CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics

David R. Lide0849304849, 9780849304842

Researchers around the world depend upon having access to authoritative, up-to-date data. And for 90 years, they have relied on the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics for that data. This year is no exception. New tables, extensive updates, and added sections mean the Handbook has again set a new standard for reliability, utility, and thoroughness. This edition features a completely new table of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds with data on almost 11,000 compounds, new structure diagrams, and a new, more convenient format. Reflecting CRC’s dedication to ensuring the Handbook remains current, this edition also incorporates new entries and data from the U.S. Government’s just-released “Tenth Report on Carcinogens.”

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Preface……Page 2
Contributors……Page 4
Appendix A: Mathematical Tables……Page 0
Fundamental Physical Constants……Page 5
Standard Atomic Weights (2001)……Page 16
Atomic Masses and Abundances……Page 19
Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State……Page 23
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)……Page 25
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90……Page 27
International System of Units (SI)……Page 29
Conversion Factors……Page 37
Conversion of Temperatures……Page 49
Conversion Factors for Energy Units……Page 50
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units……Page 51
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units……Page 52
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units……Page 53
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics……Page 54
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation……Page 55
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems……Page 57
Periodic Table of the Elements……Page 58
Units for Magnetic Properties……Page 59
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities……Page 60
Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds……Page 81
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands……Page 82
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems……Page 84
Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols……Page 88
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets……Page 96
Definitions of Scientific Terms……Page 97
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations……Page 119
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds……Page 120
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds……Page 693
The Elements……Page 697
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds……Page 733
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals……Page 793
Melting, Boiling, and Critical Temperatures of the Elements……Page 803
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C……Page 804
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements……Page 805
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts……Page 808
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds……Page 812
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids……Page 818
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals……Page 820
Crystallographic Data on Minerals……Page 827
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics……Page 838
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances……Page 841
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature……Page 898
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems……Page 922
Heat of Combustion……Page 926
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI……Page 927
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells……Page 929
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution……Page 930
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution……Page 931
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts……Page 934
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration……Page 936
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids……Page 941
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes……Page 942
Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling……Page 943
Kinetic Data for Combustion Modeling……Page 958
Electrical Conductivity of Water……Page 973
Thermodynamic Properties of Air……Page 974
Properties of Water in the Range 0-100°C……Page 976
Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water……Page 977
Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O……Page 978
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O……Page 979
Standard Density of Water……Page 980
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions……Page 981
Density of D2O……Page 982
Vapor Pressure of Ice……Page 983
Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C……Page 984
Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures……Page 986
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure……Page 987
Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure……Page 988
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies……Page 990
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids……Page 991
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases……Page 1000
Van der Waals Constants for Gases……Page 1020
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases……Page 1021
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points……Page 1022
Critical Constants……Page 1023
Sublimation Pressure of Solids……Page 1039
Vapor Pressure……Page 1042
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K……Page 1070
IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration……Page 1081
Enthalpy of Vaporization……Page 1082
Enthalpy of Fusion……Page 1098
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density……Page 1113
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids……Page 1115
Properties of Refrigerants……Page 1116
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury……Page 1119
Thermal Properties of Mercury……Page 1120
Surface Tension of Common Liquids……Page 1121
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids……Page 1125
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases……Page 1148
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures……Page 1150
Viscosity of Gases……Page 1154
Viscosity of Liquids……Page 1156
Thermal Conductivity of Gases……Page 1161
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids……Page 1163
Diffusion in Gases……Page 1165
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution……Page 1167
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions……Page 1168
Diffusion of Gases in Water……Page 1169
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water……Page 1170
Properties of Liquid Helium……Page 1172
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures……Page 1173
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line……Page 1174
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure……Page 1175
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions……Page 1176
Vapor Pressure of Mercury……Page 1177
Viscosity of Liquid Metals……Page 1178
Properties of Amino Acids……Page 1180
Structures of Common Amino Acids……Page 1181
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases……Page 1182
The Genetic Code……Page 1183
Properties of Fatty Acids……Page 1184
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols……Page 1185
Biological Buffers……Page 1187
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods……Page 1188
Chemical Composition of the Human Body……Page 1189
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species……Page 1190
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water……Page 1193
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents……Page 1196
Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts……Page 1200
Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents……Page 1202
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances……Page 1203
Acid-Base Indicators……Page 1211
Fluorescent Indicators……Page 1214
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions……Page 1216
Electrochemical Series……Page 1217
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals……Page 1228
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions……Page 1231
Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters……Page 1237
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C……Page 1239
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases……Page 1240
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases……Page 1242
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity……Page 1253
