Benoit Cushman-Roisin0133533018, 9780133533019
Table of contents :
Title……Page 1
Contents ……Page 2
Preface ……Page 10
1-1 Objective ……Page 13
1-2 Importance of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ……Page 14
1-3 Distinguishing Attributes of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ……Page 16
1-4 Scales of Motion ……Page 17
1-5 Importance of Rotation ……Page 20
1-6 Importance of Stratification ……Page 21
1-7 Important Distinctions between the Atmosphere and Oceans ……Page 22
1-8 General Remarks on Data Acquisition ……Page 24
Problems ……Page 25
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 26
Historical Note: Walsh Cottage ……Page 27
2-1 Motivation for the Choice of a Rotating Reference Framework ……Page 28
2-2 Rotating Frame of Reference ……Page 29
2-3 Unimportance of the Centrifugal Force ……Page 31
2-4 Motion of a Free Particle on a Rotating Plane ……Page 33
2-5 Analogy with a Pendulum ……Page 35
2-6 Acceleration on a Three-Dimensional Rotating Earth ……Page 39
Problems ……Page 41
Suggested Laboratory Demonstrations ……Page 43
Biography: Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis ……Page 44
3-1 Momentum Equations ……Page 45
3-2 Other Governing Equations ……Page 46
3-3 The Boussinesq Approximation ……Page 49
3-4 Further Simplifications ……Page 52
3-5 Recapitulation of the Equations Governing Geophysical Flows ……Page 55
3-6 The Rossby and Ekman Numbers ……Page 56
Problems ……Page 57
Biography: Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby ……Page 59
4-1 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows ……Page 61
4-2 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows over an Irregular Bottom ……Page 64
4-3 Generalization to Nongeostrophic Flows ……Page 66
4-4 Vorticity Dynamics ……Page 68
Problems ……Page 70
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 72
Biography: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ……Page 73
5-1 On the Importance of Friction ……Page 74
5-2 The Bottom Ekman Layer ……Page 75
5-3 Generalization to Nonuniform Currents ……Page 78
5-4 The Surface Ekman Layer ……Page 80
5-5 The Ekman Layer over Uneven Terrain ……Page 82
5-6 The Ekman Layer in Real Geophysical Flows ……Page 84
Problems ……Page 86
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 87
Biography: Vagn Walfrid Ekman ……Page 88
6-1 Linear Wave Dynamics ……Page 89
6-2 The Kelvin Wave ……Page 91
6-3 Inertia-Gravity Waves (Poincare Waves) ……Page 94
6-4 Planetary Waves (Rossby Waves) ……Page 95
6-5 Topographic Waves ……Page 99
6-6 Analogy between Planetary and Topographic Waves ……Page 103
Problems ……Page 105
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 106
Biogiaphy: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin ……Page 107
7-1 Introduction ……Page 108
7-2 Waves on a Shear Flow ……Page 109
7-3 Bounds on Wave Speeds and Growth Rales ……Page 112
7-4 A Simple Example ……Page 115
Problems ……Page 118
Biography: Louis Norberg Howard ……Page 120
8-1 Some Remarks on the Ocean and Atmosphere ……Page 121
8-2 A Simple Model of Midlatitude Circulation ……Page 123
8-3 Sverdrup Transport ……Page 126
8-4 Westward Intensification ……Page 127
8-5 Discussion ……Page 130
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 131
Biography: Harald Ulrik Sverdrup ……Page 133
Biography: Henry Melson Stommel ……Page 134
9-1 Introduction ……Page 135
9-2 Static Stability ……Page 136
9-3 A Note on Atmospheric Stratification ……Page 137
9-4 The Importance of Stratification: The Froude Number ……Page 141
9-5 Combination of Rotation and Stratification ……Page 144
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 146
Biography: David Brunt ……Page 147
10-1 From Surface to Internal Waves ……Page 148
10-2 Internal-Wave Theory ……Page 150
10-3 Structure of an Internal Wave ……Page 152
10-4 Lee Waves ……Page 155
10-5 A Note on Nonlinear Effects ……Page 159
Problems ……Page 160
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 161
Biography: Walter Heinrich Munk ……Page 162
11-1 Mixing of Stratified Fluids ……Page 163
11-2 Instability of a Stratified Shear Flow ……Page 166
11-3 Turbulence in a Stratified Shear Flow ……Page 172
11-4 Convection ……Page 174
Problems ……Page 178
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 179
Biography: Lewis Fry Richardson ……Page 180
12-1 From Depth to Density ……Page 181
12-2 Potential Vorticity ……Page 184
12-3 Layered Models ……Page 186
Problems ……Page 191
Biography: Raymond Braislin Montgomery ……Page 192
13-1 Thermal Wind ……Page 193
13-2 Geostrophic Adjustment ……Page 195
13-3 Energetics of Geostrophic Adjustment ……Page 199
Problems ……Page 201
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 203
Biography: George Veronis ……Page 204
14-1 The Upwelling Process ……Page 205
14-3 Finite-Amplitude Upwelling ……Page 209
14-4 Variability of the Upwelling Front ……Page 211
Problems ……Page 212
Biography: Kozo Yoshida ……Page 215
15-1 Simplifying Assumption ……Page 216
15-2 Governing Equation ……Page 218
15-3 Discussion ……Page 222
15-4 Energetics ……Page 224
15-5 Planetary Waves in a Stratified Fluid ……Page 226
15-6 Some Nonlinear Effects ……Page 231
Problems ……Page 235
Biography: Jule Gregory Charney ……Page 236
16-1 Cause for Instability ……Page 237
16-2 Linear Theory ……Page 241
16-3 Heat Transport ……Page 245
16-4 More-General Criteria ……Page 246
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 249
Biography: Joseph Pedlosky ……Page 251
17-1-1 Origin and Scales……Page 252
17-1-2 Meanders ……Page 255
17-1-4 Stretching and Topographic Effects ……Page 259
17-1-5 Instabilities ……Page 262
17-2 Vortices ……Page 263
17-3 Geostrophic Turbulence ……Page 271
Problems ……Page 273
Suggested Laboratory Demonstrations ……Page 275
Biography: Melvin Ernest Stem ……Page 276
Biography: Allan Richard Robinson ……Page 277
18-1 Climate versus Weather ……Page 279
18-2 Global Heat Budget ……Page 280
18-3 General Atmospheric Circulation ……Page 283
18-4 The Ocean as a Regulator ……Page 289
18-5 Greenhouse Effect ……Page 290
Problems ……Page 293
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ……Page 294
Biography: Syukuro Manabe ……Page 295
19-1 Equatorial Beta Plane ……Page 296
19-2 Linear Wave Theory ……Page 297
19-3 El Nino ……Page 302
Problems ……Page 304
Biography: Adrian Edmund Gill ……Page 305
A-1 Wave Number and Wavelength ……Page 306
A-2 Frequency, Phase Speed, and Dispersion ……Page 308
A-3 Group Velocity and Energy Propagation ……Page 311
Problems ……Page 313
Suggested Computer Demonstration ……Page 314
References ……Page 315
Index (beginning only)……Page 325
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