History of World Trade Since 1450

John J. McCusker9780028658407, 0-02-865840-X, 0-02-865841-8, 0028658426

The force of the market has never, it seems, been greater; and yet trade has always been a defining factory in world history. In two alphabetically arranged volumes, the History of World Trade since 1450 takes as its starting point the year generally considered the beginning of the age of exploration. The more than 400 signed articles, ranging in length from 200 to 3,000 words and written by approximately 300 subject experts with college and university affiliations, offer postsecondary readers and researchers information about changes that both caused and were caused by exploration and expansion. Dealing with people and places as well as developments and ideas, the entries are unflinching in looking at trends that may have improved for some but were depressingly detrimental to others. The exploitation and decimation of the Native American tribes and the growth of African slavery are just two examples.European colonization (both in the New World and in Africa), the Industrial Revolution, capitalism and the global economy, and commodities such as cotton and petroleum are all given judicious consideration. Articles are well organized, with appropriate divisions in longer entries. All have see also sections at the conclusion and appended bibliographies of selected works as well. Attractively boxed sidebars highlight areas of particular interest and add depth and detail to the coverage without disrupting the flow of the entries. Carefully selected black-and-white period reproductions, maps, and photographs enhance the coverage. Volume 1 contains a list of articles, a thematic outline listing articles under 16 headings from ”Business Families” to ”Shipping,” a list of contributors, and selected metric conversions. Volume 2 concludes with a list of primary-source documents followed by the primary sources themselves. This section is divided into three groups: historical texts (e.g., an excerpt from Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations); speeches (Woodrow Wilson’s ”The Fourteen Points,” for example); and agreements, treaties, and legislation (the Bretton Woods Agreement; a sample of a Native treaty). Closing the set are a glossary and a detailed index.Although the encyclopedia is certainly extensive in coverage, the prose is, alas, consistently dry. Global History (Sharpe, 2004), edited by David W. Del Testa, though not focused strictly on trade, gives a livelier and more in-depth treatment of globalization. However, History of World Trade since 1450 does offer sound information in an easy-to- use format. As such, it is a reasonable addition for most college and university and large public libraries.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 7
Introduction……Page 9
List of Articles……Page 13
Thematic Outline……Page 19
Contributors……Page 23
Selected Metric Conversions……Page 33
Vol.1: A-K……Page 1
Accounting For Management……Page 34
Published Accounts……Page 35
Africa, Labor Taxes (head Taxes)……Page 36
Africa, Natives Land Act……Page 38
History Of The Act……Page 39
Agnelli Family……Page 40
Agricultural Trade Through The Nineteenth Century……Page 41
World Agriculture Since The Twentieth Century……Page 42
Afonso De Albuquerque……Page 45
Muhammad Ali……Page 46
American System……Page 47
Amsterdam……Page 49
Anglo American Corporation……Page 50
Angola……Page 52
Antwerp……Page 55
Aramco……Page 56
Argentina……Page 58
Arms Trade Before The World Wars……Page 60
Industrialization To The Present……Page 62
Artistic Representations Of Trade……Page 63
In Search Of Identity……Page 64
Upper-middle-class Legitimacy……Page 65
Growth Since The Twentieth Century……Page 66
Automobile……Page 69
Origins Of The Industry……Page 70
The Emergence Of The Big Three……Page 71
Social And Economic Effects……Page 72
Social Costs……Page 73
Bahia……Page 74
Balance-of-payments Accounts……Page 75
