environmental engineers handbook on cd-rom

0-8493-2157-3

Table of contents :
Contents……Page 3
Acknowledgments……Page 2
Contributors……Page 9
The Condition of the Environment……Page 13
The Condition of the Waters……Page 14
The Condition of the Air……Page 15
The Condition of the Land……Page 17
Population……Page 18
Foreword……Page 20
UNKNOWN……Page 0
Environmental Laws and Regulations……Page 21
Introduction……Page 23
Limitations on Agencies……Page 24
STANDARDS OF REVIEW……Page 25
Reference……Page 26
PURPOSE……Page 27
SUMMARY……Page 28
Definitions……Page 29
Occupational Safety and Health Act……Page 30
SUMMARY……Page 31
Emergency Planning and Notification……Page 32
Relationship to Other Laws……Page 33
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 34
Persons……Page 35
References……Page 36
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 37
Attainment and Nonattainment……Page 38
Prevention of Significant Deterioration……Page 39
Permits……Page 40
AMENDMENTS OF 1990……Page 41
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 42
Regulating Hazardous Wastes……Page 43
Closure……Page 44
PURPOSE……Page 45
Definition of Key Terms……Page 46
Investigating, Prioritizing, and Cleaning Up Hazardous Waste Sites……Page 47
SUMMARY……Page 48
Noise Emission Standards……Page 49
PURPOSE……Page 50
STATUTORY ROADMAP……Page 51
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System……Page 52
Variances……Page 53
Dredge and Fill Permits……Page 54
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 55
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act……Page 56
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 57
Classification of Pesticides……Page 58
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS……Page 59
Bibliography……Page 60
Environmental Impact Assessment……Page 61
Key Definitions……Page 62
Impact Significance Determination……Page 64
Trends in Process Application……Page 66
2.2 EIA METHODS: THE BROAD PERSPECTIVE……Page 67
Reference……Page 68
2.3 INTERACTION MATRIX AND SIMPLE CHECKLIST METHODS……Page 69
Summary Observations on Simple Matrices……Page 71
References……Page 75
Classification of Prediction Techniques……Page 76
Current Use of Techniques……Page 77
References……Page 81
Conceptual Basis for Tradeoff Analysis……Page 82
Importance Weighting for Decision Factors……Page 83
Scaling, Rating, or Ranking of Alternatives……Page 84
Examples of Decision-Focused Checklists……Page 85
Summary Observations on Decision-Focused Checklists……Page 89
References……Page 90
References……Page 91
2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING……Page 93
References……Page 94
2.8 EMERGING ISSUES IN THE EIA PROCESS……Page 95
2.9 INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT……Page 96
Regulatory Background……Page 101
State Programs……Page 104
EPA METHODOLOGY……Page 105
CORPORATE ENABLERS……Page 106
Assessment Phase……Page 107
PROBLEM DEFINITION DATA COLLECTION……Page 108
OPTIONS GENERATION……Page 109
AUDITING……Page 110
METHODOLOGY UPGRADE……Page 111
Defining the Problem……Page 112
Developing Conceptual Strategies……Page 114
ENGINEERING DESIGN MODIFICATIONS……Page 115
ADDITIONAL AUTOMATION……Page 116
Recycling……Page 117
3.4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)……Page 120
SYSTEM BOUNDARIES……Page 121
INVENTORY CHECKLIST……Page 122
PEER REVIEW PROCESS……Page 124
Develop Stand-Alone Data……Page 125
Interpret and Communicate the Results……Page 126
Atmospheric Change……Page 127
HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY EFFECTS……Page 128
References……Page 129
PRODUCT SYSTEM LIFE EXTENSION……Page 130
Adaptability……Page 131
Reusability……Page 132
REDUCED MATERIAL INTENSIVENESS……Page 133
PROCESS MATERIAL EFFICIENCY……Page 134
TRANSPORTATION……Page 135
Improved Management Practices……Page 136
Environmental Load Indicator……Page 137
CHOICE OF REACTION ROUTE……Page 138
Organic Chemicals from Renewable Resources……Page 141
CHOICE OF REAGENTS……Page 142
Physical Factors……Page 143
INTEGRATED PROCESS DEVELOPMENT……Page 144
Waste Production in Reactors……Page 146
Reactor Conversion Reactor Concentration……Page 149
Impurities and Catalyst Loss……Page 150
Minimizing Waste……Page 151
FEED PURIFICATION……Page 152
ELIMINATION OF EXTRANEOUS SEPARATION MATERIALS……Page 154
ADDITIONAL SEPARATION AND RECYCLING……Page 155
EXTRACTION……Page 157
MEMBRANES LIQUID MEMBRANES……Page 158
REACTIVE DISTILLATION……Page 160
THE SAFETY LINK……Page 161
STEP 4ÛIDENTIFY PERMIT NEEDS……Page 162
STEP 5ÛDETERMINE COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS……Page 164
STEP 7ÛAPPLY BEST ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES……Page 167
Raw Materials……Page 168
Reexamining the Need for Each Raw Material……Page 169
Providing Separate Reactors for the Recycling Stream……Page 170
Converting to a Continuous Process Retraying or Repacking the Column……Page 171
Increasing the Size of the Vapor Line……Page 172
Heat Exchangers……Page 173
Pumps……Page 174
Optimizing Crystallization Conditions……Page 175
Optimizing the Order of Product Changeovers……Page 176
