Sandra Loosemore, Richard M. Stallman9781882114559, 1882114558
This two volume manual is the comprehensive guide to the GNU implementation of the standard C libraries. It covers both high and low level interfaces, including function specifications, code examples, and usage recommendations. This text includes items of interest to both the system administrator and the programmer.
Table of contents :
Standards and Portability……Page 5
POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)……Page 6
Using the Library……Page 7
Header Files……Page 8
Reserved Names……Page 9
Feature Test Macros……Page 11
Roadmap to the Manual……Page 15
Checking for Errors……Page 19
Error Codes……Page 20
Error Messages……Page 31
Process Memory Concepts……Page 35
Dynamic Memory Allocation……Page 37
Basic Memory Allocation……Page 38
Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc……Page 39
Changing the Size of a Block……Page 40
Allocating Cleared Space……Page 41
Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks……Page 42
Heap Consistency Checking……Page 43
Memory Allocation Hooks……Page 45
Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc……Page 48
Summary of malloc-Related Functions……Page 49
Example program excerpts……Page 50
Some more or less clever ideas……Page 51
Interpreting the traces……Page 52
Obstacks……Page 53
Preparing for Using Obstacks……Page 54
Allocation in an Obstack……Page 55
Freeing Objects in an Obstack……Page 56
Growing Objects……Page 57
Extra Fast Growing Objects……Page 59
Alignment of Data in Obstacks……Page 61
Summary of Obstack Functions……Page 62
alloca Example……Page 64
Disadvantages of alloca……Page 65
Resizing the Data Segment……Page 66
Locked Memory Details……Page 67
Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages……Page 68
Classification of Characters……Page 71
Case Conversion……Page 73
Character class determination for wide characters……Page 74
Notes on using the wide character classes……Page 77
Mapping of wide characters…….Page 78
Representation of Strings……Page 81
String and Array Conventions……Page 82
String Length……Page 83
Copying and Concatenation……Page 85
String/Array Comparison……Page 96
Collation Functions……Page 99
Search Functions……Page 103
Finding Tokens in a String……Page 108
Encode Binary Data……Page 113
Argz and Envz Vectors……Page 115
Argz Functions……Page 116
Envz Functions……Page 118
Introduction to Extended Characters……Page 121
Selecting the conversion and its properties……Page 125
Representing the state of the conversion……Page 126
Converting Single Characters……Page 128
Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings……Page 134
A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example……Page 137
Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters……Page 139
Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings……Page 140
States in Non-reentrant Functions……Page 141
Generic Character Set Conversion Interface……Page 143
A complete iconv example……Page 146
Some Details about other iconv Implementations……Page 149
The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library……Page 150
Format of gconv-modules files……Page 151
Finding the conversion path in iconv……Page 152
iconv module data structures……Page 153
iconv module interfaces……Page 156
What Effects a Locale Has……Page 165
Categories of Activities that Locales Affect……Page 166
How Programs Set the Locale……Page 167
Accessing Locale Information……Page 169
Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters……Page 170
Printing the Currency Symbol……Page 171
Pinpoint Access to Locale Data……Page 173
A dedicated function to format numbers……Page 179
The catgets function family……Page 183
Format of the message catalog files……Page 186
Generate Message Catalogs files……Page 188
How to use the catgets interface……Page 189
Using symbolic names……Page 190
How does to this allow to develop……Page 191
The Uniforum approach to Message Translation……Page 192
What has to be done to translate a message?……Page 193
How to determine which catalog to be used……Page 195
Additional functions for more complicated situations……Page 197
How to specify the output character set gettext uses……Page 200
How to use gettext in GUI programs……Page 201
User influence on gettext……Page 203
Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext……Page 206
Array Search Function……Page 207
Array Sort Function……Page 208
Searching and Sorting Example……Page 209
The hsearch function…….Page 212
The tsearch function…….Page 214
Wildcard Matching……Page 217
Calling glob……Page 218
Flags for Globbing……Page 222
More Flags for Globbing……Page 223
POSIX Regular Expression Compilation……Page 225
Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions……Page 227
Match Results with Subexpressions……Page 228
Complications in Subexpression Matching……Page 229
POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup……Page 230
Calling wordexp……Page 231
Flags for Word Expansion……Page 233
wordexp Example……Page 234
Details of Variable Substitution……Page 235
Streams and File Descriptors……Page 237