Balance-of-payments Adjustment……Page 76
Baltic Exchange……Page 77
Baltic States……Page 79
Baltimore……Page 80
Bangladesh……Page 81
Early Developments In Southern Europe……Page 82
Early Banking In Northern Europe……Page 83
Merchant Banking And Bills Of Exchange……Page 84
Development Of Modern Commercial Banking……Page 85
Crises In Banking……Page 86
Barcelona……Page 87
Alexander Baring……Page 88
Bengal……Page 89
Black Sea……Page 90
Blockades In Peace……Page 92
Blockades During Wartime……Page 94
Economic Sanctions As Alternative To Use Of Force……Page 96
Seventeenth-century Experiments……Page 97
Toward Greater Stability, 1696–1782……Page 98
Board Of Trade, Spanish……Page 99
Jean Bodin……Page 101
The Spread Of Ideas……Page 102
Distribution Networks……Page 103
Trading In Rights……Page 104
Bordeaux……Page 105
Boycott……Page 106
U.s. And British Boycott Of Mexican Oil Exports……Page 107
Anti-pepsi Boycott In Burma……Page 108
Rise Of Coffee……Page 109
Bretton Woods……Page 111
British-american Tobacco……Page 114
Isambard Kingdom Brunel……Page 116
Bullion (specie)……Page 117
Bimetallic Systems……Page 118
Bunge And Born……Page 119
Burma……Page 121
Businessmen And Women……Page 122
Cбdiz……Page 123
Canada……Page 125
Canals……Page 128
Canton System……Page 130
Capital Flows……Page 132
Shift From ShortTo Long-term Lending……Page 133
Postwar Lending……Page 134
Precapitalism……Page 135
Industrialization And The Capitalist System……Page 136
Capitalism In The New Global Economy……Page 139
Caravan Routes……Page 140
Overland Versus Sea Trade……Page 141
Cargoes, Freight……Page 143
Trade And Shipping, 1500 To 1800……Page 144
Passenger Shipping Lines And Migrant Groups In The Age Of Steam……Page 146
Ocean Liners And Cruise Ships……Page 147
Cartagena……Page 148
Origins……Page 149
Recent Developments……Page 150
Grain’s Era……Page 151
Electronic Era……Page 154
European Conquest……Page 155
Nineteenth Century……Page 156
Twentieth Century To The Present……Page 157
China’s Economic And Foreign Trade Reforms……Page 158
Trade With Europeans, Sixteenth Century To The Mid-1800s……Page 159
Trade Since 1870……Page 160
Winston Churchill……Page 162
The Little Ice Age (1550–1850)……Page 163
The Modern Period (1850s To The Present)……Page 164
Coal……Page 165
Jan Pieterszoon Coen……Page 169
The Beginning……Page 170
Mass Consumption……Page 171
Jean-baptiste Colbert……Page 173
Colombia……Page 174
History……Page 177
And The Collapse Of Comecon……Page 178
Commodity Money……Page 179
Challenges Posed By Commodity Money……Page 180
Common Market And The European Union……Page 181
Effects Of The Customs Union……Page 182
Compradors……Page 183
Motivations Of Conquistadors……Page 184
Containerization……Page 186
Globalization……Page 188
Copper……Page 189
Corn Laws……Page 192
Early Corn Laws……Page 193
Corn Laws After 1815……Page 194
Formative History……Page 195
Freedom Of Incorporation……Page 196
The North European Scene……Page 198
The Mediterranean Scene……Page 199
The Diversity Of American Experiments……Page 200
Subsequent History……Page 201
Shift In The 1780s……Page 202
Twentieth-century Return To Asia……Page 204
The Counterfeiting Of Money……Page 205
Art Forgery……Page 207
Cowries……Page 208
Cuba……Page 210
Samuel Cunard……Page 211
Dahomey……Page 213
Debeers……Page 215
The Long Eighteenth Century……Page 216
The Grain Sales Period And The Transition To Dairy Farming……Page 217
Depressions And Recoveries……Page 218
A Precocious Multiplicity Of Approaches……Page 219
Theories Of Real Cycles……Page 220
Mechanisms Of Transmission On An International Level……Page 221
Definition And Theory……Page 223
The Developmental State: Timing, Successes, And Failures……Page 224
Porfirio Dнaz……Page 225
Disease And Pestilence……Page 226
Drugs, Illicit……Page 228
Du Pont De Nemours Family……Page 231
Establishment Of Factories (trading Stations)……Page 233
European Trade And The Indian Economy……Page 234
Military, Fiscal, And Political Dimensions……Page 235
Establishment And Peak Years……Page 236
Decline In The Eighteenth Century……Page 238
East India Company, Other……Page 239