Using Distillation or Other Technology to Reclaiming Waste Products Recover the Solvent……Page 177
FUNDAMENTALS……Page 178
COMPOSITE CURVES……Page 179
FLUE GAS EMISSIONS……Page 180
WASTE MINIMIZATION……Page 182
Designing a Heat Exchange Network……Page 183
Sampling……Page 184
INLINE OR IN SITU ANALYSIS……Page 185
SPECIFIC SENSORS……Page 186
MASS SPECTROMETERS……Page 187
NEAR INFRARED ANALYSIS……Page 188
System Design and Support……Page 189
OPTIMIZING DAILY OPERATIONS……Page 190
Distributed Control Systems……Page 191
BATCH AUTOMATION……Page 192
ANALYZERS……Page 193
Production Scheduling……Page 194
Batch History Management……Page 195
CONTROL FUNCTIONS……Page 196
SAFETY INTERLOCKING……Page 197
Continuous Process Automation……Page 198
EPA Pollution Prevention Strategy……Page 199
GOLDEN CARROT PROGRAM……Page 200
CMA……Page 201
STATE POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS……Page 202
References……Page 203
Standards……Page 204
SECTION 112, HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS……Page 206
USE OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS……Page 207
USE OF OTHER APPROACHES……Page 208
Compliance with ACLs……Page 209
APPLICABILITY……Page 210
Ambient Air Quality Standards……Page 211
Other Technology Standards……Page 215
State and Local Air Toxics Programs……Page 217
Air Toxics Control in Japan Air Toxics Control in Some European Countries……Page 218
Land Use and Average Noise Level Compatibility……Page 220
Community Exposure to Airport Noise……Page 222
References Railroad Noise Abatement……Page 223
ACLs……Page 224
Technology Standards……Page 225
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT LIMITS……Page 226
STORM WATER DISCHARGE……Page 229
References……Page 231
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOALS……Page 232
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION……Page 233
Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines……Page 237
European Economic Community Drinking Water Directives……Page 241
Home Wells……Page 242
Wellhead Protection……Page 243
4.8 ISO 14000 Environmental Standards……Page 244
Bibliography……Page 245
Air Pollution……Page 246
Sources of Air Pollution……Page 251
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AIR EMISSION INVENTORIES POLLUTANTS……Page 252
NATIONWIDE AIR POLLUTION TRENDS……Page 253
ECONOMIC LOSSES……Page 256
BIODIVERSITY……Page 260
HEALTH EFFECTS……Page 261
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS……Page 263
RAINFALL QUALITY……Page 264
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY……Page 266
References……Page 267
AREA FUGITIVE SOURCES……Page 268
PROCESS VENTS……Page 272
STORAGE VESSELS……Page 275
Toxic Pollutants……Page 276
References……Page 277
Basic Chemical Processes……Page 278
References……Page 283
EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER……Page 284
EFFECTS ON MATERIALS……Page 285
IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES……Page 286
IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE……Page 287
IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY……Page 288
SCALES OF AIR MOTION……Page 289
WIND ROSE……Page 290
TURBULENCE……Page 291
STABILITY……Page 292
Precipitation……Page 293
MOUNTAINÒVALLEY WINDS……Page 294
Air Pollution Surveys……Page 295
Selection of Plant Site……Page 296
The Gaussian Model……Page 297
DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS……Page 299
WIND SPEED……Page 300
PLUME RISE……Page 301
Momentum and Buoyancy Factors……Page 302
Meteorological Factors……Page 303
DOWNWASH……Page 304
Building Downwash……Page 305
Computer Programs for Dispersion Modeling……Page 307
URBAN AND RURAL CLASSIFICATION……Page 308
TYPE OF RELEASE……Page 310
CAL3QHC MODEL……Page 313
References……Page 314
Analyzing Air Emissions……Page 315
HCl and Cl2 (Method 0050)……Page 316
Other Sampling Methods……Page 319
AIR TOXICS IN AMBIENT AIR……Page 320
Monitoring Area Emissions……Page 321
INDIRECT METHODS……Page 322
SAMPLING METHOD SELECTION……Page 323
ABSORPTION……Page 324
ADSORPTION……Page 325
FREEZE-OUT SAMPLING……Page 326
IMPINGEMENT AND IMPACTION……Page 327
Air Quality Monitoring Systems……Page 328
PURPOSES OF MONITORING……Page 329
MONITORING IN URBAN AREAS……Page 330
STATIC METHODS OF AIR MONITORING……Page 331
DATA TRANSMISSION……Page 332
DATA PROCESSING……Page 334
5.11 STACK SAMPLING……Page 335
INSTALLATION……Page 336
OPERATION……Page 337
Operating or Control Unit……Page 340
Requirements……Page 341
Dry-Extractive Systems……Page 342
Wet-Extraction Systems……Page 343
Dilution-Extractive Systems SYSTEM SELECTION……Page 344
Continuous Emission Monitors……Page 345
LOCATION OF SYSTEMS……Page 346
5.13 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES……Page 348
Open-Path Optical Remote Sensing Systems……Page 349
References……Page 350
Marketing Pollution Rights……Page 351
Particulate Size……Page 352
Gravity Settling Chambers……Page 355
Cyclones……Page 356
MODELING GAS FLOWS……Page 357
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY……Page 359
DUST LOADING……Page 361
