Karen K. Kemp1412913136, 978-1-4129-1313-3
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 3
ISBN 1412913136……Page 4
Contents……Page 5
Editorial Board……Page 6
List of Entries……Page 7
Cartography and Visualization……Page 10
Design Aspects……Page 11
Organizational and Institutional Aspects……Page 12
Societal Issues……Page 13
About the Editor……Page 14
About the Advisory Board……Page 15
Contributors……Page 16
Contents of This Volume……Page 22
Acronyms……Page 23
About the Cover……Page 24
ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION……Page 25
ACCURACY……Page 26
ADDRESS STANDARD, U.S…….Page 27
Agent-Based Model Components……Page 28
Future of Agent-Based Modeling……Page 29
Reasons for Aggregating Spatial Data……Page 30
Issues Concerning Aggregation……Page 31
Origins and Developments……Page 32
Applications and Future Directions……Page 33
ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION LABORATORIES FOR EUROPE (AGILE)……Page 34
Related Attributes……Page 35
BLOB……Page 37
History……Page 39
The Cadastral Core……Page 40
The Institutional Basis for Cadastral Development……Page 41
The Capabilities……Page 42
CARTOGRAMS……Page 43
CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING……Page 45
The Verbs……Page 46
The Expressions……Page 47
CARTOGRAPHY……Page 48
How Are Maps Made?……Page 49
Computer-Assisted Map Production……Page 50
How Are Maps Used?……Page 51
How Do We Study the History of Cartography?……Page 52
CELLULAR AUTOMATA……Page 53
CENSUS……Page 54
Alternatives to a Census……Page 55
Why Do We Need a Census?……Page 56
Structure of the Census……Page 57
The Census Geographic Hierarchy……Page 58
Limitations of the Census for Social Research……Page 59
CHORLEY REPORT……Page 60
Quantitative Choropleth Mapping……Page 61
Unclassed Choropleth Mapping……Page 62
Methods……Page 63
Cognition in Geographic Information Science……Page 64
Theoretical Approaches to the Scientific Study of Cognition……Page 65
COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)……Page 67
Coordinates Based on Models of the Earth’s Shape……Page 68
Projected Coordinate Systems……Page 70
Conclusion……Page 71
COORDINATION OF INFORMATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT (CORINE)……Page 72
Copyright and GIS……Page 73
Sui Generis……Page 74
Las Navas: The Beginning……Page 75
Tangible Costs of GIS……Page 76
Refinements of Cost-Benefit Analysis……Page 77
Future Trends……Page 78
COST SURFACE……Page 79
The Critical GIS Movement……Page 80
Themes in Critical GIS……Page 81
Types of Mapping……Page 82
Pushing Boundaries……Page 83
DATA ACCESS POLICIES……Page 85
DATABASE, SPATIAL……Page 86
Spatial Datacubes……Page 87
Spatial Indexing Methods……Page 88
Spatial Database Analysis and Design……Page 89
Requirements Analysis……Page 90
Relationships……Page 91
Generalization Relationship……Page 92
DBMS Features……Page 93
DBMS Types……Page 94
Data Collection……Page 99
The Conversion Process……Page 100
Quality Assurance……Page 101
Examples of Data Integration Projects……Page 102
Related Issues……Page 103
Spatial Patterns……Page 104
DATA MODELING……Page 110
Abstraction……Page 111
Modeling Languages……Page 113
Data Representational Languages……Page 114
Lists and Sets……Page 115
Trees……Page 116
GIS Data Warehouse Versus GIS Data Clearinghouse……Page 118
DATUM……Page 119
Consequences of Incorrect Datum Specification……Page 120
Datums in Geographic Information Science……Page 121
DENSITY……Page 124
Spatial Diffusion……Page 126
Spatial Epidemics……Page 127
Spiral Development……Page 128
VPFVIEW Software……Page 129
DIGITAL EARTH……Page 130
Sources of Elevation Data……Page 131
DEM Analysis and Applications……Page 132
Differences Between Traditional and Digital Libraries……Page 133
Kinds of Direction……Page 134
Scale……Page 135
Objects and Fields……Page 136
DISTANCE……Page 138
DISTRIBUTED GIS……Page 139
Distributed Geospatial Data Objects and Distributed GIS Components……Page 140
The Future of Distributed GIS……Page 141
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY……Page 143
ECONOMICS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION……Page 144
Second-Order Effects……Page 146
Vertical Datum……Page 147
Representation of Elevations……Page 149