File Position……Page 238
Directories……Page 239
File Name Errors……Page 240
Portability of File Names……Page 241
Standard Streams……Page 243
Opening Streams……Page 244
Closing Streams……Page 247
Streams and Threads……Page 248
Streams in Internationalized Applications……Page 251
Simple Output by Characters or Lines……Page 253
Character Input……Page 255
Line-Oriented Input……Page 258
Using ungetc To Do Unreading……Page 260
Block Input/Output……Page 261
Formatted Output……Page 262
Output Conversion Syntax……Page 263
Table of Output Conversions……Page 265
Integer Conversions……Page 266
Floating-Point Conversions……Page 268
Other Output Conversions……Page 270
Formatted Output Functions……Page 271
Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output……Page 273
Variable Arguments Output Functions……Page 274
Parsing a Template String……Page 276
Example of Parsing a Template String……Page 278
Customizing printf……Page 279
Conversion Specifier Options……Page 280
Defining the Output Handler……Page 282
printf Extension Example……Page 283
Predefined printf Handlers……Page 284
Formatted Input Basics……Page 285
Input Conversion Syntax……Page 286
Table of Input Conversions……Page 287
Numeric Input Conversions……Page 289
String Input Conversions……Page 290
Other Input Conversions……Page 292
Formatted Input Functions……Page 293
Variable Arguments Input Functions……Page 294
End-Of-File and Errors……Page 295
Text and Binary Streams……Page 296
File Positioning……Page 297
Portable File-Position Functions……Page 300
Stream Buffering……Page 301
Flushing Buffers……Page 302
Controlling Which Kind of Buffering……Page 303
String Streams……Page 306
Obstack Streams……Page 308
Custom Streams and Cookies……Page 309
Custom Stream Hook Functions……Page 310
Printing Formatted Messages……Page 311
How to use fmtmsg and addseverity……Page 314
Opening and Closing Files……Page 317
Input and Output Primitives……Page 320
Setting the File Position of a Descriptor……Page 324
Descriptors and Streams……Page 327
Independent Channels……Page 328
Fast Scatter-Gather I/O……Page 329
Memory-mapped I/O……Page 330
Waiting for Input or Output……Page 334
Synchronizing I/O operations……Page 337
Perform I/O Operations in Parallel……Page 338
Asynchronous Read and Write Operations……Page 340
Getting the Status of AIO Operations……Page 344
Getting into a Consistent State……Page 345
Cancellation of AIO Operations……Page 348
Control Operations on Files……Page 349
Duplicating Descriptors……Page 350
File Descriptor Flags……Page 352
File Status Flags……Page 353
File Access Modes……Page 354
Open-time Flags……Page 355
I/O Operating Modes……Page 356
Getting and Setting File Status Flags……Page 357
File Locks……Page 359
Generic I/O Control operations……Page 362
Working Directory……Page 365
Format of a Directory Entry……Page 367
Opening a Directory Stream……Page 368
Reading and Closing a Directory Stream……Page 369
Random Access in a Directory Stream……Page 371
Scanning the Content of a Directory……Page 372
Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II……Page 373
Working with Directory Trees……Page 374
Hard Links……Page 378
Symbolic Links……Page 379
Deleting Files……Page 381
Renaming Files……Page 382
The meaning of the File Attributes……Page 384
Reading the Attributes of a File……Page 388
Testing the Type of a File……Page 390
File Owner……Page 392
The Mode Bits for Access Permission……Page 393
Assigning File Permissions……Page 395
Testing Permission to Access a File……Page 397
File Times……Page 398
File Size……Page 400
Making Special Files……Page 402
Temporary Files……Page 403
Creating a Pipe……Page 407
Pipe to a Subprocess……Page 409
FIFO Special Files……Page 410
Atomicity of Pipe I/O……Page 411
Socket Concepts……Page 413
Communication Styles……Page 414
Address Formats……Page 415
Reading the Address of a Socket……Page 417
Interface Naming……Page 418
Details of Local Namespace……Page 419
Example of Local-Namespace Sockets……Page 420
The Internet Namespace……Page 421
Internet Socket Address Formats……Page 422
Internet Host Addresses……Page 423
Host Address Data Type……Page 424
Host Address Functions……Page 425
Host Names……Page 427
Internet Ports……Page 430
The Services Database……Page 431
Byte Order Conversion……Page 432
Protocols Database……Page 433
Internet Socket Example……Page 435
Creating a Socket……Page 436
Socket Pairs……Page 437
Making a Connection……Page 438
Accepting Connections……Page 440
Who is Connected to Me?……Page 441
Sending Data……Page 442
Receiving Data……Page 443
Byte Stream Socket Example……Page 444
Byte Stream Connection Server Example……Page 445
Out-of-Band Data……Page 448
Receiving Datagrams……Page 451
Datagram Socket Example……Page 452
Example of Reading Datagrams……Page 453
Configuring inetd……Page 455
Socket Option Functions……Page 456
Socket-Level Options……Page 457
Networks Database……Page 458
Identifying Terminals……Page 461
Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not……Page 462
Terminal Mode Data Types……Page 463
Terminal Mode Functions……Page 464
Setting Terminal Modes Properly……Page 465
Input Modes……Page 466
Output Modes……Page 468