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION……Page 362
FIBER FILTERS……Page 363
Inertial Impaction……Page 364
Pressure Drop of Fibrous Filters……Page 365
Pressure Drop……Page 366
Cleaning Fabric Filters……Page 367
Jet Cleaning……Page 368
Bag Design……Page 369
References……Page 370
Corona Generation……Page 372
CurrentÒVoltage Relationships……Page 374
FIELD CHARGING……Page 375
Migration Velocity……Page 376
DUST RESISTIVITY……Page 377
PRECIPITATOR DESIGN……Page 378
General Description……Page 380
Scrubber Types……Page 381
Gas-Atomized Spray……Page 382
Fibrous Packing……Page 383
Impingement and Entrainment Scrubbers……Page 384
Factors Influencing Collection Efficiency……Page 385
Venturi……Page 387
Impingement and Entrainment-Type Scrubber……Page 388
Energy Source Substitution……Page 389
Off-Stoichiometric Combustion (OSC)……Page 390
OTHER MODIFICATIONS……Page 392
Ultra-Low-NOx Burners……Page 393
BURNER LOCATIONS AND SPACING……Page 394
References……Page 395
ABSORPTION OPERATIONS……Page 396
Design Procedure……Page 397
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS……Page 401
Nonregenerative Systems……Page 402
Condensation……Page 403
Adsorption……Page 404
ADSORPTION EQUIPMENT……Page 405
PSA……Page 406
Adsorption Operation……Page 407
Regeneration Operation……Page 410
VOCs……Page 411
Mechanisms……Page 412
HYDROGEN SULFIDE……Page 414
Dry Oxidation……Page 415
Reactions of H2 S and SO2……Page 416
NITROGEN OXIDES……Page 417
References……Page 422
COMBUSTION AND……Page 423
FLARING……Page 424
Source Examples……Page 425
Combustion Chemistry……Page 426
KINETICS……Page 428
THERMAL INCINERATORS……Page 429
FLARES……Page 430
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES……Page 432
Corona Destruction……Page 433
Mechanisms……Page 434
Fixed-Film Biotreatment Systems……Page 435
Applicability and Limitations……Page 436
References……Page 437
PROCESS MODIFICATION……Page 438
CAPTURE AND REMOVAL……Page 439
Source Controls……Page 441
PUMPS……Page 442
SAMPLING CONNECTION SYSTEMS……Page 443
AGITATORS……Page 444
Sources……Page 445
Prevention and Controls……Page 446
VEGETATIVE COVER……Page 448
THRESHOLD……Page 449
INTENSITY……Page 450
HEDONIC TONE……Page 451
References……Page 452
Adsorption with Chemical Reaction……Page 453
Wet Scrubbing Combustion……Page 454
Radon……Page 455
Working Levels (WL) and pCi/l……Page 456
RADON CONTROL TECHNIQUES……Page 457
Source Removal……Page 461
Air Cleaners……Page 462
COLOR CHANGE BADGES……Page 463
OTHER MONITORING TECHNIQUES……Page 465
References……Page 466
Noise Pollution……Page 468
Sound Production and Propagation……Page 470
The Hearing Mechanism……Page 473
References……Page 478
Characteristics of Industrial Noise……Page 479
Transportation Noise……Page 483
Specific Noise Sources……Page 484
Reactions to Noise……Page 485
Damage-Risk Criteria……Page 486
Psychological Effects of Noise Pollution……Page 487
Basic Definitions and Terminology……Page 490
Frequency Sensitivity and Equal Loudness Characteristics……Page 491
Vibration and Vibration Measurement……Page 494
Measuring Noise……Page 496
References……Page 500
Workplace Noise……Page 501
Community Noise……Page 502
Plant Noise Survey……Page 505
Source-Path-Receiver Concept……Page 506
Control of Noise Source by Design……Page 507
Control of Noise Source by Redress……Page 513
Acoustical Separation……Page 515
Physical Barriers……Page 516
Isolators and Silencers……Page 520
References……Page 522
Work Schedules……Page 523
SPECIFIC SPEED……Page 525
Wastewater Treatment……Page 526
Flow Rates……Page 536
Wastewater Characteristics……Page 539
Permits and Effluent Limitations……Page 545
References……Page 546
Effects of Contaminants……Page 547
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS……Page 548
TOXICITY EFFECTS……Page 552
EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS……Page 556
WASTEWATER FROM PROCESS OPERATIONS……Page 558
Wastewater Characterization Surveys……Page 561
7.4 WASTEWATER MINIMIZATION……Page 568
Industrial Wastewater Flow Reduction……Page 569
Pollutant Concentration Reduction……Page 570
Evaluating Compliance……Page 571
Selecting Treatment Technologies……Page 572
Flow Sensors for the Wastewater Magnetic Flowmeters Industry……Page 574
THEORY……Page 577
DESIGNS AND APPLICATIONS……Page 578
Coriolis Mass Flowmeters……Page 579
Orifices……Page 581
WASTEWATER APPLICATIONS……Page 582
Pitot Tubes……Page 583
PURGE FLOWMETER……Page 584
VARIABLE-AREA FLOWMETERS……Page 585
Venturi and Flow Tubes……Page 586
Vortex Flowmeters……Page 587
Weirs and Flumes……Page 588
DETECTORS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL SENSORS……Page 589
Bubblers……Page 590
Capacitance Probes……Page 593
Conductivity Probes……Page 594
Optical Sensors……Page 595
Thermal Switches……Page 596
Vibrating Switches……Page 597
Probes and Probe Cleaners……Page 598
pH Measurement……Page 599
THEORETICAL REVIEW……Page 600
MEASUREMENT ELECTRODE……Page 601
CLEANERS……Page 602
Chemical Cleaners……Page 603
Submersion Assemblies……Page 605
ORP Probes……Page 606
EQUIPMENT FOR ORP MEASUREMENT……Page 607
Ion-Selective Electrodes……Page 608
INTERFERENCES……Page 610
