Frank R. Spellman1566706270, 9781566706278
Table of contents :
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations……Page 1
Preface……Page 3
Contents……Page 5
PART I: Water and Wastewater Operations: An Overview……Page 28
Contents……Page 0
1.2 THE PARADIGM SHIFT……Page 29
1.3 MULTIPLE-BARRIER CONCEPT……Page 30
1.4.1 COMPLIANCE WITH NEW, CHANGING, AND EXISTING REGULATIONS……Page 31
1.4.2 MAINTAINING INFRASTRUCTURE……Page 32
1.4.3 PRIVATIZING AND/OR REENGINEERING……Page 33
1.4.4 BENCHMARKING……Page 34
1.4.4.1 Benchmarking: The Process……Page 35
1.5 UPGRADING SECURITY……Page 36
1.7 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS……Page 38
REFERENCES……Page 39
2.2 SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT……Page 40
2.2.1 THE COMPUTER-L ITERATE JACK……Page 41
2.2.3 OPERATOR DUTIES, NUMBERS,……Page 42
2.3 OPERATOR CERTIFICATION/LICENSURE……Page 43
REFERENCES……Page 45
3.3.1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS……Page 46
REFERENCES……Page 55
PART II: Water/Wastewater Operations: Math and Technical Aspects……Page 56
4.4.1 ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (OR ARITHMETIC MEAN)……Page 57
4.4.2 RATIO……Page 60
4.4.3.1 Practical Percentage Calculations……Page 61
4.4.4 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS……Page 62
4.5 MEASUREMENTS: AREAS……Page 63
4.5.3 AREA OF A CIRCULAR OR CYLINDRICAL TANK……Page 64
4.5.4.2 Volume of a Circular or Cylindrical Tank……Page 65
4.6 FORCE, PRESSURE, AND HEAD……Page 69
4.7 FLOW……Page 72
4.7.1.1 Instantaneous Flow Rates……Page 73
4.7.2 VELOCITY CALCULATIONS……Page 74
4.8 DETENTION TIME……Page 75
4.8.1.1 Detention Time in Days……Page 76
4.9.1 CHLORINE DOSAGE……Page 77
4.9.2 HYPOCHLORITE DOSAGE……Page 78
4.11 POPULATION EQUIVALENT OR UNIT……Page 79
4.14 HORSEPOWER……Page 80
4.15 ELECTRICAL POWER……Page 81
4.17 FILTRATION……Page 82
4.17.2 FILTER BACKWASH……Page 83
4.18.1 WATER FLOW VELOCITY……Page 84
4.18.2 STORAGE TANK CALCULATIONS……Page 85
4.18.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DISINFECTION……Page 86
4.19.1.4 Concentration (milligrams/kilogram) to pounds/ton……Page 87
4.20 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 88
REFERENCE……Page 90
5.2 BASIC CONCEPTS……Page 91
5.3.1 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY……Page 92
5.4 FORCE AND PRESSURE……Page 94
5.4.2 EFFECTS OF WATER UNDER PRESSURE……Page 95
5.5.3 VELOCITY HEAD……Page 96
5.6 FLOW/DISCHARGE RATE: WATER……Page 97
5.6.1 AREA/VELOCITY……Page 98
5.7.3 PIEZOMETRIC SURFACE……Page 99
5.7.4 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM……Page 101
5.8.1 PUMPING HYDRAULICS……Page 103
5.9.1 WELL HYDRAULICS……Page 104
5.9.2 WET WELL HYDRAULICS……Page 105
5.10.2 PIPE AND OPEN FLOW BASICS……Page 106
5.10.3.1 Components of Major Head Loss……Page 107
5.10.3.2 Calculating Major Head Loss……Page 108
5.11.1.2 Pipes in Series……Page 109
5.12 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW……Page 110
5.12.1.3 Critical Flow……Page 111
5.12.2 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW CALCULATIONS……Page 112
5.12.3 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW: THE BOTTOM LINE……Page 113
5.13 FLOW MEASUREMENT……Page 114
5.13.3 FLOW MEASURING DEVICES……Page 115
5.13.3.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeters……Page 116
5.13.3.2 Magnetic Flowmeters……Page 118
5.13.3.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeters……Page 119
5.13.3.4 Velocity Flowmeters……Page 120
5.13.4 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT……Page 121
5.13.4.1 Weirs……Page 122
5.13.4.2 Flumes……Page 123
REFERENCES……Page 124