Ebay……Page 240
Ebay’s Contribution To International Commerce……Page 241
Trade Theory……Page 243
International Trade……Page 244
Education, Overview……Page 245
Rising Educational Attainment And The Pattern Of World Trade……Page 246
Education, Skills, And The Distribution Of The Gains And Losses From Trade……Page 247
Egypt Under Ottoman, French, And British Rule……Page 248
Trade Since Independence……Page 249
Free-state Status……Page 251
Global Trends Of Congolese Trade……Page 252
Geographical Flows And Commodity Composition……Page 253
Empire, British: 1450–1783……Page 254
Empire, British: 1783–present……Page 256
Empire, Dutch……Page 258
The Atlantic Colonies……Page 259
Empire, French: 1450–1815……Page 260
Empire, French: 1815–present……Page 262
Empire, Japanese……Page 263
International Context For Colonial Trade Policies……Page 264
Main Trends In Colonial Trade……Page 265
Empire, Ming……Page 266
Mughal India In Asian Trade……Page 269
Euro-asian Trade……Page 270
Creating The Ottoman System, 1453 To 1606……Page 272
Ottoman Consolidation, 1606 To 1699……Page 273
Confronting The Modern Globalizing Economy, 1798 To 1858……Page 274
On The Margins Of The World System, 1858 To 1918……Page 275
Empire, Portuguese……Page 276
Empire, Qing……Page 278
Empire, Spanish……Page 280
Encomienda And Repartimiento……Page 282
Friedrich Engels……Page 283
Entrepфt System……Page 284
Ethnic Groups, Africans……Page 286
Ethnic Groups, Armenians……Page 288
Ethnic Groups, Cantonese……Page 290
Ethnic Groups, Fujianese……Page 292
Ethnic Groups, Gujarati……Page 294
A Diaspora……Page 296
Prosperity And Success……Page 297
Ethnic Groups, Irish……Page 298
History Of Jewish Trade……Page 301
Theories Of Jewish Participation In Trade……Page 303
Trade To 1763……Page 304
1763 To 1890……Page 305
1890 To 2000……Page 306
Ethnic Groups, Scots Before 1800……Page 307
Ethnic Groups, Scots Since 1800……Page 308
Factories……Page 310
Functions And Origins……Page 312
Regional Fairs, Intercontinental Exchange Marts, And World Fairs……Page 313
Famine……Page 314
Three Kinds Of Famine……Page 315
Regionalism Of Famines……Page 316
Up To The Eighteenth Century……Page 317
From The Nineteenth Century……Page 318
Finance, Insurance……Page 321
Finland……Page 322
From Primary To Industrial Exports……Page 323
Push And Pull……Page 324
History Of Factor Flows……Page 325
Effects Of Flows……Page 326
1450s To The 1780s……Page 327
1920s To The Present……Page 328
Franchising, International……Page 329
Free Ports……Page 331
From Free Ports To Free Zones……Page 332
Theory And Practice Through The Nineteenth Century……Page 333
Theory And Practice In The Twentieth Century……Page 335
Furs……Page 336
Bill Gates……Page 338
The Wto……Page 339
Gdansk……Page 341
Genoa……Page 342
Germany……Page 343
Jean Paul Getty……Page 345
Postindependence……Page 346
Humphrey Gilbert……Page 347
Glasgow……Page 348
Glassware……Page 349
A Path To Modern Economic Growth……Page 351
Critics In Developed Nations……Page 352
Gold And Silver……Page 354
Gold Coast……Page 357
Migrations……Page 359
Life In The Gold Fields……Page 360
Gold Standard……Page 361
The Quantity And Purchasing Power Of Money……Page 362
Great Depression Of The 1930s……Page 363
The International Slump: 1929–1933……Page 364
The Gold Standard: A Source Of Instability……Page 365
National Greek Trade In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 367
Sir Thomas Gresham……Page 369
Guangzhou……Page 370
Origin And Rise Of Guilds……Page 371
Mature Medieval Guilds……Page 372
The Decline Of Guilds……Page 373
Gujarat……Page 374
Calouste Gulbenkian……Page 375
Haiti……Page 376
Hamburg……Page 378
Hanseatic League (hansa Or Hanse)……Page 379
Rise Of The Hansa……Page 380
Decline From The Fifteenth Century……Page 381
Harbors……Page 382
Hardware……Page 385
Havana……Page 386
William Randolph Hearst……Page 387
Heckscher-ohlin……Page 388
Home Charges (india)……Page 390
Relationship With Mainland China……Page 391
Trade In Goods……Page 392
Hong Kong’s History……Page 393
Hong Kong And Shanghai Bank……Page 394
David Hume……Page 396
Hyundai……Page 397