References……Page 611
Bypass Filters and Homogenizers……Page 612
HOMOGENIZERS……Page 613
GALVANIC CELL……Page 614
Probe Design……Page 616
OXYGEN DEMAND……Page 617
Five-Day BOD Procedure……Page 618
BOD Assessment in Minutes……Page 619
COD Detector……Page 620
CORRELATION AMONG BOD, COD, AND TOD……Page 621
TOC, TC, AND TIC……Page 622
AQUEOUS CONDUCTIVITY……Page 623
Activated Sludge Monitors……Page 625
Slurry Consistency Monitors……Page 626
Summary……Page 627
FORWARD SCATTERING OR TRANSMISSION TYPES……Page 628
SCATTERED LIGHT DETECTORS (NEPHELOMETERS)……Page 629
ONLINE MONITORING……Page 630
Colloidal Suspension Monitors……Page 631
Oil Monitors……Page 632
Oil-Thickness-on-Water Detector……Page 633
Radio-Frequency (Microwave) Sensors……Page 634
Basic Sewer Systems……Page 635
SANITARY SEWER……Page 636
CLASSIFY AND TYPE SURFACE DRAINAGE……Page 637
DETERMINE INVERT……Page 638
Sanitary Sewer Appurtenances……Page 640
Industrial Sewer Appurtenances……Page 641
DRAIN HUBS CATCH BASINS……Page 642
FLOOR DRAINS……Page 643
MANHOLES……Page 644
7.12 PUMPS AND PUMPING STATIONS……Page 645
Radial-Flow Centrifugals……Page 646
Pumping System Design……Page 647
Purpose of Flow Equalization……Page 651
Design of Facilities……Page 652
INTERMITTENT FLOW DIVERSIONS……Page 653
COMPLETELY MIXED COMBINED FLOW……Page 654
CUMULATIVE FLOW CURVE……Page 656
Aeration Baffling……Page 657
7.14 SCREENS AND COMMINUTORS……Page 658
HAND-CLEANED BAR SCREENS……Page 659
MECHANICALLY CLEANED BAR SCREENS……Page 660
Revolving-Drum Screen with Outward Flow……Page 662
Revolving-Vertical-Disk Screens……Page 663
Endless Band Screen……Page 664
VOLUME OF SCREENINGS……Page 665
Hammer-Mill-Type Screening Grinder……Page 666
BARMINUTORS……Page 668
Characteristics of Grit……Page 669
AERATED GRIT CHAMBER……Page 670
DETRITUS TANKS……Page 671
7.16 GREASE REMOVAL AND SKIMMING……Page 672
Manufactured Skimming Tanks……Page 673
Scum Disposal……Page 674
ROTATABLE SLOTTED-PIPE SKIMMERS……Page 675
FLIGHT SCRAPERS……Page 676
HORIZONTAL-FLOW CLARIFIERS……Page 677
INCLINED-SURFACE CLARIFIERS……Page 678
Tube Settlers……Page 679
DETENTION TIME……Page 680
INLET STRUCTURE……Page 681
OUTLET STRUCTURES……Page 682
References……Page 683
Gas Solubility and Release……Page 684
Process Design Variables……Page 685
Chemical Additions……Page 686
Foaming Process Process Variables……Page 687
RAW SLUDGE……Page 688
Transport of Sludge in Closed Conduits……Page 689
SCREW PUMP……Page 690
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP……Page 691
Treatment Characteristics……Page 692
Selection of Specific Processes……Page 694
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION……Page 695
Activated Sludge……Page 696
Trickling Filters……Page 697
Lagoon and Oxidation Ponds……Page 698
Oxidation Ditch……Page 699
DISINFECTION……Page 700
Sludge Thickening……Page 701
7.22 WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY……Page 702
Nutritional Requirements……Page 703
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS……Page 704
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS AND MICROBIAL METABOLISM……Page 705
BACTERIA……Page 706
PROTOZOA, ALGAE, AND INVERTEBRATES……Page 707
Process Description……Page 708
Process Microbiology……Page 709
VELZ EQUATIONS……Page 710
CLARIFIERS……Page 711
DESIGN PROCEDURES……Page 712
References……Page 713
Process Design……Page 714
OPERATING PROBLEMS……Page 715
References……Page 716
Process Description……Page 717
Process Flow Diagrams……Page 718
ORGANIC LOADING……Page 720
CONTACTOR RETENTION TIME……Page 721
ARTIFICIAL AERATION……Page 722
PROCESS COSTS……Page 723
CFSTR-IN-SERIES MODEL……Page 724
STEP-AERATION ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS……Page 725
Operational Problems……Page 726
Process Flow Diagrams……Page 727
Process Microbiology……Page 728
Stabilization Ponds……Page 729
FACULTATIVE PONDS……Page 730
Anaerobic Lagoons……Page 731
COSTS……Page 732
Process Description……Page 733
Process Microbiology……Page 734
ANAEROBIC CONTACT PROCESS USB REACTOR……Page 735
ANAEROBIC FILTER……Page 737
AFBR……Page 738
References……Page 739
Process Description……Page 740
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESSES……Page 741
7.30 DISINFECTION……Page 742
PRECHLORINATION/POSTCHLORINATION……Page 743
FACTORS AFFECTING CHLORINE DISINFECTION……Page 744
Vacuum-Feed Chlorinators……Page 747
CONTROL METHOD SELECTION……Page 748
AUXILIARY COMPONENTS……Page 749
OZONE CHARACTERISTICS……Page 750
7.31 TREATMENT PLANT ADVANCES……Page 751
Secondary Equivalent (80 to 90% BOD Reduction)……Page 752
LIME PRECIPITATION OF PHOSPHORUS……Page 753
PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT (PCT)……Page 754
HYDROLYSISÒADSORPTION PROCESS……Page 755
Tertiary Equivalent (95% BOD Reduction plus Phosphate Removal)……Page 756
RYE MEADS TREATMENT PLANT……Page 757
WINDHOEK RECLAMATION PLANT……Page 759
Process Description……Page 760
Types of Chemicals Used……Page 761
FLOCCULATION AIDS RAPID MIXING……Page 762
SOLIDS CONTACT……Page 763
Design Considerations……Page 764
SELECTION AND OPERATION OF FILTERS……Page 765
GENERAL DESIGN PARAMETERS……Page 766