6.1 ELECTRICITY: WHAT IS IT?……Page 126
6.2 NATURE OF ELECTRICITY……Page 127
6.3 THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER……Page 128
6.4 CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS,……Page 129
6.5.1 CHARGED BODIES……Page 130
6.5.3 ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS……Page 131
6.6 MAGNETISM……Page 132
6.6.2 MAGNETIC EARTH……Page 133
6.7.1 THE WATER ANALOGY……Page 134
6.8 CURRENT……Page 135
6.10 BATTERY-SUPPLIED ELECTRICITY……Page 136
6.10.3 BATTERY……Page 137
6.10.3.2 Combining Cells……Page 138
6.10.4.2 Lead-Acid Battery……Page 139
6.10.4.6 Battery Characteristics……Page 140
6.11 THE SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT……Page 141
6.12 OHM’S LAW……Page 142
6.13.1 ELECTRICAL POWER CALCULATIONS……Page 145
6.15 SERIES DC CIRCUIT……Page 146
6.15.1 SERIES CIRCUIT RESISTANCE……Page 147
6.15.3 SERIES CIRCUIT VOLTAGE……Page 148
6.15.4 SERIES CIRCUIT POWER……Page 149
6.15.5 SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR SERIES……Page 150
6.15.6 GENERAL SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS……Page 151
6.15.6.1 KirchhoffÌs Voltage Law……Page 152
6.17 OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS……Page 154
6.18.2 VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS……Page 155
6.18.3 CURRENT……Page 156
6.18.4 PARALLEL CIRCUITS……Page 157
6.18.5 PARALLEL CIRCUIT RESISTANCE……Page 158
6.18.5.1 Reciprocal Method……Page 160
6.18.6 POWER……Page 161
6.19.1 SOLVING……Page 162
6.20.1.1 Square Mil……Page 163
6.20.1.2 Circular Mil……Page 164
6.20.1.4 Resistivity……Page 165
6.20.2 FACTORS GOVERNING……Page 166
6.20.2.2 Temperature Coefficient……Page 167
6.20.5 SOLDERING OPERATIONS……Page 168
6.21.1 MAGNETIC FIELD……Page 169
6.21.2 POLARITY……Page 170
6.21.5 MAGNETIC UNITS……Page 171
6.21.6.2 Hysteresis……Page 172
6.22 AC THEORY……Page 173
6.22.1.2 Frequency, Period, and Wavelength……Page 174
6.22.2.4 Effective or Root-Mean-Square Value……Page 176
6.22.2.5 Average Value……Page 177
6.22.4 PHASE RELATIONSHIPS……Page 178
6.23 INDUCTANCE……Page 179
6.23.1 SELF-INDUCTANCE……Page 180
6.23.2 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE……Page 181
6.23.3 CALCULATION……Page 182
6.24.2 DC GENERATORS……Page 183
6.24.3 AC GENERATORS……Page 185
6.24.4.1 DC Motors……Page 186
6.24.4.2 AC Motors……Page 187
6.24.5 TRANSFORMERS……Page 190
6.24.6.1 Fuses……Page 191
6.25 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 192
7.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 194
7.2 ARCHIMEDESÌ SCREW……Page 195
7.3.1 DEFINITIONS……Page 196
7.4.3 W……Page 200
7.4.5 GAUGE PRESSURE……Page 201
7.4.6.2 The Law of Continuity……Page 202
7.5.1 PUMPING RATES……Page 203
7.5.3 CALCULATING HEAD……Page 204
7.5.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower……Page 205
7.5.5 SPECIFIC SPEED……Page 206
7.6.3 THE EFFICIENCY-CAPACITY (E-Q) CURVE……Page 207
7.10 INTRODUCTION TO……Page 208
7.10.1 DESCRIPTION……Page 209
7.10.2 THEORY……Page 210
7.10.3.3 Axial Flow Impeller Pumps……Page 213
7.10.4.1 Head-Capacity Curve……Page 214
7.10.4.3 Brake Horsepower Curves……Page 215
7.10.5.1 Advantages……Page 216
7.10.5.2 Disadvantages……Page 217
7.11.1 CASING……Page 218
7.11.1.1 Solid Casing……Page 219
7.11.2.2 Open Impeller……Page 220
7.11.3 WEAR RINGS……Page 221
7.11.4.1 Shafting……Page 222
7.11.4.3 Couplings……Page 223
7.11.5.1 Stuffing Box or Packing Assembly……Page 225
7.11.5.2 Mechanical Seals……Page 226
7.11.6 BEARINGS……Page 227
7.11.6.4 Self-Aligning Spherical Roller Bearings……Page 228
7.12 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: OPERATIONAL……Page 229
7.12.2 START -U P……Page 230
7.12.4 SHUTDOWN……Page 231
