Determination of organic compounds in soils, sediments, and sludges

Thomas R Crompton020302723X, 9780203027233, 0419252703, 9780419252702

Determination of Organic Compounds in Soils, Sediments and Sludges is the first volume which comprehensively discusses the range of methods available for the analysis of organic compounds in soils, river and marine sediments and industrial sludges. The book commences with a review of the instrumentation used in soil and sediment laboratories and indicates the types of organics that can be determined by each technique. Subsequent chapters discuss the analysis of various types of organics in a logical and systematic manner, with the author providing guidance on the applicability of techniques in certain environments, the advantages and disadvangtages of using one method over anouther, likely interference, the sensitivity of particular techniques, and detection limits.
This book is an essential reference for chemists and toxicologists involved in water resource management, agrochemistry, fisheries and public health.

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Table of contents :
Determination of Organic Compounds in Soils, Sediments and Sludges……Page 2
Preface……Page 23
Contents……Page 4
Contents……Page 0
1.1.1.2 Spectrofluorimetric Methods And Luminescence Spectroscopy……Page 26
1.1.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy……Page 30
1.1.2 Flow- Injection Analysis……Page 32
1.1.3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 34
1.1.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry……Page 36
1.1.4 Titration Procedures……Page 40
1.1.5.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography Including Highperformance Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 43
1.1.5.2 Column Coupling Capillary Isotachoelectrophoresis……Page 56
1.1.5.3 Thin- Layer Chromatography……Page 57
1.1.5.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 58
1.1.5.5 Gas Chromatography Including Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 61
1.1.5.6 Purge And Trap Gas Chromatography……Page 79
1.1.6 Combustion Methods……Page 81
1.1.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy And Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy……Page 90
1.1.9 Enzymic Immunoassay Methods……Page 91
1.2.1.1 Organic Compounds……Page 95
1.2.1.3 Organometallic Compounds……Page 96
1.2.3.1 Organic Compounds……Page 104
1.2.4 Resume……Page 110
References……Page 115
2.1.1.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Chromatography……Page 118
2.1.1.3 Miscellaneous……Page 119
2.1.3.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 120
2.1.4.1 Column Chromatography……Page 122
2.2.1.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 123
2.2.2.3 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy……Page 127
2.4.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 128
2.4.1.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography……Page 129
2.4.1.4 Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 130
2.4.1.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 131
2.4.1.8 Miscellaneous……Page 133
2.4.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 134
2.4.2.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography……Page 135
2.4.2.7 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 136
2.4.3.2 Spectrofluorimetry……Page 137
2.4.4.1 Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 138
References……Page 139
3.1.1.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 143
3.2.1.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 144
3.3.1.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 145
References……Page 146
4.1.1.2 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 147
4.2.1.1 Spectrophotometric Methods……Page 148
4.2.2.1 Miscellaneous……Page 149
4.3.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 150
4.3.2.2 Column Chromatography……Page 151
4.4.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 152
4.6.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 153
References……Page 154
5.1.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 157
5.1.1.4 Miscellaneous……Page 158
5.1.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 159
5.1.2.3 Purge And Trap Gas Chromatography……Page 161
5.1.2.5 Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 162
5.1.3.1 Miscellaneous……Page 163
5.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 164
5.2.2.4 Miscellaneous……Page 165
5.3.1.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 166
5.3.1.3 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 167
5.3.2.2 Miscellaneous……Page 170
5.5.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 171
5.6.1.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 172
5.6.1.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 173
5.6.1.6 Miscellaneous……Page 174