Imperialism And New Imperialism……Page 400
Classical Theories……Page 402
Imperial Maritime Customs, China……Page 404
Establishment Of Imperial Preference, 1932……Page 406
Protection And Promotion……Page 408
Assessment……Page 409
India And The Indian Ocean, 1450–1800……Page 410
Import Substitution, 1947–1985……Page 413
Economic Reforms, 1985–2000……Page 414
Early Trade To The Eighteenth Century……Page 415
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 416
Under European Control……Page 417
Postindependence……Page 418
Industry Before The Industrial Revolution……Page 419
Industrialization And Trade Expansion……Page 421
Industrialization And Trade Patterns……Page 422
Explaining Changing Trade Patterns……Page 424
Openness And Rapid Economic Growth……Page 425
Trade And Economic Structure: The Urban Industrial Society……Page 427
Trade And Growth……Page 428
The Era Before Telecommunications……Page 430
The Telecommunications Era……Page 431
Conclusion……Page 432
Early Property Rights……Page 433
Trade Institutions After World War Ii……Page 434
Establishment Of The Ilo……Page 435
After World War Ii……Page 437
Success Of The Ilo……Page 438
Organization And Purposes……Page 439
History……Page 440
International Trade Agreements……Page 441
Iran……Page 443
Transit Trade In The Early Modern Period……Page 444
Trade With Russia And Britain In The Nineteenth Century……Page 445
Oil, Arms, And Islamic Revolution……Page 446
U.k. Leadership……Page 447
Asian Leadership……Page 449
Decline And Crisis……Page 450
The Twentieth Century……Page 451
Jamaica……Page 454
From Trading Nation To Fiseclusion……Page 456
From The Opening Of Ports To Asia’s First Industrial Nation……Page 457
From Defeat To Industrial Superpower……Page 459
Japanese Ministry Of International Trade And Industry (meti)……Page 461
Jardine Matheson……Page 462
Joint-stock Company……Page 464
Other Chartered Joint-stock Companies……Page 465
The End……Page 466
Kenya……Page 467
John Maynard Keynes……Page 468
Kongo……Page 469
Korea……Page 471
Krupp……Page 473
Changes In Labor Practice……Page 475
Institutions To Control Laborers……Page 476
Zanzibar And Pemba……Page 477
Conclusion……Page 478
Laborers, Contract……Page 479
Convict Contract Labor……Page 480
Laborers, Native American, Eastern Woodland, And Far Western……Page 481
Transported Convicts……Page 483
Comparisons……Page 484
La Rochelle……Page 485
Law, Common And Civil……Page 486
Origins……Page 488
Precepts……Page 489
Lee Kuan Yew……Page 490
Levant Company……Page 491
Lisbon……Page 493
Liverpool……Page 495
Lloyd’s Of London……Page 496
London……Page 499
Nicholas Loney……Page 500
Los Angeles–long Beach……Page 501
Madras……Page 502
Manchuria……Page 503
Market Integration……Page 505
Integration Of Grain Markets At The Turn Of The Century……Page 506
Stock Exchanges From The Eighteenth Century……Page 507
Markets Since World War I……Page 509
Marseilles……Page 510
The Traditional Patterns Of Trade……Page 511
Structural Changes……Page 512
Melaka……Page 513
Mercantilism……Page 514
Money Vs. Wealth……Page 515
Postwar Neomercantilism……Page 516
Mercosur……Page 517
Mexico……Page 519
Independence To The Depression……Page 520
Trade Since 1929: The Era Of Import Substitution Industrialization……Page 521
Millets And Capitulations……Page 522
John Stuart Mill……Page 523
Mining And World Trade……Page 524
Iron……Page 526
Mitsubishi……Page 527
Mitsui……Page 529
The Quantity Equation……Page 530
A Changing Money Supply……Page 531
The Evolution To Fiat Money……Page 532
Jean Monnet……Page 533
Rise Of Free Trade……Page 534
Modern Trade Theory……Page 535
J. P. Morgan……Page 536
Morocco……Page 537
Most-favored-nation Provisions……Page 538
Mumbai……Page 539
Provisions……Page 541
Dispute Settlement……Page 542
Nafta’s Impact……Page 543
Nantes……Page 544
Nanyang Brothers Tobacco……Page 545
Nationalism……Page 547
Nationalization……Page 549
Background To The 1651 Act……Page 552
Establishment Of The Trading Framework……Page 553
The Acts After The American Revolution……Page 554
The Rise Of The Multinational Enterprise And The Decline Of The Network……Page 555