7.12.6.1 Backflush Procedure……Page 232
7.13.2 PACKING……Page 233
7.13.2.2 Mechanical Seal Installation Procedure……Page 234
7.13.4.1 Alignment Procedure……Page 235
7.14 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE……Page 236
7.14.2 WEEKLY MAINTENANCE……Page 237
7.15.1.3 Cushions Shock……Page 238
7.15.3 LUBRICATION PROCEDURES……Page 239
7.15.3.1 Motor Bearing Lubrication 7.15.3.2 Pump Bearing Lubrication……Page 240
7.16.1 THE TROUBLESHOOTER31……Page 241
7.16.4 THE TROUBLESHOOTING PROCESS……Page 242
7.16.5 TROUBLESHOOTING……Page 243
7.16.5.2 Pump Does Not Discharge……Page 244
7.16.5.3 Pump Does Not Deliver Rated Capacity……Page 245
7.16.5.5 Pump Starts and Stops Pumping……Page 246
7.16.5.7 Pump Is Noisy or Has Extensive……Page 247
7.16.5.12 Pump Overheats or Seizes……Page 249
7.17.1 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS……Page 250
7.17.2.3 Disadvantages……Page 251
7.18 POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS……Page 252
7.18.1.2 Metering Pumps……Page 253
7.18.1.4 Progressive-Cavity Pump……Page 254
7.19 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 255
REFERENCES……Page 256
8.2 CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS……Page 258
8.2.1 DEFINITIONS……Page 260
8.2.3.1 Scaling……Page 261
8.2.4 PIPING SYSTEM MAINTENANCE……Page 262
8.2.6 PIPING SYSTEM ACCESSORIES……Page 263
8.3.2.1 Pipe Sizes……Page 264
8.3.2.3 Piping Classification……Page 265
8.3.4 METALLIC PIPING MATERIALS……Page 266
8.3.5.5 Preventing Backflow……Page 268
8.3.5.8 Corrosion Effects……Page 269
8.3.6.3 Flanged Joints……Page 270
8.4 NONMETALLIC PIPING……Page 271
8.4.1.1 Clay Pipe……Page 272
8.4.1.2 Concrete Pipe……Page 273
8.5.1.1 Tubing……Page 275
8.5.2.1 Tubing: Mechanical Advantages……Page 277
8.5.3.2 Soldering Tubing34……Page 278
8.5.3.3 Connecting Flared/Nonflared Joints……Page 279
8.5.5 TYPES……Page 280
8.6.1 HOSE NOMENCLATURE……Page 281
8.6.4.1 Nonmetallic Hoses……Page 283
8.6.5 HOSE COUPLINGS……Page 285
8.7.1 FITTINGS……Page 286
8.7.2.3 Changing the Sizes of Lines……Page 287
8.7.3.2 Flanged Connections……Page 288
8.8 VALVES……Page 289
8.8.2 TYPES……Page 291
8.8.2.4 Needle Valves……Page 292
8.8.2.9 Diaphragm Valves……Page 293
8.8.2.10 Regulating Valves……Page 294
8.9 PIPING SYSTEM: PROTECTIVE DEVICES……Page 295
8.9.4 TRAPS43……Page 296
8.9.4.1 Trap Maintenance and Testing……Page 297
8.10.1 GAUGES……Page 298
8.10.1.1 Pressure Gauges……Page 299
8.10.2 VACUUM BREAKERS……Page 301
8.10.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS……Page 302
8.11 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 303
9.2 METHODS OF MEASURING FLOW……Page 306
9.2.2 THE OSCILLATING DISK WATER METER……Page 307
9.3.1 CALCULATION METHOD USED FOR FILL……Page 308
9.3.4 WEIR OVERFLOW (WEIR LOADING RATE)……Page 309
9.4 FLOW MEASUREMENT……Page 310
REFERENCES……Page 311
Part III: Characteristics of Water……Page 312
10.2.1 CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS……Page 313
10.2.2 DEFINITIONS……Page 314
10.3.1 MATTER……Page 315
10.3.1.1 The Content of Matter: The Elements……Page 316
10.3.2 COMPOUND SUBSTANCES……Page 318
10.5 WATER SOLUTIONS……Page 319
10.6.2 TURBIDITY……Page 320
10.6.6 ORGANIC MATTER……Page 321
10.10 WATER AND WASTEWATER……Page 323
10.10.5 COAGULATION……Page 324
10.10.8 RECARBONATION……Page 325
10.11 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 326
REFERENCES……Page 327
11.2 MICROBIOLOGY: WHAT IS IT?……Page 328
11.3.1 KEY TERMS……Page 329
11.3.3 CLASSIFICATION……Page 330
11.3.5 THE CELL……Page 331
11.3.5.1 Structure of the Bacterial Cell……Page 332
11.4 BACTERIA……Page 333
11.4.1 BACTERIAL GROWTH FACTORS……Page 334