5.6.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 175
5.6.2.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 176
5.6.2.5 Miscellaneous……Page 177
5.6.4.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 178
5.7 Polychlorodibenzo-……Page 179
5.7.1.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 181
5.7.1.3 Miscellaneous……Page 183
5.7.2.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 184
References……Page 185
6.3.1.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 189
6.5.1.1 Miscellaneous……Page 190
6.7.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 191
References……Page 192
7.1.2.2 Miscellaneous……Page 193
7.2.1.2 Luminescence Methods……Page 194
7.2.1.3 Miscellaneous……Page 195
References……Page 196
8.2.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 197
8.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 198
References……Page 199
9.1.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 201
9.1.1.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 206
9.1.1.3 Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 207
9.1.1.5 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 209
9.1.1.6 Miscellaneous……Page 210
9.1.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 213
9.1.2.2 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 219
9.1.4.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 220
9.1.4.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 226
9.2.1.1 Titration……Page 228
9.2.1.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 229
9.2.1.4 Miscellaneous……Page 232
9.3.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 233
9.3.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 234
9.3.4.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 235
9.4.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 236
9.4.1.2 Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry……Page 238
9.4.1.6 Miscellaneous……Page 239
9.4.2.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 241
9.5.1 Soil……Page 242
9.5.1.3 Gas Chromatography And High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 243
9.5.1.4 Gas Chromatography……Page 246
9.5.1.5 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 249
9.6.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 250
9.6.2.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 254
9.7.1.3 Gas Chromatography……Page 255
9.7.1.4 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 256
9.7.1.7 Gas Chromatography……Page 257
9.7.1.8 Enzyme- Based Immunoassay……Page 258
9.7.1.9 Isotachophoresis……Page 259
9.7.1.11 Gas Chromatography……Page 260
9.7.1.12 Gas Chromatography……Page 261
9.7.1.13 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 263
9.7.1.19 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 264
9.7.1.20 Miscellaneous……Page 265
9.8.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 266
9.8.1.2 Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 269
9.8.1.4 Miscellaneous……Page 270
9.10.1.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 271
References……Page 274
10.1.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy……Page 282
10.1.3.1 Spectrofluorimetry……Page 283
10.1.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy……Page 284
10.3.1 Non- Saline Deposited And Suspended Sediments……Page 285
10.3.1.1 Spectrofluorimetry……Page 286
10.4.1.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 287
10.5.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 288
10.6.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 289
10.8.1.1 Miscellaneous……Page 291
References……Page 292
11.1.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 294
11.1.3 Purge And Trap Gas Chromatography……Page 295
11.1.4 Pyrolysis- Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 299
11.1.8 Miscellaneous……Page 300
11.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 301
11.2.3 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 302
11.2.6 Miscellaneous……Page 303
11.3.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 306
11.4.1 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 308
References……Page 309
12.1.1.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 312
12.1.1.4 Miscellaneous……Page 314
12.2.1.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 315
12.2.1.3 Neutron Activation Analysis……Page 316
12.2.2.1 Neutron Activation Analysis……Page 317
12.3.1.2 Combustion Methods……Page 318
12.3.1.3 Potentiometry……Page 320
12.3.2 Non- Saline Deposited And Suspended Sediments……Page 321
12.3.2.2 Combustion Methods……Page 322
12.3.3.4 Wet Oxidation Methods……Page 323
12.4.1 Non- Saline Deposited And Suspended Sediments……Page 324
12.4.1.4 Miscellaneous……Page 325
12.4.2.1 Wet Digestion Methods……Page 326
12.5.1.2 Spectrophotometry……Page 327
12.5.2.3 Wet Digestion……Page 330
12.5.3.2 Miscellaneous……Page 331
12.6.1.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 332