MICROSCREENING……Page 767
ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESS……Page 769
SEWAGE TREATMENT APPLICATIONS……Page 770
DEFINITIONS……Page 771
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY……Page 772
OPTIMIZATION Pretreatment……Page 773
Phosphate Removal……Page 774
COLLOIDAL POLLUTANTS……Page 775
Modification of the Electric Double Layer……Page 777
Chemical Bridging of Colloids……Page 778
LiquidÒSolids Separation……Page 779
Flocculation with Organic Polyelectrolytes……Page 780
Characterization of the Process……Page 781
Equipment for Flocculant Preparation and Addition……Page 782
Automatic Flocculant Disperser……Page 783
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL……Page 785
Average Flow: mgd……Page 786
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION……Page 787
SETTLING OR FLOTATION COAGULATION FOLLOWED BY FLOTATION……Page 788
COAGULATION IN SLUDGE HANDLING……Page 789
Degree of Stabilization……Page 790
TREATMENT OF WASTE EMULSIONS……Page 791
Using Oxygen Instead of Air……Page 792
Use of Oxygen in Bioremediation……Page 795
Use of Oxygen in Handling Industrial Wastewater……Page 796
Biological Fluidized-Bed Wastewater Treatment……Page 797
Aerobic Fluidized-Bed Treatment of Industrial Wastewater……Page 799
References……Page 800
Process Applications……Page 803
COUNTERCURRENT……Page 804
Application of Ion Exchange……Page 805
Waste Metal Processing……Page 806
Demineralization by Distillation……Page 808
VAPOR COMPRESSION EVAPORATORS……Page 809
Demineralization by Electrodialysis……Page 810
Process……Page 811
Internally Staged Process……Page 812
Demineralization by Freezing……Page 813
DIRECT-CONTACT FREEZING PROCESSES……Page 814
HYDRATE PROCESS……Page 815
WASTEWATER APPLICATIONS……Page 816
PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL……Page 817
ANAEROBIC/OXIC (A/O) PROCESS……Page 822
PHOSTRIP PROCESS……Page 823
Nitrifying/Nitrogen Removal Systems……Page 824
Oxidation Ditches……Page 825
A /O PROCESS……Page 826
MODIFIED BARDENPHO PROCESS……Page 827
UCT/VIP PROCESSES……Page 828
References……Page 829
Process Description……Page 830
LIME……Page 831
7.40 pH CONTROL SYSTEMS……Page 836
Nature of the pH Process……Page 837
Nonlinear Controllers……Page 838
LIMITATIONS OF THE NONLINEAR CONTROLLER……Page 839
Process Equipment and Reagent Delivery……Page 840
Valve Specification……Page 841
Valve Linearization……Page 842
Reducing Reagent Dead Times……Page 843
Reagent Delivery Hysteresis……Page 844
Agitator Dead Time and Time Constants……Page 845
CONTROL DYNAMICS……Page 846
SENSOR LOCATIONS……Page 847
PID CONTROLLER TUNING (td )……Page 848
Control Applications……Page 849
Sequenced Valves……Page 851
Cascade Control Systems……Page 852
FEEDFORWARD CONTROL SYSTEMS……Page 854
BATCH CONTROL OF pH OPTIMIZATION AND AUTO- START- UP……Page 855
Process Description……Page 857
ORP Control……Page 864
CONTINUOUS CYANIDE DESTRUCTION……Page 866
PHYSICAL TREATMENT……Page 873
TYPICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS……Page 874
DIGESTION OF PRIMARY SLUDGE……Page 875
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS……Page 877
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA……Page 878
Summary……Page 879
7.45 STABILIZATION: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION……Page 880
GAS PRODUCTION AND HEATING REQUIREMENTS……Page 881
Digester Sizing……Page 882
GAS HOLDER SIZING……Page 883
PRIMARY DIGESTER HEATING REQUIREMENTS……Page 884
GRAVITY THICKENER DESIGN EXAMPLE……Page 885
Flotation Thickening……Page 886
Pressurized Recycling Design Example……Page 887
Domestic Wastewater……Page 888
ACTIVATED AND DIGESTED SLUDGE……Page 889
FILTER AIDS……Page 890
SOLIDS DERIVED FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS……Page 891
Combined Domestic and Industrial Wastewaters……Page 892
BATCH TESTS IN PRESSURE FILTERS WITH VARIABLE PRESSURE……Page 895
PRECOAT FILTERS……Page 896
7.48 DEWATERING: CENTRIFUGATION……Page 897
Imperforate Bowl (Basket) Knife Centrifuge……Page 898
APPLICATIONS……Page 899
Solid Bowl Conveyor Centrifuge……Page 900
OPERATING VARIABLES……Page 901
LIMITATIONS AND MAINTENANCE……Page 902
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT……Page 903
HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES……Page 904
Selected Applications and Trends……Page 905
ALTERNATE DEWATERING METHODS……Page 906
PROCESS……Page 907
Liquor Treatment……Page 908
Materials of Construction……Page 909
DRYER TYPES……Page 910
OPERATION AND ECONOMICS……Page 911
PROCESS DESCRIPTION……Page 912
EXHAUST GASESÛAIR POLLUTION……Page 913
ASH RESIDUE……Page 914
Fluidized-Bed Incineration……Page 915
PROCESS DESCRIPTION……Page 916
SOLID WASTE INCINERATION……Page 917
PROCESS DESCRIPTION……Page 918
SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATIONS……Page 919
OTHER APPLICATIONS……Page 920
FLASH DRYING VERSUS OTHER PROCESSES PROCESS DESCRIPTION……Page 921
Design and Operation……Page 922
Freeze and Thaw……Page 923
Engineering Considerations……Page 924
Physical and Biological Nature……Page 925
Temperature and Shock Load Effects……Page 926