11.5 PROTOZOA……Page 335
11.8 ALGAE……Page 337
11.10 NEMATODES AND FLATWORMS……Page 338
11.11 PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA AND……Page 339
11.11.1.1 Giardia……Page 340
11.11.1.2 Cryptosporidium……Page 345
11.11.2 HELMINTHS……Page 348
11.12.4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS……Page 349
11.12.6.1 Carbon Cycle……Page 350
11.12.6.2 Nitrogen Cycle……Page 351
11.12.6.3 Sulfur Cycle……Page 352
11.13 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 353
REFERENCES……Page 354
12.2 SETTING THE STAGE……Page 356
12.3 ECOLOGY TERMS……Page 357
12.4 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION……Page 358
12.5 ECOSYSTEM……Page 359
12.6 ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM……Page 360
12.8 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS……Page 361
12.9 PRODUCTIVITY……Page 362
12.10 POPULATION ECOLOGY……Page 363
12.11 STREAM GENESIS AND STRUCTURE……Page 366
12.11.1 WATER FLOW IN A STREAM……Page 367
12.11.3 TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL……Page 368
12.11.6 SINUOSITY……Page 369
12.11.7 BARS, RIFFLES, AND POOLS……Page 370
12.11.8 THE FLOODPLAIN……Page 371
12.11.9 ADAPTATIONS TO STREAM CURRENT……Page 372
12.11.10 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE CHANGES……Page 373
12.12.1 BENTHIC PLANTS……Page 374
12.13.1 IDENTIFICATION……Page 375
12.13.2 MACROINVERTEBRATES……Page 376
12.14.1 MAYFLIES (ORDER: EPHEMEROPTERA)……Page 377
12.14.3 CADDISFLIES (ORDER: TRICHOPTERA)……Page 378
12.15.2 HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)……Page 383
12.14.4 TRUE FLIES (ORDER: DIPTERA)……Page 379
12.14.5 BEETLES (ORDER: COLEOPTERA)……Page 380
12.14.7 ALDERFLIES……Page 381
REFERENCES……Page 384
13.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 385
13.2 THE WATER CYCLE……Page 386
13.3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS……Page 387
13.4 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS……Page 388
13.4.1.1 Solids……Page 389
13.4.1.2 Turbidity……Page 390
13.4.1.4 Taste and Odor……Page 391
13.4.1.5 Temperature……Page 392
13.4.2.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)……Page 393
13.4.2.3 Hardness……Page 394
13.4.2.6 Organics……Page 395
13.4.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS……Page 396
13.4.3.2 Inorganic Substances……Page 397
13.4.4.2 Viruses……Page 399
REFERENCES……Page 400
14.1 WHAT IS BIOMONITORING?……Page 401
14.1.1 BIOTIC INDICES (STREAMS)……Page 402
14.2 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING (STREAMS)……Page 403
14.2.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING: PLANNING……Page 404
14.2.2 SAMPLING STATIONS……Page 405
14.2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION……Page 406
14.2.4 POSTSAMPLING ROUTINE……Page 415
14.2.5 THE BOTTOM LINE……Page 418
14.3.1 IS THE WATER GOOD OR BAD?……Page 419
14.3.2 STATE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS PROGRAMS……Page 420
14.3.4.2 Method B: Acid Wash Procedures……Page 421
14.3.6.1 Whirl-pak® Bags……Page 422
14.3.7 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND STORAGE……Page 423
14.4.5 DISSOLVED O XYGEN TESTING……Page 424
14.4.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen Test Methods……Page 425
14.4.6 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND TESTING……Page 428
14.4.6.2 BOD Sampling, Analysis, and Testing……Page 429
14.4.8.1 Measuring Hardness……Page 431
14.4.10 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT……Page 432
14.4.10.3 Transparency Tube……Page 433
14.4.11.3 Testing Phosphorus……Page 434
14.4.11.5 Ascorbic Acid Method for……Page 435