Control Modes……Page 469
Local Modes……Page 471
Line Speed……Page 473
Characters for Input Editing……Page 475
Characters that Cause Signals……Page 477
Other Special Characters……Page 478
Noncanonical Input……Page 479
BSD Terminal Modes……Page 480
Line Control Functions……Page 481
Noncanonical Mode Example……Page 483
Pseudo-Terminals……Page 484
Allocating Pseudo-Terminals……Page 485
Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair……Page 487
Overview of Syslog……Page 489
openlog……Page 490
syslog, vsyslog……Page 491
setlogmask……Page 494
Syslog Example……Page 495
Predefined Mathematical Constants……Page 497
Trigonometric Functions……Page 498
Inverse Trigonometric Functions……Page 500
Exponentiation and Logarithms……Page 501
Hyperbolic Functions……Page 505
Special Functions……Page 507
Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions……Page 509
Pseudo-Random Numbers……Page 515
BSD Random Number Functions……Page 516
SVID Random Number Function……Page 518
Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?……Page 522
Integers……Page 525
Integer Division……Page 526
Floating-Point Number Classification Functions……Page 528
FP Exceptions……Page 530
Infinity and NaN……Page 532
Examining the FPU status word……Page 533
Rounding Modes……Page 535
Floating-Point Control Functions……Page 537
Absolute Value……Page 539
Normalization Functions……Page 540
Rounding Functions……Page 541
Remainder Functions……Page 543
Setting and modifying single bits of FP values……Page 544
Floating-Point Comparison Functions……Page 545
Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions……Page 546
Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers……Page 547
Parsing of Integers……Page 548
Parsing of Floats……Page 553
Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions……Page 554
Elapsed Time……Page 557
CPU Time Inquiry……Page 559
Processor Time Inquiry……Page 560
Calendar Time……Page 561
High-Resolution Calendar……Page 562
Broken-down Time……Page 564
High Accuracy Clock……Page 567
Formatting Calendar Time……Page 570
Convert textual time and date information back……Page 575
Interpret string according to given format……Page 576
A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates……Page 580
Specifying the Time Zone with TZ……Page 583
Functions and Variables for Time Zones……Page 585
Setting an Alarm……Page 586
Sleeping……Page 588
Resource Usage……Page 591
Limiting Resource Usage……Page 593
Process CPU Priority And Scheduling……Page 597
Using Absolute Priority……Page 598
Realtime Scheduling……Page 599
Basic Scheduling Functions……Page 600
Introduction To Traditional Scheduling……Page 603
Functions For Traditional Scheduling……Page 604
Overview about traditional Unix memory handling……Page 606
How to get information about the memory subsystem?……Page 607
Learn about the processors available……Page 608
Introduction to Non-Local Exits……Page 611
Details of Non-Local Exits……Page 612
Non-Local Exits and Signals……Page 613
Complete Context Control……Page 614
Some Kinds of Signals……Page 621
How Signals Are Delivered……Page 622
Program Error Signals……Page 623
Termination Signals……Page 626
Alarm Signals……Page 627
Job Control Signals……Page 628
Operation Error Signals……Page 630
Signal Messages……Page 631
Basic Signal Handling……Page 632
Advanced Signal Handling……Page 634
Interaction of signal and sigaction……Page 635
sigaction Function Example……Page 636
Flags for sigaction……Page 637
Defining Signal Handlers……Page 638
Signal Handlers that Return……Page 639
Handlers That Terminate the Process……Page 640
Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers……Page 641
Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs……Page 642
Signals Close Together Merge into One……Page 643
Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions……Page 645
Problems with Non-Atomic Access……Page 647
Atomic Usage Patterns……Page 648
Primitives Interrupted by Signals……Page 649
Signaling Yourself……Page 650
Signaling Another Process……Page 651
Permission for using kill……Page 652
Using kill for Communication……Page 653
Blocking Signals……Page 654
Signal Sets……Page 655
Process Signal Mask……Page 656
Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal……Page 657
Blocking Signals for a Handler……Page 658
Checking for Pending Signals……Page 659
Remembering a Signal to Act On Later……Page 660
Using pause……Page 661
Problems with pause……Page 662
Using sigsuspend……Page 663
Using a Separate Signal Stack……Page 664
BSD Function to Establish a Handler……Page 666
BSD Functions for Blocking Signals……Page 667
Program Arguments……Page 669
Program Argument Syntax Conventions……Page 670
Using the getopt function……Page 671
Example of Parsing Arguments with getopt……Page 672
Parsing Long Options with getopt_long……Page 674
Example of Parsing Long Options with getopt_long……Page 676
The argp_parse Function……Page 678
Argp Global Variables……Page 679
Specifying Argp Parsers……Page 680
Specifying Options in an Argp Parser……Page 681
Argp Parser Functions……Page 682
Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions……Page 684
