Diagnostic ultrasound: imaging and blood flow measurements

K. Kirk Shung0824740963, 9780824740962

Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as intravascular ultrasound. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements presents new developments, fundamental physics, instrumentation, system architecture, biological effects of ultrasound, and clinical applications that reflect this initiative. Keeping mathematical derivations to a minimum, this book begins with an overview of the field, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, and its role relative to other imaging modalities. The book proceeds to describe the fundamental physics involved, a detailed examination of the transducer, conventional imaging approaches, and Doppler measurements. The following chapters explore new developments such as flow, displacement, contrast, harmonic, intracavity, and 4-D imaging. The author concludes by reviewing current status and standards on bioeffects along with a unique chapter on measuring ultrasonic properties of tissues that can be found nowhere else. Emphasizing the engineering and signal processing aspects of ultrasound technology rather than taking a clinical perspective, Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements encourages and enables further advances in this established yet dynamic field.

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Table of contents :
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements……Page 1
Preface……Page 5
Acknowledgment……Page 6
The Author……Page 7
Contents……Page 8
CONTENTS……Page 0
1.1 HISTORY……Page 12
1.2 ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICAL IMAGING……Page 13
FURTHER READING……Page 14
CHAPTER 2- Fundamentals of Acoustic Propagation……Page 16
2.1 STRESS AND STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS……Page 19
2.2.1 COMPRESSIONAL WAVE……Page 22
2.2.2 SHEAR WAVE……Page 23
2.3 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE……Page 24
2.4 INTENSITY……Page 25
2.6 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION……Page 28
2.7 ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND SCATTERING……Page 31
2.7.2 ABSORPTION……Page 32
2.7.3 SCATTERING……Page 36
2.8 NONLINEARITY PARAMETER B/A……Page 43
2.9 DOPPLER EFFECT……Page 46
REFERENCES……Page 47
3.1 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT……Page 49
3.2 PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION……Page 51
3.3 ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS……Page 56
3.4 MECHANICAL MATCHING……Page 63
3.6 TRANSDUCER BEAM CHARACTERISTICS……Page 65
3.6.1 BEAM PROFILES……Page 67
3.6.2 PULSED ULTRASONIC FIELD……Page 71
3.6.3 VISUALIZATION AND MAPPING OF THE ULTRASONIC FIELD……Page 72
3.6.5 FOCUSING……Page 73
3.7 ARRAYS……Page 78
REFERENCES……Page 87
4.1 A (AMPLITUDE)-MODE AND B (BRIGHTNESS)-MODE IMAGING……Page 89
4.1.2 BEAM FORMING……Page 98
4.1.3 SPECKLE……Page 100
4.1.4 IMAGE QUALITY……Page 101
4.1.4.2 Contrast……Page 102
4.1.6 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS……Page 104
4.2 M-MODE AND C-MODE……Page 105
4.3 ULTRASOUND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)……Page 107
4.4 CODED EXCITATION IMAGING……Page 108
4.6 SYNTHETIC APERTURE IMAGING……Page 109
REFERENCES……Page 111
5.1 NONDIRECTIONAL CW FLOW METERS……Page 112
5.2.1 SINGLE SIDEBAND FILTERING……Page 117
5.2.2 HETERODYNE DEMODULATION……Page 118
5.2.3 QUADRATURE PHASE DEMODULATION……Page 119
5.3 PULSED DOPPLER FLOW METERS……Page 122
5.5 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS……Page 124
5.6 TISSUE DOPPLER AND MULTIGATE DOPPLER……Page 125
REFERENCES……Page 126
6.1 COLOR DOPPLER FLOW IMAGING……Page 128
6.2 COLOR DOPPLER POWER IMAGING……Page 134
6.3 TIME-DOMAIN FLOW ESTIMATION……Page 136
6.4 ELASTICITY IMAGING……Page 138
6.4.1 ELASTOGRAPHY……Page 139
6.5 B-FLOW IMAGING……Page 140
REFERENCES……Page 142
7.1.1 GASEOUS AGENTS……Page 143
7.1.2 ENCAPSULATED GASEOUS AGENTS……Page 147
7.1.3 DILUTE DISTRIBUTION OF BUBBLES OF VARYING SIZE……Page 148
7.2 NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND BUBBLES……Page 149
7.4 SOLUTIONS TO RAYLEIGH–PLESSET EQUATION……Page 150
7.5 HARMONIC IMAGING……Page 154
7.6 NATIVE TISSUE HARMONIC IMAGING……Page 156
7.7 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONTRAST AGENTS AND HARMONIC IMAGING……Page 157
REFERENCES……Page 158
8.1.1 TRANSESOPHAGEAL CARDIAC IMAGING……Page 160
8.1.2 TRANSRECTAL AND TRANSVAGINAL IMAGING……Page 162
8.1.3 ENDOLUMINAL IMAGING……Page 163
8.2 INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING……Page 164
8.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY IMAGING……Page 165
REFERENCES……Page 169
9.1 PARALLEL PROCESSING……Page 170
9.2 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS……Page 171
9.2.1 TWO -DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS……Page 173
9.2.2 SPARSE ARRAYS……Page 177
9.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING……Page 180
REFERENCES……Page 182
10.1.3 CAVITATION……Page 183
10.1.4 RADIATION FORCE AND STREAMING……Page 184
10.2.2 THERMAL INDEX……Page 185
10.3 MECHANICAL EFFECTS AND INDEX……Page 186
REFERENCES……Page 188
11.1.1.2 Pulse–Echo Method……Page 190
11.1.1.3 Velocity Difference Method……Page 192
11.1.2 I N VIVO METHODS……Page 193
11.2.1.1 Transmission Methods……Page 195
11.2.1.2 Transient Thermoelectric Method……Page 197
11.2.2.1 Loss of Amplitude Method……Page 199
11.3.1 IN VITRO METHODS……Page 200
REFERENCES……Page 206