Wastewater Pretreatment……Page 927
System Description……Page 928
Design Criteria and Parameters……Page 930
Conclusions……Page 931
Effects……Page 932
ILLEGAL DUMPING……Page 933
Disposal Methods……Page 934
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONING……Page 935
DEGREE OF DRYNESS……Page 936
COSTS AND SALES……Page 937
Process Description……Page 938
RAW MATERIAL SELECTION AND MIXTURE……Page 939
Design……Page 940
STABILITY AND PRODUCT QUALITY PATHOGENS……Page 941
Summary and Conclusions……Page 942
Bibliography……Page 943
Removing Specific Water Contaminants……Page 945
Carbon Particles……Page 947
SOLIDS DISPOSAL……Page 948
THE PROBLEM OF COMMERCIAL WASTE……Page 949
Physicochemical Methods……Page 950
Mill Scale……Page 951
Mineral Tailings……Page 952
AIR STRIPPING……Page 953
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS……Page 954
Food Processing Wastes……Page 955
ELIMINATION OF WATER USE……Page 956
Lagoons and Land Disposal Systems……Page 957
Canning Wastes……Page 958
Dairy Wastes……Page 959
OPERATIONAL HISTORY……Page 960
Pesticides……Page 961
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES……Page 963
ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION……Page 964
Phenol……Page 965
CHEMICAL OXIDATION……Page 966
Starch……Page 967
Sludge Production……Page 968
Textile Industry Wastes……Page 969
Bactericidal and Viricidal Action……Page 971
References……Page 972
Bicarbonate……Page 973
Strong Acid Cation Exchange……Page 974
SOURCES OF CADMIUM-BEARING WASTEWATERS……Page 975
ION EXCHANGE……Page 976
OZONATION……Page 977
Hardness……Page 978
Iron……Page 979
TREATMENT METHODS……Page 980
Magnesium……Page 981
METHYLATION OF INORGANIC MERCURY PROPERTIES……Page 982
Total Recycle……Page 983
Ferrous Chloride Treatment……Page 984
Strontium……Page 985
ION EXCHANGE……Page 986
PRECIPITATION……Page 987
References……Page 988
PHENOLIC……Page 989
Steel Mill Pickle Liquor……Page 991
Neutralization……Page 993
Regeneration of Acid and Iron Values……Page 994
Birds……Page 995
Sources and Prevention……Page 996
Industrial Sources……Page 998
Continuing Needs……Page 999
Specific Gravity……Page 1000
Floating Containment Barriers (Booms)……Page 1001
Bubble and Current Barriers……Page 1002
Collecting Agents……Page 1003
Herding Agents……Page 1004
Conversion Processes……Page 1005
Salt Content of Plant Influent and Effluent……Page 1006
Plant Location and Energy Source……Page 1007
MULTIEFFECT EVAPORATION……Page 1008
VAPOR COMPRESSION EVAPORATION……Page 1009
MULTIFLASH EVAPORATORS……Page 1010
Freezing Processes……Page 1011
Electrodialysis……Page 1012
The Future of Desalination……Page 1013
PRECIPITATION……Page 1014
ION EXCHANGE……Page 1015
DILUTION AND RELEASE……Page 1016
CONVERSION TO SOLIDS……Page 1017
STORAGE……Page 1018
References……Page 1019
Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution……Page 1020
Aquifers……Page 1024
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS……Page 1025
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VADOSE ZONES……Page 1027
Hydraulic Conductivity……Page 1028
9.2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW……Page 1029
Validity of DarcyÌs Law……Page 1030
One-Dimensional Horizontal Flow……Page 1031
Semiconfined Flow……Page 1032
Radial Flow in a Semiconfined Aquifer……Page 1033
Reference……Page 1034
One-Dimensional Flow……Page 1035
Unconfined Flow with Infiltration……Page 1036
One-Dimensional Flow with Infiltration……Page 1037
9.5 COMBINED CONFINED AND UNCONFINED FLOW……Page 1038
One-Dimensional Flow Radial Flow……Page 1039
A TWO-WELL SYSTEM……Page 1040
A MULTIPLE-WELL SYSTEM……Page 1041
WELL NEAR A STRAIGHT RIVER……Page 1042
WELL NEAR A STRAIGHT IMPERVIOUS BOUNDARY……Page 1043
Potential and Flow Functions……Page 1044
wa-Transient Unconfined Flow (Phreatic Storage)……Page 1045
Transient Radial Flow (Theis Solution)……Page 1046
9.8 DETERMINING AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS……Page 1051
Type Curve Method (Theis)……Page 1052
Cooper-Jacob Method……Page 1053
Recovery Test……Page 1054
TRANSIENT-STATE……Page 1055
TRANSIENT-STATE……Page 1056
Initial Phase……Page 1058
Slug Tests……Page 1059
References……Page 1061
Partially Penetrating Wells (Imperfect Wells)……Page 1062
AQUIFERS……Page 1063
UNCONFINED AQUIFERS……Page 1064
Confined Interface Flow……Page 1065
Reference……Page 1066
LIQUID WASTE……Page 1067
Agricultural Operations……Page 1069
SALTWATER INTRUSION……Page 1070
HYDROLYSIS……Page 1071
OXIDATIONÒREDUCTION……Page 1072
ADSORPTION……Page 1074
VOLATILIZATION……Page 1075
NUTRIENTS……Page 1076
ACIDS AND BASES……Page 1077
METALS……Page 1078
References……Page 1080
ADVECTION……Page 1081
DISPERSION……Page 1082
CONTAMINANT DENSITY……Page 1083
CONTAMINANT SOLUBILITY……Page 1084
GEOLOGY……Page 1085
SITE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION……Page 1086
SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS……Page 1087
Seismic Refraction (SR) Methods……Page 1089
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Methods……Page 1090
Nuclear Logging Methods Electromagnetic Logging Methods……Page 1091