The Renaissance Of The Network……Page 556
Newport……Page 557
New Spain……Page 558
Mechanisms Of New Spain’s Commerce: Politics And Trade In New Spain……Page 559
New York……Page 560
Atlantic Trade In Precolonial And Colonial Nigeria……Page 562
Petroleum And The Political Economy Of Trade In Postcolonial Nigeria……Page 563
Nitrates……Page 564
World War I……Page 565
The Nineteenth Century……Page 566
The Twentieth Century……Page 568
Opec……Page 570
1973 To 1982……Page 571
Ostend East India Company……Page 572
Flemish Trading Partnerships……Page 573
Disestablishment Of The Company……Page 574
Packet Boats……Page 575
Steamship Lines, 1840s To 1950s: The Era Of The Great Liners……Page 576
Pakistan……Page 577
Panama Canal……Page 580
The Canal As A Trade Route……Page 581
Paris……Page 582
The……Page 583
Summary And Extension……Page 584
Patent Laws And Intellectual Property Rights……Page 585
U.s. Patent System……Page 586
Peddlers……Page 588
Pemex……Page 591
Matthew Perry……Page 593
Persian Gulf……Page 594
Peru……Page 595
Petroleum……Page 598
Pharmaceuticals……Page 600
Drug Approval And Competitiveness……Page 602
Philadelphia……Page 603
The Rise Of A Colonial Export Economy……Page 604
Adjusting To Independence……Page 605
Physiocrats……Page 606
Piracy……Page 608
Eras……Page 609
Responses And Consequences……Page 610
How Does Trade Vary Across Political Systems?……Page 611
Marquкs De Pombal……Page 613
1820 To 1960……Page 614
Port Cities……Page 621
Characteristics Of Port Cities……Page 622
Change And Reform Since The Nineteenth Century……Page 623
Porto……Page 625
Trade And Empire: The East Indies, 1450–1703……Page 626
Sugar, Gold, And Wine, 1703–1808……Page 628
Portugal And European Integration Since 1947……Page 629
Potosн……Page 630
Loop: The Law Of One Price……Page 631
Purchasing Power Parity……Page 632
Privateering……Page 633
Protection Costs……Page 636
Macroeconomics Of The Great Depression……Page 637
Optimal Tariffs……Page 638
Purchasing Power Parity……Page 640
Quantity Theory Of Money……Page 642
Use Of Exchange Rate……Page 644
Exchange-rate Systems Since 1450……Page 645
Regional Trade Agreements……Page 646
Religion……Page 648
The Early Modern Period……Page 651
The Modern Period……Page 652
Rice……Page 653
Role In The World Food System……Page 654
Rice Trade Through The Nineteenth Century……Page 655
Since The Twentieth Century……Page 656
Rio De Janeiro……Page 657
Franklin Delano Roosevelt……Page 658
Rotterdam……Page 659
Royal Niger Company……Page 660
Rubber……Page 661
Sixteenth To Eighteenth Centuries……Page 663
The Nineteenth Century……Page 665
The U.s.s.r. And World Trade (1940–1989)……Page 666
Trade And The New Russia Since The 1990s……Page 667
Salem……Page 668
San Francisco–oakland……Page 669
Ud Family……Page 670
Seamen Wages……Page 671
Senegambia……Page 673
Ships And Cargoes……Page 675
Other Services……Page 676
Seville……Page 677
Sex And Gender……Page 678
Shanghai……Page 679
Shipbuilding……Page 680
European Sailing Ship Design……Page 681
Postwar Development……Page 682
Shipping, Aids To……Page 683
By Land Or By Sea?……Page 686
A Feeder For Foreign Trade……Page 687
Pre-modern Inland Navigation And Early Artificial Waterways……Page 688
Inland Navigation And Industrialization In Europe……Page 689
Shipping, Inland Waterways, North America……Page 690
River And Canal Traffic In The Nineteenth Century……Page 691
Waterways In The Twentieth Century……Page 692
The Development Of New Ship Types……Page 693
The Growth Of Ships Post–world War Ii……Page 694
Shipping, Merchant……Page 695
Steam Engines……Page 698
Ships And Shipping……Page 700
The Eighteenth Century……Page 701
The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 702
Developments Through The Early 1800s……Page 704
The 1800s And 1900s……Page 705
Silk……Page 706
Singapore……Page 710
Early Transatlantic Slave Trade……Page 711
Seventeenth To Nineteenth Centuries……Page 713
Abolitionism In The Nineteenth Century……Page 714
Adam Smith……Page 716
Smuggling……Page 717
Socialism And Communism……Page 719
The Policies……Page 720