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (ESRI)……Page 150
ERDAS……Page 151
Modeling Approaches……Page 153
ETHICS IN THE PROFESSION……Page 154
Ethics in Practice……Page 155
How Evolutionary Algorithms Work……Page 156
Selection……Page 157
Applications of Evolutionary Algorithms……Page 158
EXPERIMENTAL CARTOGRAPHY UNIT (ECU)……Page 159
EXPLORATORY SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS (ESDA)……Page 160
Methods……Page 161
EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)……Page 164
EXTENT……Page 166
FEDERAL GEOGRAPHIC DATA COMMITTEE (FGDC)……Page 169
FLG and the Foundation of Geographic Information Science……Page 170
FRACTALS……Page 171
Use of Fractals……Page 172
Definitions……Page 173
Operational Definition……Page 174
Origins……Page 175
Framework Data Elsewhere……Page 176
Benefits and Recent Trends……Page 177
FUZZY LOGIC……Page 179
Fuzzy Logic……Page 180
Applications……Page 181
Feature Types……Page 183
Uses of Gazetteers……Page 184
GENERALIZATION, CARTOGRAPHIC……Page 185
The “When” of Generalization……Page 186
How to Generalize……Page 187
Address Parsing……Page 188
Locating Addresses……Page 189
Other Methods of Geocoding……Page 190
Computational Laboratories……Page 191
Using Models to Understand Complex Dynamic Geographic Systems……Page 192
GEODEMOGRAPHICS……Page 193
Geodemographics Providers……Page 194
GEODESY……Page 195
Other Definitions……Page 196
Geodetic Measurement Techniques……Page 197
Horizontal and Vertical Geodetic Datums……Page 198
Map Projections……Page 199
Why Are They Needed?……Page 200
Using Coordinates……Page 201
GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS MACHINE (GAM)……Page 202
GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION (GWR)……Page 203
Geographically Local Model Fitting……Page 204
Geographical Kernel Functions……Page 205
Bandwidth and Model Selection……Page 206
Extensions of GWR Models……Page 207
Background……Page 208
Freedom of Information……Page 209
Privacy Law……Page 210
Conclusion……Page 211
Research Agendas……Page 212
The Broader Context of GISci……Page 213
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)……Page 214
Defining GIS……Page 215
The Role of GIS……Page 216
Conclusion……Page 217
GML Implementation Pattern……Page 218
GEOMATICS……Page 219
Origins……Page 220
GEOMETRIC PRIMITIVES……Page 221
Vector Primitives……Page 222
GEOPARSING……Page 224
Indirect Georeferences……Page 225
GEOREFERENCING, AUTOMATED……Page 226
BioGeomancer……Page 227
Example Applications of Geospatial Intelligence……Page 228
Variables in Space……Page 230
Exactness, Nonconvexity, and Smoothing……Page 231
Typical Statistical Assumptions and Uncertainty……Page 232
A New Kind of Map Use?……Page 233
Geovisualization Themes and Issues……Page 234
Does It Work?……Page 236
GIS/LIS CONSORTIUM AND CONFERENCE SERIES……Page 237
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)……Page 239
GOOGLE EARTH……Page 240
GRASS……Page 241
HARVARD LABORATORY FOR COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS……Page 243
Applications in History……Page 244
Challenges for Historical GIS……Page 245
IDRISI……Page 247
Image Enhancement……Page 248
Unsupervised Classification……Page 250
Quadtrees……Page 251
R-Trees……Page 252
Integrity Constraints in Nonspatial Data……Page 254
Extended Integrity Constraints for Spatial Data……Page 255
Recent Advances……Page 256
INTERGRAPH……Page 257
INTEROPERABILITY……Page 258
The Interoperability Stack……Page 259
Geospatial Interoperability and the Role of Standards……Page 260
INTERPOLATION……Page 261
Interpolation Methods……Page 262
Extensions……Page 265
Applications……Page 266
Contour Lines by Stereoplotter……Page 267
ISOTROPY……Page 268
Improving the KDE……Page 271
LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS……Page 273
LAYER……Page 275
LEGEND……Page 276
Negligence as a Tort……Page 277
LICENSES, DATA AND SOFTWARE……Page 278
Technical Aspects……Page 280
LIFE CYCLE……Page 281
Analysis……Page 282
Implementation……Page 283
Conclusion……Page 284
Linear Referencing as a Process……Page 285
Model Classes……Page 288
Problem Representation and Data Preparation……Page 289
Location Modeling and GISci……Page 290
LBS Applications……Page 291
