Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality

I. Scott MacKenzie, Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii0123735912, 9780123735911, 9780080489797

Text entry has never been so important as it is today. This is in large part due to the phenomenal, relatively recent success of mobile computing, text messaging on mobile phones, and the proliferation of small devices like the Blackberry and Palm Pilot. Compared with the recent past, when text entry was primarily through the standard “qwerty” keyboard, people today use a diverse array of devices with the number and variety of such devices ever increasing.The variety is not just in the devices, but also in the technologies used: Entry modalities have become more varied and include speech recognition and synthesis, handwriting recognition, and even eye-tracking using image processing on web-cams. Statistical language modeling has advanced greatly in the past ten years and so therein is potential to facilitate and improve text entry-increasingly, the way people communicate.This book consists of four parts, and covers these areas: Guidelines for Designing Better Entry Systems (including research methodologies, measurement, and language modelling); Devices and Modalities; Languages of the world and entry systems in those languages; and variety in users and their difficulties with text entry-and the possible design and guideline solutions for those individual user groups.This book covers different aspects of text entry systems and offers prospective researchers and developers* global guidelines for conducting research on text entry, in terms of design strategy, evaluation methodology, and requirements;* history and current state of the art of entry systems, including coverage of recent research topics;* specific guidelines fordesigning entry systems for a specific target, depending on devices, modalities, language, and different physical conditions of users”

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Table of contents :
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality……Page 4
Copyright Page……Page 5
Contents……Page 6
Preface: Variety and Universality……Page 10
Part 1 Foundations……Page 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 14
1.2 TYPEWRITER, 1870s TO 1980s……Page 15
1.3 PERSONAL COMPUTER, 1980S TO PRESENT……Page 21
1.4 MOBILE PHONES, 1990S TO PRESENT……Page 25
1.5 HANDHELD COMPUTERS……Page 28
1.6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 33
REFERENCES……Page 34
2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 38
2.2 BASIC MODEL OF TEXT ENTRY……Page 39
2.3 N-GRAM MODELS……Page 43
2.4 HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL……Page 46
2.5 ADAPTIVE MODELS……Page 49
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 54
REFERENCES……Page 55
3.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 58
3.2 AGGREGATE MEASURES……Page 59
3.3 CHARACTER-LEVEL MEASURES……Page 71
3.4 MEASUREMENTS FROM LOG FILES……Page 76
3.5 METHOD-SPECIFIC MEASURES……Page 77
3.6 DISCUSSION OF MEASURES……Page 81
REFERENCES……Page 82
4.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 86
4.2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TEXT ENTRY TECHNIQUES……Page 89
4.3 EXPERIMENT DESIGN……Page 94
4.4 LEARNING……Page 104
4.5 SUMMARY AND FURTHER READING……Page 108
REFERENCES……Page 109
Part 2 Entry Modalities and Devices……Page 114
5.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 116
5.2 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD AND ENTRY METHODS……Page 118
5.3 CHARACTERISTIC MEASURES FOR AMBIGUOUS KEYBOARDS……Page 120
5.4 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD VARIANTS……Page 122
5.5 EVALUATING KEYBOARDS……Page 126
5.6 ENTRY BY COMPLETION……Page 128
REFERENCES……Page 130
6.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 134
6.2 OFFLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION……Page 136
6.3 ONLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION……Page 137
6.4 SHORTHAND……Page 142
6.6 CASE STUDY……Page 145
REFERENCES……Page 146
7.2 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF SHAPE WRITING……Page 150
7.3 INFORMATION AND CONSTRAINTS……Page 151
7.4 SHAPE-WRITING RECOGNITION……Page 153
7.5 OUT-OF-LEXICON INPUT, AMBIGUITY, AND ERROR HANDLING……Page 154
7.6 HUMAN SENSITIVITY TO SHAPE AS AN ENCODING MODALITY AND THE PROGRESSION FROM TRACING TO DIRECT SHAPE WRITING……Page 157
7.7 EFFICIENCY AND LAYOUT MATTERS……Page 159
7.8 THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS AND GUIDELINES OF EFFICIENT TEXT ENTRY……Page 162
REFERENCES……Page 166
8.2 CATEGORIES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION TASKS……Page 170
8.3 PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION……Page 172
8.4 DICTATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES……Page 175
8.5 SPOKEN DIALOGUE SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES……Page 176
8.6 EVALUATION OF SPEECH-BASED INPUT SYSTEMS……Page 177
8.7 CONCLUSION……Page 182
REFERENCES……Page 183
9.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 186
9.2 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TEXT ENTRY BY GAZE……Page 187
9.3 CASE STUDIES AND GUIDELINES……Page 192
9.4 FURTHER READING……Page 195
REFERENCES……Page 196
Part 3 Language Variations……Page 200
10.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 202
10.2 VARIATION IN WRITING SYSTEMS……Page 203
10.3 TEXT ENTRY PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT WRITING SYSTEMS……Page 205
10.4 ALPHABETIC SCRIPTS……Page 207
REFERENCES……Page 212
11.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 214
11.2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION……Page 215
11.3 NONPREDICTIVE METHODS……Page 220
11.4 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON PHONETICS……Page 223
11.5 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON SHAPES……Page 228
11.6 ENTRY ON OTHER DEVICES……Page 230
11.7 IDEOGRAM ENTRY SYSTEM FOR NONNATIVES……Page 233
11.8 CONCLUSION……Page 234
REFERENCES……Page 235
12.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 238
12.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABUGIDA……Page 239
12.3 TEXT ENTRY ISSUES……Page 242
12.4 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN INDIA……Page 246
12.5 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN THAILAND……Page 251
12.6 CONCLUSION……Page 257
REFERENCES……Page 258
13.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 262
13.2 ARABIC AND HEBREW SCRIPTS……Page 263
13.3 STANDARD ENTRY……Page 267
13.4 ENTRY ON MOBILE DEVICES……Page 273
13.5 TOWARD COMPUTER-AIDED ENTRY……Page 276
13.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 277
REFERENCES……Page 278
Part 4 Accessibility, Universality……Page 280
14.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 282
14.2 OVERVIEW OF AGE EFFECTS……Page 283
14.3 TEXT INPUT FOR THE ELDERLY……Page 287
14.4 TEXT INPUT FOR CHILDREN……Page 290
14.5 CASE STUDY—EVALUATING TEXT INPUT WITH CHILDREN……Page 295
REFERENCES……Page 297
15.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 300
15.3 ASSISTIVE INPUT TECHNIQUES……Page 301
15.4 ALTERNATIVES TO STANDARD KEYBOARDS……Page 303
15.5 AAC TEXT INPUT……Page 307
15.6 CASE STUDY: DISAMBIGUATION……Page 309
15.7 FURTHER READING……Page 310
REFERENCES……Page 311
16.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 316
16.2 TEXT ENTRY FOR LATIN ALPHABETS……Page 317
16.3 TEXT ENTRY FOR IDEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERS……Page 319
16.4 SELECTION-BASED TEXT ENTRY INTERFACES……Page 322
16.5 DESIGN GUIDELINES……Page 324
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH GROUPS……Page 327
REFERENCES……Page 328
A……Page 330
C……Page 331
E……Page 332
H……Page 333
K……Page 334
M……Page 335
Q……Page 336
S……Page 337
U……Page 338
Z……Page 339
About the Authors……Page 340