The Role Of Foreign Trade In The End Of Communism……Page 721
Sony……Page 722
South Africa……Page 723
South China Sea……Page 727
Spain……Page 729
Special Economic Zones (sezs)……Page 731
Descriptions And Origins……Page 733
Routes And Rivalries: Fifteenth To Seventeenth Centuries……Page 734
Decline From The Eighteenth Century……Page 735
Early Modern Sport In Britain……Page 736
The American Model Of Sport……Page 737
Globalization……Page 738
Sri Lanka……Page 739
Early Staple Theory……Page 741
Recent Developments In Staple Theory……Page 742
Stolper-samuelson Theorem……Page 744
Subsidies……Page 745
European Interests……Page 748
Nationalization Of The Canal……Page 749
Sugar, Molasses, And Rum……Page 750
Sumitomo……Page 752
Sweden……Page 753
Sydney……Page 755
Tagore Family……Page 757
The Japanese Era……Page 758
After 1945……Page 759
Tariff Theories……Page 760
Debate Over Empire And Development……Page 761
Expansion Of Tata Family Enterprises After Independence……Page 762
Early Growth Of The Maritime Tea Trade……Page 763
Expanded Exports And Global Competition……Page 764
A World Market In Textiles……Page 765
Demand And Fashion……Page 766
Innovations In Production……Page 767
Textiles Since 1800……Page 768
Cotton Manufactures……Page 769
Woolen Manufactures……Page 770
Thailand……Page 771
Historical Background……Page 772
Continuing Trade……Page 773
Anticipators Of The Free Trade Doctrine……Page 774
David Ricardo And John Stuart Mill……Page 775
Eli Heckscher And Bertil Ohlin……Page 776
The Heckscher-ohlin-samuelson Theory Of Trade……Page 777
Timber……Page 778
Tobacco……Page 781
Toys……Page 785
Transactions Costs……Page 786
Travelers And Travel……Page 788
Early Modern Trade Treaties……Page 791
Tribute System……Page 793
History To The Nineteenth Century……Page 794
Tung Chee-hwa……Page 795
New Consumer Habits After World War Ii……Page 797
Early Company History……Page 799
Banana Industry In Central Latin America And The Caribbean……Page 800
Trading Companies Of The Early Modern Era……Page 801
Rise Of Mercantilism……Page 804
The World Wars To The Present……Page 805
United States……Page 807
Colonial Period……Page 808
Revolutionary War To The Civil War……Page 809
Civil War To World War Ii……Page 810
Since World Ii……Page 811
U.s.s.r…….Page 814
Venezuela……Page 815
Venice……Page 817
Veracruz……Page 818
Trade Of The Premodern Period……Page 819
The Modern Period……Page 820
Volcanic Eruptions……Page 821
Vesuvius, Italy (1779 And 1794)……Page 822
Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States (1980)……Page 823
War, Government Contracting……Page 825
The Modern Period……Page 826
War In Renaissance Europe……Page 827
Trade Wars In The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries……Page 828
The World Wars……Page 830
Thomas Watson Sr. And Thomas Watson Jr…….Page 831
Commercial Activities……Page 832
Eight Major Cereal Grains……Page 833
The Grain Trade Since 1450……Page 834
The Modern Worldwide Grain Trade……Page 836
Finew World,fl New Win……Page 837
Investment In Capital: Individualism In The European Heartland……Page 838
Democratization And Internationalization In The Twentieth Century……Page 839
Women Traders Of Southeast Asia……Page 840
Wool……Page 842
Establishment Of The World Bank……Page 844
Development Problems……Page 845
Development Stumbles……Page 846
Yokohama……Page 848
Zheng Family……Page 850
Zimbabwe……Page 851
Primary Sources……Page 854
Discourse Of Western Planting……Page 855
An Essay On The East-India Trade……Page 856
A Letter To Queen Victoria……Page 859
Narrative Of The Expedition Of An American Squadron To The China Seas And Japan……Page 860
A New Account Of The East Indies……Page 862
Report On Manufactures……Page 863
The Wealth Of Nations……Page 864
Challenge Of Peace……Page 866
Cross Of Gold……Page 867
The Fourteen Points……Page 870
The Bretton Woods Agreement……Page 871
Embargo Act Of 1807……Page 872
The Marshall Plan……Page 874
The Navigation Acts……Page 875
The Reciprocity Treaty Of 1854……Page 880
United Nations Conference On Trade And Development……Page 883
Glossary……Page 885