Positioning Methods……Page 292
Analyzing Spatiotemporal Behavior……Page 293
Logical Operators……Page 294
Complex Expressions……Page 296
MANIFOLD GIS……Page 297
MATHEMATICAL MODEL……Page 298
Types of Models……Page 299
The New Modeling Paradigm: Complexity and Agent-Based Modeling……Page 300
MENTAL MAP……Page 301
Metadata Creation……Page 302
Metadata Functional Capabilities……Page 303
METAPHOR, SPATIAL AND MAP……Page 305
Metaphors in Computing……Page 306
Spatialization……Page 307
METES AND BOUNDS……Page 308
MICROSTATION……Page 309
MINIMUM BOUNDING RECTANGLE……Page 310
MINIMUM MAPPING UNIT (MMU)……Page 311
MODIFIABLE AREAL UNIT PROBLEM (MAUP)……Page 312
MCE Methods……Page 314
Implementing MCE Within GIS……Page 315
Key Issues……Page 316
The MDS Problem……Page 317
Types of MDS……Page 318
MDS to Make Geographical Maps……Page 319
MULTISCALE REPRESENTATIONS……Page 320
MULTIVALUED LOGIC……Page 321
Why Use Multivalued Logic?……Page 322
MULTIVARIATE MAPPING……Page 323
Multivariate Mapping Techniques……Page 324
NATIONAL CENTER FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS (NCGIA)……Page 327
NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS (NMAS)……Page 328
NATIONAL MAPPING AGENCIES……Page 329
How Is an NAC Constructed?……Page 330
Using the NAC……Page 331
Needs to Be Analyzed……Page 332
Location on Networks……Page 334
Routing Across Networks……Page 336
Challenges for Network Analysis in GISci……Page 337
Implementations of Network Data Structures in GIS……Page 338
Background and Definition……Page 341
Application and Use……Page 342
NONSTATIONARITY……Page 343
Database Normalization……Page 344
Statistical Normalization……Page 345
OBJECT ORIENTATION (OO)……Page 347
Spatial Models and OO……Page 348
OO Implications for Geospatial Models……Page 349
Ontology in Information Science……Page 350
Difficulties With Ontologies……Page 352
OPEN GEOSPATIAL CONSORTIUM (OGC)……Page 353
OPEN SOURCE GEOSPATIAL FOUNDATION (OSGF)……Page 354
The Standards-Setting Process……Page 355
Open Standards and Intellectual Property……Page 356
Optimization in Spatial Representation……Page 357
ORDNANCE SURVEY (OS)……Page 358
OUTLIERS……Page 359
Patterns of Points……Page 361
Patterns of Areas……Page 363
Photogrammetric Reconstruction……Page 364
Other Sensors……Page 365
Polygon Overlay……Page 366
Independent Polygons Versus Bounding Lines……Page 367
Geometric Processors……Page 368
POSTCODES……Page 369
PRIVACY……Page 370
Legal Protection of Privacy……Page 371
Reference Ellipsoids and Geodetic Datums……Page 372
Selecting a Map Projection……Page 373
Coordinate System Parameters……Page 374
Problems With Definition……Page 375
Democratic or Subversive?……Page 376
Future Directions……Page 377
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS……Page 379
When Is a QA Program Initiated?……Page 381
What QC Checks Need to Be Performed?……Page 382
QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION……Page 383
Cell (Pixel) Dimensions……Page 385
Analysis Functions in Raster……Page 386
REGIONALIZED VARIABLES……Page 387
Types of Remotely Sensed Data……Page 389
Selecting Imagery for a GIS Project……Page 390
Conclusion……Page 391
REPRESENTATION……Page 392
Ontology……Page 393
Conceptualization……Page 394
Data Models……Page 395
Simple Random Sampling……Page 397
Stratified Random Sampling……Page 398
Nonprobability Schemes……Page 399
SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS (SVG)……Page 400
Scale as a Question of Representation……Page 401
How Scale Affects Geographic Analysis……Page 402
Hierarchy Theory……Page 403
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT……Page 404
Levels of Measurement……Page 405
Additional Levels of Measurement……Page 406
The Role of Ontologies……Page 407
SEMANTIC NETWORK……Page 408
The Origins of Shaded Relief Depiction……Page 409
The Simulation Process……Page 411
Visualization as Simulation……Page 412
Gradient……Page 413
Software Suppliers……Page 414
Software Selection……Page 415
Spatial Data Manipulations as Geometric Transformation Between Object Types……Page 416
Spatial Analysis of Points……Page 417
Spatial Analysis of Lines and Networks……Page 418
Spatial Analysis of Fields (Surfaces)……Page 419