12.6.1.5 Miscellaneous……Page 333
12.6.2.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 334
12.6.2.2 X- Ray Diffraction……Page 337
12.6.2.4 Wet Digestion Methods……Page 338
12.6.3.2 Miscellaneous……Page 339
12.7.1.1 Wet Digestion Methods……Page 340
12.8 Sulphur……Page 342
12.8.1.1 Wet Digestion Methods……Page 343
12.8.2.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 344
12.8.2.2 Wet Digestion Methods……Page 345
12.8.3 Saline Deposited And Suspended Sediments……Page 346
12.8.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy……Page 347
12.9.1.2 Miscellaneous……Page 348
12.10.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 349
12.10.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry……Page 350
12.10.2.4 Miscellaneous……Page 353
12.10.3.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 354
12.10.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry……Page 356
12.10.4.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 358
12.11.1.1 Spectrophotometry……Page 359
12.1 1.2.1 Miscellaneous……Page 360
12.12.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 361
12.13.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 362
12.13.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 363
12.13.3.2 Gas Chromatography……Page 364
12.13.3.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 365
12.13.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry……Page 367
12.14.2 Saline Deposited And Suspended Sediments……Page 368
12.14.3.1 Total Oxygen Demand……Page 369
References……Page 375
13.1.1.1 Introduction……Page 381
13.1.1.3 Miscellaneous……Page 382
13.1.2.1 Introduction……Page 384
13.1.2.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 385
13.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 387
13.2.3.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 394
13.3.1.2 Spectrophotometric Methods……Page 395
13.3.1.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 403
13.3.1.5 Miscellaneous……Page 404
13.3.2.2 Spectrophotometric Method……Page 405
13.3.2.3 Gas Chromatography……Page 407
13.3.2.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 408
13.3.2.6 Miscellaneous……Page 412
13.3.3.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 413
13.4 Organotin Compounds……Page 414
13.4.1.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 415
13.4.2.1 Gas Chromatography……Page 416
13.4.2.2 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry……Page 418
13.4.2.5 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 420
13.4.2.7 Miscellaneous……Page 421
13.4.3.2 Purge And Trap Chromatography……Page 422
13.4.3.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 423
13.5.1.3 Miscellaneous……Page 427
References……Page 428
14.1 Introduction……Page 433
14.2 Sample Homogeneity……Page 434
14.3 Destructive Analysis……Page 435
14.4 Analysis Of Soils And Sediments……Page 438
14.4.1 Comminution Of Samples……Page 439
14.4.3 Grinding Of Samples……Page 440
14.4.4.2 Gravitational Sedimentation, 0.5 – 500 µ M……Page 441
14.4.4.5 Electrical Zone Sensing ( 0.4 – 1200 µ M)……Page 442
14.4.5.3 Dry Ashing……Page 443
14.4.5.6 Equipment For Sample Digestions……Page 444
14.4.6 Elemental Analysis Of Sample Digests……Page 445
14.5.1 Introduction……Page 449
14.5.2 X- Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy……Page 451
14.5.3 Electron Probe X- Ray Microanalysis……Page 452
References……Page 453
15.1 Introduction……Page 455
15.3 Accumulation Of Organometallic Compounds……Page 456
References……Page 460
16.2 Disposal Of Waste By Landfilling……Page 461
16.3 Disposal Of Waste By Incineration……Page 462
16.5 Disposal Of Waste To Land……Page 463
16.6.2 Sorption……Page 468
16.6.3 Degradation……Page 469
16.6.4 Leaching……Page 470
16.7.1 Simple Case In Which Once Sewage Is Applied To Land No Subsequent Losses Of Organics Occur……Page 478
16.7.2 Case In Which Losses Of Organic Compounds By Rainwater Elution, Volatilization And Degradation Run In Parallel With Gains In Organic Contaminated Levels In Soil Caused By Sewage Addition……Page 481
16.8 Uptake Of Toxicants From Soil To Crops……Page 486
References……Page 487
1.1.1.1 Visible Ultraviolet And Near Infrared Spectrometers……Page 490
1.1.1.2 Luminescence Instruments And Spectrofluorimeters……Page 491
1.1.1.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy……Page 492
1.1.3.1 Flame And Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 493
1.1.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometers……Page 495
1.1.5.1 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography……Page 496
1.1.5.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 499
1.1.5.5 And 1.1.5.7 Gas Chromatography……Page 500
1.1.5.6 Headspace Samplers……Page 501
14.4.1 Laboratory Homogenizers……Page 506
Appendix 2: Methods Of Soil Analysis Published By The Ministry Of Agriculture, Fisheries And Food, Uk……Page 507