabets……Page 1712
A……Page 1713
B……Page 1717
C……Page 1720
D……Page 1728
E……Page 1730
F……Page 1733
G……Page 1736
H……Page 1738
I……Page 1740
J……Page 1742
L……Page 1743
M……Page 1745
O……Page 1748
P……Page 1749
R……Page 1754
S……Page 1757
T……Page 1764
V……Page 1767
W……Page 1768
Z……Page 1770
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