Applications……Page 420
SPATIAL COGNITION……Page 422
Spatial Cognition, Geographic Information Science, and Geoeducation……Page 423
Why a Spatial Data Architecture?……Page 424
SDA Components……Page 425
National Spatial Data Infrastructures……Page 426
Supranational SDIs……Page 427
SPATIAL DATA SERVER……Page 428
Challenges and the Future Development of Spatial Data Servers……Page 429
SDSS and Decision Process……Page 430
Types of Spatial Decision-Making Problems……Page 431
Components of SDSS……Page 432
SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS……Page 433
Spatial Heterogeneity……Page 435
Spatial Modeling……Page 436
Griffith’s Eigenfunction Specification……Page 437
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY……Page 438
Tests for Spatial Heterogeneity……Page 439
Gravity, Potential, and Social Physics……Page 440
Integrated Theories of Spatial Interaction: Entropy and Utility……Page 441
Spatial Metaphors……Page 442
Methods of Dimensionality Reduction and Spatial Layout……Page 443
Challenges in Spatialization……Page 444
Conclusion……Page 445
SPATIAL LITERACY……Page 446
SPATIAL QUERY……Page 447
Spatial Query Types……Page 448
Formulating Spatial Queries……Page 449
Origins of the Field of Spatial Reasoning……Page 450
Elements and Subdomains of Spatial Information……Page 451
Relational Constraints and Compositional Reasoning……Page 454
Spatial Reasoning in GIS……Page 455
Ontology……Page 456
Mereotopology……Page 457
Distance and Size……Page 458
Mereogeometry……Page 459
SPATIAL STATISTICS……Page 460
Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation……Page 461
Modeling Surfaces……Page 462
Spatial Statistics and GIS……Page 463
The Spatial Weights Matrix……Page 464
Modeling Spatial Relationships……Page 465
The Snapshot Model……Page 466
Object-Based Models……Page 467
Event-Based Models……Page 468
SPLINE……Page 469
STANDARDS……Page 470
International Standards by ISO/TC 211……Page 471
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) of the United States……Page 472
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)……Page 476
Other Standards Organizations……Page 478
STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM……Page 479
Features……Page 480
Examples……Page 481
Symbolization Process……Page 482
Design Elements……Page 483
Testing and Evaluation……Page 485
System Modification……Page 486
Conclusion……Page 487
Digital Terrain Data……Page 489
Landform Classification and Object Extraction……Page 490
TESSELLATION……Page 491
Voronoi Tessellation……Page 492
Delaunay Tessellation……Page 493
Need for 3D……Page 494
3D GIS State of the Art……Page 495
What Is Required From a 3D GIS……Page 496
3D Graphic Languages……Page 497
Features of a 3D Visualization System……Page 498
3D Graphics Technology……Page 500
TIGER……Page 501
TISSOT’S INDICATRIX……Page 502
Topographic Mapping Basics……Page 503
Symbolizing Height and Other Features on Topographic Maps……Page 504
The 4- and 9-Intersection Models……Page 505
TRANSFORMATION, COORDINATE……Page 506
TRANSFORMATION, DATUM……Page 507
Equation-Based Methods……Page 508
Vertical Datum Transformations……Page 509
TRANSFORMATIONS, CARTESIAN COORDINATE……Page 510
Coordinate Transformation Models……Page 511
Determination of Transformation Parameters……Page 514
Creating a TIN……Page 515
TIN Data Structures……Page 516
Some Causes of Uncertainty……Page 517
Conceptual Uncertainty……Page 518
Conclusion……Page 520
UTM Parameters……Page 521
UTM Usage……Page 522
USER INTERFACE……Page 523
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS)……Page 525
Background……Page 527
Collaborative Virtual Environments……Page 528
GeoVRML……Page 529
VISUAL VARIABLES……Page 530
Commercial Implementations……Page 535
Open Source Web GIS and Standards……Page 536
Web Service Technologies and Protocols……Page 537
Web Services for GIS Applications……Page 538
Visualizing Other Attributes……Page 539
A……Page 541
C……Page 542
D……Page 545
E……Page 548
G……Page 550
H……Page 554
I……Page 555
L……Page 557
M……Page 560
N……Page 562
O……Page 564
P……Page 566
Q……Page 567
R……Page 568
S……Page 569
T……Page 577
U……Page 580
V……Page 581
X,Y,Z……Page 582
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