14.4.12.2 Cadmium Reduction Method……Page 436
14.4.13.1 Solids Sampling and Equipment……Page 437
14.4.13.2 Total Suspended Solids……Page 438
14.4.13.3 Volatile Suspended Solids Testing……Page 439
14.4.14.1 Sampling, Testing, and Equipment……Page 440
14.4.15.2 Burets, Titrators, and Digital Titrators……Page 441
14.4.16.3 Sampling Requirements……Page 442
14.4.16.5 Fecal Coliform Testing……Page 444
14.4.17 APPARENT COLOR TESTING/ANALYSIS……Page 450
14.4.19 CHLORINE RESIDUAL TESTING/ANALYSIS……Page 451
14.4.19.2 DPD-FAS Titration……Page 452
REFERENCES……Page 454
Part IV: Water and Water Treatment……Page 455
15.1.1 KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS……Page 456
15.1.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE……Page 457
15.3.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES……Page 458
15.3.2 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY……Page 459
15.3.5 SURFACE WATER SCREENS……Page 461
15.4 GROUNDWATER……Page 462
15.4.1 GROUNDWATER QUALITY……Page 465
15.6 SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND……Page 466
15.7 PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM……Page 467
15.8 WELL SYSTEMS……Page 468
15.8.2.1 Shallow Wells……Page 469
15.8.3.5 Well Screen……Page 470
15.8.3.8 Miscellaneous Well Components……Page 471
15.8.6.1 Well Log……Page 472
15.8.7.1 Troubleshooting Well Problems……Page 473
15.9 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 474
16.2 CURRENT ISSUES IN……Page 475
16.5 WATERSHED PROTECTION AND REGULATIONS……Page 476
16.8 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES……Page 477
REFERENCE……Page 478
17.2 WATERWORKS OPERATORS……Page 479
17.4 STAGES OF WATER TREATMENT……Page 480
17.5.1 AERATION……Page 481
17.5.3 CHEMICAL ADDITION……Page 482
17.5.3.1 Chemical Solutions……Page 483
17.5.3.3 Chemical Feeder Calibration……Page 484
17.5.3.4 Iron and Manganese Removal……Page 486
17.5.3.5 Hardness Treatment……Page 487
17.5.3.6 Corrosion Control……Page 488
17.6 COAGULATION……Page 491
17.6.1 JAR TESTING PROCEDURE……Page 492
17.7 FLOCCULATION……Page 493
17.9 FILTRATION……Page 494
17.9.1.2 Rapid Sand Filters……Page 495
17.9.1.4 Diatomaceous Earth Filters……Page 496
17.9.2 COMMON FILTER PROBLEMS……Page 497
17.9.3.4 Additional Compliance Issues……Page 500
17.9.3.1 Regulatory Requirements……Page 498
17.9.3.2 Individual Filter Monitoring……Page 499
17.10 DISINFECTION……Page 503
17.10.1 NEED FOR DISINFECTION IN WATER TREATMENT……Page 504
17.10.2.1 Bacteria……Page 505
17.10.5.2 Control of Nuisance Asiatic Clams……Page 508
17.10.5.3 Oxidation of Iron and Manganese……Page 509
17.10.5.5 Removal of Taste and Odors through……Page 510
17.10.6.1 Disinfection By-Product Formation……Page 511
17.10.6.2 DBP Control Strategies……Page 514
17.10.8 DISINFECTANT RESIDUAL……Page 516
17.10.9 SUMMARY……Page 517
17.10.11 CHLORINATION……Page 519
17.10.11.3 Breakpoint Chlorination……Page 521
17.10.11.6 Determining Chlorine Dosage……Page 523
17.10.11.7 Chlorine Generation……Page 525
17.10.11.8 Primary Uses and Points of……Page 526
17.10.11.14 Advantages and Disadvantages……Page 530
17.11 ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM……Page 531
17.11.2.1 Prescriptive Processes……Page 532
17.11.2.2 Adsorptive Processes……Page 534
17.11.2.4 Alternative Technologies……Page 535
17.12 WHO IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE……Page 537
17.13 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 538
REFERENCES……Page 540
18.2.1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS……Page 544
18.3 MEASURING PLANT PERFORMANCE……Page 547
18.4.1 DETENTION TIME……Page 548
18.5 WASTEWATER SOURCES……Page 549