Qualitative Onsite Chemical Surveys……Page 1093
9.15 SUBSURFACE SITE INVESTIGATION……Page 1094
Direct Mud-Rotary……Page 1095
SOIL SAMPLING……Page 1096
FILTER PACKS AND ANNULAR SEALS……Page 1098
Groundwater Sampling……Page 1099
PURGING……Page 1100
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL……Page 1101
Excavation and Removal……Page 1103
SOIL FLUSHING……Page 1104
THERMAL DESORPTION……Page 1105
WELL SYSTEMS……Page 1106
Advantages and Limitations……Page 1107
Design Considerations……Page 1108
Advantages and Limitations……Page 1111
FILTRATION……Page 1112
Design Considerations……Page 1113
Methods of Construction……Page 1115
Cost……Page 1116
Advantages and Limitations……Page 1117
Design Consideration……Page 1118
Operation and Maintenance……Page 1120
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION……Page 1121
Advanced Oxidation……Page 1122
Cost……Page 1123
References……Page 1124
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS……Page 1125
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS……Page 1126
NEUTRALIZATION AND DETOXIFICATION……Page 1127
PERMEABLE TREATMENT BEDS THERMALLY ENHANCED RECOVERY……Page 1128
References……Page 1129
Integrated Management Approach……Page 1130
MUNICIPAL PROGRAMS……Page 1131
Major Types of Pollutants……Page 1132
ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION……Page 1133
ACCUMULATION/WASHOFF……Page 1134
References……Page 1136
Planning……Page 1137
NATURAL DRAINAGE FEATURES……Page 1138
EROSION CONTROLS……Page 1140
Street Sweeping……Page 1141
9.22 FIELD MONITORING PROGRAMS……Page 1142
Acquisition of Representative Samples……Page 1143
Flumes……Page 1145
Dilution Method……Page 1147
Bubbler Devices……Page 1148
QA/QC Measures……Page 1151
ANNUAL LOADS……Page 1152
Physical Processes……Page 1153
SAND FILTERS……Page 1154
ENHANCED FILTERS COMPOST FILTERS……Page 1155
Bibliography……Page 1156
Solid Waste……Page 1157
Waste Types Included……Page 1160
Quantities……Page 1161
Effects……Page 1162
References……Page 1164
Component Composition of MSW……Page 1165
Density……Page 1166
Particle Size, Abrasiveness, and Other Physical Characteristics……Page 1167
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION……Page 1168
Toxic Substances in Solid Waste……Page 1170
References……Page 1173
Basic Characterization Methods……Page 1174
Estimation of Waste Quantity……Page 1175
Sampling MSW to Estimate Composition……Page 1176
SELECTING SAMPLES……Page 1177
COLLECTING SAMPLES……Page 1178
Number of Samples Required to Estimate Composition……Page 1180
Sorting and Weighing Samples of MSW……Page 1182
SORTING AREAS……Page 1183
WEIGHING SAMPLES……Page 1184
Processing the Results of Sorting……Page 1185
Visual Characterization of Bulky Waste……Page 1186
MIXED SAMPLE VERSUS COMPONENT SAMPLE TESTING……Page 1187
COLLECTING MATERIAL FOR LABORATORY SUBSAMPLES……Page 1188
Estimating Combustion Characteristics Based on Limited Laboratory Testing……Page 1189
Implications for Waste Reduction……Page 1190
Implications for Recovery of Useful Materials……Page 1191
Implications for Incineration and Energy Recovery……Page 1192
Implications for Landfilling……Page 1193
PRODUCT REUSE……Page 1194
DECREASED CONSUMPTION……Page 1195
Separation at the Source……Page 1196
PLASTIC……Page 1197
GLASS……Page 1198
RUBBER……Page 1199
Role of MRFs and MRF/TFs……Page 1200
ALUMINUM AND TIN CANS……Page 1201
PLASTIC AND GLASS……Page 1203
MRF PLANT FOR PARTIALLY SEPARATED MSW……Page 1204
MATERIAL RECOVERY PLANT……Page 1205
Reference……Page 1206
RDF Preparation Plant……Page 1207
Grades of RDF……Page 1208
Reference……Page 1209
Mass-Burn and RDF Incinerators……Page 1210
DESIGN BASIS……Page 1211
WASTE RECEIVING AND STORAGE……Page 1213
Charging Hoppers and Gates……Page 1214
Combustion Process……Page 1215
Grate Designs……Page 1216
Grate Sizing Air Requirements……Page 1218
Calculating Heat Generation……Page 1220
Mass-Burning in Refractory-Walled Furnaces……Page 1221
Minimizing Superheater Corrosion……Page 1222
Acids, Mercury, Dioxin, and Furan Emissions……Page 1224
Particulate and Heavy Metal Emissions……Page 1225
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions……Page 1227
Instrumentation……Page 1228
Sludge Incineration Economics……Page 1229
MULTIPLE-HEARTH INCINERATION……Page 1230
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION……Page 1232
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION WITH HEAT RECOVERY……Page 1234
References……Page 1235
Location……Page 1236
Charging……Page 1238
Accessories……Page 1239
Domestic and Multiple-Dwelling Incinerators……Page 1240
Miscellaneous Onsite Incinerators……Page 1241
Energy Relationships……Page 1242
Effect of Thermal Flux……Page 1243
Experimental Data……Page 1244
Reference……Page 1246
Surface Water……Page 1247
Monitoring……Page 1248
ESTIMATING REQUIRED SITE AREA……Page 1249
EXCLUSIVE AND NONEXCLUSIVE SITING CRITERIA……Page 1250
Design……Page 1251
Landfill Types……Page 1252
FINAL COVER AND SURFACE WATER CONTROLS……Page 1254
COLLECTION AND LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS……Page 1255
Gas Control……Page 1256
