Sintering: Densification, Grain Growth and Microstructure

Suk-Joong L. Kang0750663855, 9780750663854, 9780080493077

Sintering is the process of forming materials and components from a powder under the action of thermal energy. It is a key materials science subject: most ceramic materials and many specialist metal powder products for use in key industries such as electronics, automotive and aerospace are formed this way. Written by one of the leading experts in the field, this book offers an unrivalled introduction to sintering and sintering processes for students of materials science and engineering, and practicing engineers in industry. The book is unique in providing a complete grounding in the principles of sintering and equal coverage of the three key sintering processes: densification, grain growth and microstructure. Students and professional engineers alike will be attracted by the emphasis on developing a detailed understanding of the theory and practical processes of sintering, the balanced coverage of ceramic and metal sintering, and the accompanying examination questions with selected solutions. ?·

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half Title Page……Page 2
Title Page……Page 4
Copyright……Page 5
CONTENTS……Page 6
PREFACE……Page 12
PART I: BASIS OF SINTERING SCIENCE……Page 14
1.1 WHAT IS SINTERING?……Page 16
1.2 CATEGORIES OF SINTERING……Page 17
1.3 DRIVING FORCE AND BASIC PHENOMENA……Page 19
1.4 SINTERING VARIABLES……Page 20
2.1 SURFACE ENERGY AND ADSORPTION……Page 22
2.2 SURFACE TENSION AND SURFACE ENERGY……Page 25
2.3 THERMODYNAMICS OF CURVED INTERFACES……Page 27
3.1 INTERFACIAL TENSION AND MICROSTRUCTURE……Page 32
3.2 SINGLE-PHASE MICROSTRUCTURES……Page 34
3.3 MULTIPHASE MICROSTRUCTURES……Page 38
PROBLEMS……Page 43
GENERAL REFERENCES FOR SINTERING SCIENCE……Page 47
REFERENCES……Page 48
PART II: SOLID STATE SINTERING MODELS AND DENSIFICATION……Page 50
4.1 TWO-PARTICLE MODEL……Page 52
4.2 SINTERING KINETICS……Page 58
4.3 SINTERING DIAGRAMS……Page 63
4.4 EFFECT OF SINTERING VARIABLES ON SINTERING KINETICS……Page 64
4.5 USEFULNESS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE INITIAL STAGE SINTERING THEORY……Page 67
5.1 INTERMEDIATE STAGE MODEL……Page 70
5.2 FINAL STAGE MODEL……Page 72
5.3 ENTRAPPED GASES AND DENSIFICATION……Page 76
5.4 SINTERING PRESSURE AT FINAL STAGE SINTERING……Page 78
5.5 POWDER PACKING AND DENSIFICATION……Page 79
5.6 PRESSURE-ASSISTED SINTERING……Page 80
5.7 CONSTRAINED SINTERING……Page 87
PROBLEMS……Page 90
REFERENCES……Page 97
PART III: GRAIN GROWTH……Page 102
6.1 NORMAL GRAIN GROWTH……Page 104
6.2 EFFECT OF SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES ON GRAIN GROWTH: ZENER EFFECT……Page 108
7.1 SOLUTE SEGREGATION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES……Page 110
7.2 EFFECT OF SOLUTE SEGREGATION ON GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION……Page 112
8.1 GENERAL PHENOMENA……Page 118
8.2 DRIVING FORCE OF DIFFUSION-INDUCED INTERFACE MIGRATION (DIIM)……Page 119
8.3 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIIM……Page 123
8.4 MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIIM AND ITS APPLICATION……Page 125
9. ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH……Page 130
9.1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY OF ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH IN SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS……Page 131
9.2 INTERFACIAL ENERGY ANISOTROPY AND ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH……Page 132
9.3 ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH IN CHEMICAL INEQUILIBRIUM……Page 137
PROBLEMS……Page 138
REFERENCES……Page 142
PART IV: MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT……Page 150
10.1 THE GRAIN BOUNDARY AS AN ATOM SOURCE……Page 152
10.2 EFFECT OF GRAIN BOUNDARY ENERGY ON PORE SHRINKAGE……Page 153
11.1 MOBILITY OF AN ISOLATED PORE……Page 158
11.2 PORE MIGRATION AND GRAIN GROWTH……Page 160
11.3 PORE/BOUNDARY SEPARATION……Page 162
11.4 MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN A POROUS COMPACT……Page 166
11.5 SCALING LAW AT FINAL STAGE SINTERING……Page 169
11.6 MODIFICATION OF THERMAL CYCLE AND MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT……Page 173
PROBLEMS……Page 176
REFERENCES……Page 181
PART V: SINTERING OF IONIC COMPOUNDS……Page 184
12.1 POINT DEFECTS IN CERAMICS……Page 186
12.2 FORMATION OF POINT DEFECTS BY ADDITIVES……Page 189
13.1 DIFFUSION AND SINTERING IN IONIC COMPOUNDS……Page 194
13.2 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL EFFECT ON INTERFACE SEGREGATION……Page 200
13.3 SOLUTE SEGREGATION AND GRAIN BOUNDARY MOBILITY……Page 204
PROBLEMS……Page 206
REFERENCES……Page 208
PART VI: LIQUID PHASE SINTERING……Page 210
14.1 BASIC PHENOMENA OF LIQUID PHASE SINTERING……Page 212
14.2 CAPILLARITY IN LIQUID PHASE SINTERING……Page 214
15.1 CAPILLARY PHENOMENA IN A BINARY TWO-PHASE SYSTEM……Page 218
15.2 LIFSHITZ–SLYOZOV–WAGNER (LSW) THEORY……Page 221
15.3 GRAIN SHAPE IN A LIQUID……Page 229
15.4 ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH IN A LIQUID MATRIX……Page 233
16.1 CLASSICAL MODEL AND THEORY……Page 240
16.2 PORE FILLING MODEL AND THEORY……Page 246
16.3 ENTRAPPED GASES AND PORE FILLING……Page 257
16.4 POWDER COMPACTS AND DENSIFICATION……Page 260
PROBLEMS……Page 261
REFERENCES……Page 266
INDEX……Page 274