Functions For Use in Argp Parsers……Page 686
Argp Parsing State……Page 687
Combining Multiple Argp Parsers……Page 688
Flags for argp_parse……Page 689
Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions……Page 690
Flags for the argp_help Function……Page 691
Argp Examples……Page 692
A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options……Page 693
A Program Using Argp with User Options……Page 694
A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers……Page 698
Argp User Customization……Page 701
Parsing of Suboptions……Page 702
Parsing of Suboptions Example……Page 703
Environment Variables……Page 704
Environment Access……Page 705
Standard Environment Variables……Page 707
System Calls……Page 708
Normal Termination……Page 710
Exit Status……Page 711
Cleanups on Exit……Page 712
Termination Internals……Page 713
Running a Command……Page 715
Process Identification……Page 716
Creating a Process……Page 717
Executing a File……Page 718
Process Completion……Page 720
Process Completion Status……Page 723
BSD Process Wait Functions……Page 724
Process Creation Example……Page 725
Concepts of Job Control……Page 727
Access to the Controlling Terminal……Page 728
Implementing a Job Control Shell……Page 729
Data Structures for the Shell……Page 730
Initializing the Shell……Page 731
Launching Jobs……Page 733
Foreground and Background……Page 736
Stopped and Terminated Jobs……Page 737
Continuing Stopped Jobs……Page 740
The Missing Pieces……Page 741
Process Group Functions……Page 742
Functions for Controlling Terminal Access……Page 744
NSS Basics……Page 747
Services in the NSS configuration File……Page 748
Actions in the NSS configuration……Page 749
The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules……Page 750
The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules……Page 751
Adding another Service to NSS……Page 753
Internals of the NSS Module Functions……Page 754
The Persona of a Process……Page 757
How an Application Can Change Persona……Page 758
Reading the Persona of a Process……Page 759
Setting the User ID……Page 760
Setting the Group IDs……Page 761
Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access……Page 762
Setuid Program Example……Page 763
Tips for Writing Setuid Programs……Page 765
Identifying Who Logged In……Page 766
Manipulating the User Accounting Database……Page 767
XPG User Accounting Database Functions……Page 772
Logging In and Out……Page 774
Looking Up One User……Page 775
Scanning the List of All Users……Page 776
Writing a User Entry……Page 777
Looking Up One Group……Page 778
Scanning the List of All Groups……Page 779
User and Group Database Example……Page 780
Netgroup Data……Page 781
Looking up one Netgroup……Page 782
Testing for Netgroup Membership……Page 783
Host Identification……Page 785
Platform Type Identification……Page 787
Controlling and Querying Mounts……Page 788
The fstab file……Page 789
The mtab file……Page 791
Mount, Unmount, Remount……Page 795
System Parameters……Page 798
General Capacity Limits……Page 801
Overall System Options……Page 802
Which Version of POSIX is Supported……Page 803
Constants for sysconf Parameters……Page 804
Examples of sysconf……Page 812
Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits……Page 813
Limits on File System Capacity……Page 814
Optional Features in File Support……Page 815
Minimum Values for File System Limits……Page 816
Using pathconf……Page 817
Utility Program Capacity Limits……Page 819
String-Valued Parameters……Page 820
Legal Problems……Page 823
Reading Passwords……Page 824
Encrypting Passwords……Page 825
DES Encryption……Page 827
Backtraces……Page 831
Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency……Page 835
Why Variadic Functions are Used……Page 836
Syntax for Variable Arguments……Page 837
How Many Arguments Were Supplied……Page 838
Calling Variadic Functions……Page 839
Argument Access Macros……Page 840
Example of a Variadic Function……Page 841
Null Pointer Constant……Page 842
Important Data Types……Page 843
Range of an Integer Type……Page 844
Floating Point Representation Concepts……Page 846
Floating Point Parameters……Page 847
IEEE Floating Point……Page 850
Structure Field Offset Measurement……Page 851
Summary of Library Facilities……Page 853
Configuring and compiling GNU Libc……Page 959
Installing the C Library……Page 962
Recommended Tools for Compilation……Page 963
Supported Configurations……Page 964
Reporting Bugs……Page 966
Adding New Functions……Page 969
Porting the GNU C Library……Page 970
Layout of the sysdeps Directory Hierarchy……Page 973
Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems……Page 975
Contributors to the GNU C Library……Page 977
Preamble……Page 983
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,@hfil @penalty -@@M @hbox {}@ignorespaces DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION……Page 984
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries……Page 991
Concept Index……Page 993
Type Index……Page 1003
Function and Macro Index……Page 1005
Variable and Constant Macro Index……Page 1017
Program and File Index……Page 1029
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