Site Preparation and Landfill Operation……Page 1257
Special Landfills……Page 1258
10.14 COMPOSTING OF MSW……Page 1259
SEPARATED AND COMMINGLED WASTE……Page 1260
Municipal Composting Strategies……Page 1261
Bibliography……Page 1262
Hazardous Waste……Page 1265
Definition of Hazardous Waste……Page 1269
EXCLUSIONS……Page 1271
SMALL-QUANTITY GENERATORS (40 CFR fl261.5)……Page 1272
11.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE SOURCES……Page 1273
WOOD PRESERVATION……Page 1274
PESTICIDES……Page 1276
Human Health Hazards……Page 1277
Site Safety……Page 1278
Characteristics……Page 1280
CHARACTERISTIC OF TOXICITY……Page 1281
Specific Compounds References……Page 1282
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT……Page 1283
SAMPLE CUSTODY……Page 1284
PRECISION AND ACCURACY……Page 1285
Analysis……Page 1286
Reference……Page 1287
11.7 THE HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM AND THE NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST……Page 1289
References……Page 1290
11.8 RISK ASSESSMENT……Page 1291
Review of Basic Chemical Properties……Page 1292
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION……Page 1293
Animal Studies……Page 1294
Synergism/Antagonism……Page 1295
Animal to Human Extrapolation Monitoring Techniques……Page 1296
Extrapolation to Lifetime Exposure……Page 1297
Risk Management……Page 1298
NO UNREASONABLE RISK……Page 1299
Equipment, Piping, or Layout Changes……Page 1300
Production Scheduling……Page 1301
Product Reformulation……Page 1302
References……Page 1303
Generator Requirements……Page 1304
PRETRANSPORT REGULATIONS……Page 1305
THE MANIFEST……Page 1306
EXPORT AND IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE……Page 1308
MODES OF TRANSPORT……Page 1309
References……Page 1310
General Facility Standards……Page 1311
CONTINGENCY PLAN AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE……Page 1312
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS……Page 1313
Tanks……Page 1314
Surface Impoundments……Page 1315
Landfills……Page 1316
Underground Injection……Page 1317
Available Processes……Page 1318
Process Selection……Page 1319
Incineration……Page 1320
Combustion Chambers……Page 1323
LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATORS……Page 1324
ROTARY KILN INCINERATORS……Page 1325
FIXED HEARTH INCINERATORS……Page 1326
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATORS……Page 1327
PROCESS PERFORMANCE……Page 1328
Sampling and Analysis……Page 1329
PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS……Page 1331
APPLICABILITY/LIMITATIONS……Page 1332
APPLICABILITY/LIMITATIONS……Page 1333
References……Page 1334
11.15 WASTE CONCENTRATION TECHNOLOGY……Page 1335
Description……Page 1336
Applicability/Limitations……Page 1337
Description……Page 1338
Availability/Limitations……Page 1339
SOIL FLUSHING/SOIL WASHING……Page 1340
Availability/Limitations……Page 1341
Description Description……Page 1342
Description……Page 1343
Applicability/Limitations……Page 1344
Description……Page 1345
Applicability/Limitations……Page 1346
Applicability/Limitations……Page 1347
Applicability/Limitations……Page 1348
Description……Page 1349
Description……Page 1350
Technology Description……Page 1351
THERMOPLASTIC PROCESSES……Page 1352
Technology Limitations……Page 1353
References Performance Testing……Page 1355
11.17 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT……Page 1357
DESCRIPTION……Page 1358
DESCRIPTION……Page 1359
DESCRIPTION……Page 1360
APPLICABILITY/LIMITATIONS……Page 1362
11.18 BIOTREATMENT BY SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS……Page 1363
STATIC, MIXED AND AERATED FILL……Page 1364
Aerated Fill DRAW……Page 1365
Laboratory Treatability Studies……Page 1366
GALVANIC CORROSION……Page 1368
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND INSTALLATION……Page 1369
LEAK DETECTION……Page 1370
VOLUMETRIC LEAK TESTING……Page 1371
INVENTORY MONITORING……Page 1372
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING……Page 1373
Corrective Technologies……Page 1374
11.21 PRINCIPLES OF RADIOACTIVITY……Page 1384
ALPHA PARTICLES GAMMA RAYS……Page 1385
Half-Life and Decay of Radioisotopes……Page 1386
Nuclear Fuel Cycle……Page 1388
Natural Deposits……Page 1389
11.23 SAFETY STANDARDS……Page 1392
Basic Radiation Safety……Page 1393
INTERNAL RADIATION……Page 1394
Film Badges……Page 1395
Scintillation Counter……Page 1396
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy……Page 1397
Gross Alpha-Beta……Page 1398
11.25 MINING AND RECOVERY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS……Page 1399
Waste Classification……Page 1401
INDUSTRIAL WASTE……Page 1404
BELOW REGULATORY CONCERN WASTE……Page 1405
LLRW Commercial Disposal Sites……Page 1406
DECAY……Page 1407
DEREGULATION……Page 1408
Conditioning Techniques……Page 1409
BITUMINIZATION……Page 1410
Disposal Techniques……Page 1411
11.27 HIGH- LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE……Page 1412
Materials Subject to DOT Regulations……Page 1413
QUANTITY LIMITS AND PACKAGING……Page 1414
References……Page 1415
Bibliography……Page 1418