18.5.3.1 Physical Characteristics……Page 550
18.5.3.2 Chemical Characteristics……Page 551
18.6.2 FORCE MAIN COLLECTION SYSTEM……Page 552
18.6.4.4 Pumping Station Wet Well Calculations……Page 553
18.7.1 SCREENING……Page 554
18.7.1.3 Safety……Page 555
18.7.2.2 Barminution……Page 556
18.7.3.1 Gravity and Velocity Controlled……Page 557
18.7.4 PREAERATION……Page 559
18.8.1.1 Overview of Primary Treatment……Page 562
18.8.2.3 Plain Settling Tanks (Clarifiers)……Page 563
18.8.4 PROCESS CONTROL CALCULATIONS……Page 564
18.8.4.5 Sludge Pumping……Page 565
18.8.5 PROBLEM ANALYSIS……Page 566
18.9 SECONDARY TREATMENT……Page 567
18.9.1.1 Types of Ponds……Page 568
18.9.2.1 Trickling Filter Definitions……Page 571
18.9.2.4 Standard Operating Procedures……Page 573
18.9.2.5 General Process Description……Page 574
18.9.2.6 Operator Observations, Process……Page 575
18.10.1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE TERMINOLOGY……Page 583
18.10.3 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS……Page 585
18.10.5 ACTIVATED SLUDGE FORMATION……Page 586
18.10.6.8 Organic Loading……Page 587
18.10.7.6 Extended Aeration……Page 588
18.10.8.4 Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed……Page 589
18.10.9 OPERATIONAL CONTROL LEVELS……Page 590
18.10.9.5 Control Levels at Start-Up……Page 591
18.10.10.2 Final Settling Tank (Clarifier)……Page 592
18.10.11.1 Aeration Influent Sampling……Page 593
18.10.11.2 Aeration Tank……Page 594
18.10.11.3 Settling Tank Influent……Page 596
18.10.11.6 Return Activated Sludge and Waste……Page 597
18.10.14.4 Waste Activated Sludge……Page 600
18.10.14.5 Food to Microorganism Ratio……Page 601
18.10.14.6 Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)……Page 603
18.10.14.7 Mass Balance……Page 604
18.11.1.1 Chlorination Terminology……Page 607
18.10 ACTIVATED SLUDGE……Page 582
18.10.13 TROUBLESHOOTING O PERATIONAL……Page 598
18.10.14.2 Estimated Return Rate……Page 599
18.11.1.2 Wastewater Chlorination: Facts……Page 608
18.11.1.5 Troubleshooting Operational Problems……Page 609
18.11.1.6 Dechlorination……Page 611
18.11.1.8 Chlorine: Safe Work Practice……Page 612
18.11.1.9 Chlorination Process Calculations……Page 613
18.11.2 UV IRRADIATION……Page 615
18.12 ADVANCED WASTEWATER……Page 616
18.12.1.1 Operation, Observation, and……Page 617
18.12.2.1 Operation, Observation, and……Page 618
18.12.3.2 Operation, Observation, and……Page 619
18.12.5.1 Observation, Operation, and……Page 621
18.12.6.1 Operation, Observation, and……Page 622
18.12.7.1 Types or Modes of Land Application……Page 623
18.12.8 BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL……Page 625
18.13.1.1 Sources of Sludge……Page 626
18.13.1.3 Sludge Pumping Calculations……Page 628
18.13.2 SLUDGE THICKENING……Page 630
18.13.2.3 Solids Concentrators……Page 631
18.13.3.1 Aerobic Digestion……Page 634
18.13.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion……Page 636
18.13.3.3 Other Sludge Stabilization Processes……Page 639
18.13.4.1 Sand Drying Beds……Page 640
18.13.4.2 Rotary Vacuum Filtration……Page 641
18.13.4.3 Pressure Filtration……Page 643
18.13.4.4 Centrifugation……Page 646
18.13.4.5 Sludge Incineration……Page 648
18.13.4.6 Land Application of Biosolids……Page 651
18.14.1 DEFINITIONS……Page 653
18.14.2.1 Reporting 18.14.2.2 Sampling and Testing……Page 654
18.14.2.8 Reporting Calculations……Page 655
18.15 CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 656
REFERENCES……Page 658
CHAPTER 4……Page 659
CHAPTER 6……Page 660
CHAPTER 8……Page 661
CHAPTER 12……Page 662
CHAPTER 17……Page 663
Appendix B: Formulae……Page 669
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