Ion Product of Water Substance……Page 1280
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water……Page 1281
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water……Page 1282
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures……Page 1286
Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds……Page 1287
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures……Page 1304
Solubility Product Constants……Page 1313
Solubility Chart……Page 1317
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo……Page 1320
Volume of One Gram of Water……Page 1321
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography……Page 1322
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry……Page 1323
13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents……Page 1324
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents……Page 1325
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures……Page 1331
Flame and Bead Tests……Page 1332
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds……Page 1334
Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules……Page 1348
Dipole Moments……Page 1375
Strengths of Chemical Bonds……Page 1382
Electronegativity……Page 1406
Force Constants for Bond Stretching……Page 1407
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules……Page 1408
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules……Page 1412
Infrared Correlation Charts……Page 1418
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy……Page 1423
Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures……Page 1426
13C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups……Page 1427
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds……Page 1428
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules……Page 1430
Line Spectra of the Elements……Page 1431
NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables……Page 1446
Electron Affinities……Page 1505
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities……Page 1521
Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions……Page 1536
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules……Page 1539
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels……Page 1557
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements……Page 1561
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines……Page 1567
Photon Attenuation Coefficients……Page 1568
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation……Page 1573
Black Body Radiation……Page 1575
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors……Page 1577
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses……Page 1578
Index of Refraction of Water……Page 1579
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes……Page 1580
Index of Refraction of Air……Page 1581
Characteristics of Laser Sources……Page 1582
Infrared Laser Frequencies……Page 1589
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards……Page 1597
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths……Page 1602
Summary Tables of Particle Properties……Page 1603
Table of the Isotopes……Page 1775
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties……Page 1925
Cosmic Radiation……Page 1941
Techniques for Materials Characterization……Page 1946
Symmetry of Crystals……Page 1952
Ionic Radii in Crystals……Page 1959
Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids……Page 1962
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements……Page 1964
Lattice Energies……Page 1965
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy……Page 1979
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals……Page 1980
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals……Page 1988
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys……Page 1991
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids……Page 1995
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals……Page 2004
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals……Page 2006
Dielectric Constants of Glasses……Page 2007
Properties of Superconductors……Page 2008
High Temperature Superconductors……Page 2035
Organic Superconductors……Page 2038
Properties of Semiconductors……Page 2041
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors……Page 2052
Properties of Magnetic Materials……Page 2061
Electron Work Function of the Elements……Page 2070
Secondary Electron Emission……Page 2071
Optical Properties of Selected Elements……Page 2073
Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants……Page 2097
Nonlinear Optical Constants……Page 2114
Phase Diagrams……Page 2118
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids……Page 2136
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals……Page 2137
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature……Page 2139
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature……Page 2141
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics……Page 2142
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials……Page 2144
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses……Page 2146
Commercial Metals and Alloys……Page 2150
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics……Page 2151
Organic Magnets……Page 2153
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids……Page 2157
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals……Page 2179
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers……Page 2181
Solvents for Common Polymers……Page 2187
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers……Page 2188
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers……Page 2196
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts……Page 2197
Astronomical Constants……Page 2202
Properties of the Solar System……Page 2203
Satellites of the Planets……Page 2205
Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth……Page 2207
Geological Time Scale……Page 2209
Acceleration Due to Gravity……Page 2210
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth……Page 2211
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude……Page 2212
Properties of Seawater……Page 2213
Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea……Page 2215
Solar Spectral Irradiance……Page 2216
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)……Page 2217
Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation……Page 2224
Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere……Page 2225
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2000……Page 2226
Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992……Page 2228
Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2000……Page 2230
Atmospheric Electricity……Page 2231
Speed of Sound in Various Media……Page 2239
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency……Page 2241
Speed of Sound in Dry Air……Page 2242
Musical Scales……Page 2243
Characteristics of Human Hearing……Page 2245
Interstellar Molecules……Page 2247
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables……Page 2250
Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents……Page 2265
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure……Page 2270
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation……Page 2271
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression……Page 2272
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution……Page 2273
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point……Page 2274
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures……Page 2275
Constant Humidity Solutions……Page 2276
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration……Page 2277
Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature……Page 2278
Wire Tables……Page 2279
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids……Page 2280
Density of Various Solids……Page 2281
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials……Page 2282
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum……Page 2288
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature……Page 2290
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature……Page 2291
Flame Temperatures……Page 2293
Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures……Page 2294
Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories……Page 2295
Flammability of Chemical Substances……Page 2310
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants……Page 2326
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients……Page 2337
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation……Page 2342
Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides……Page 2343
Chemical Carcinogens……Page 2347
Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants……Page 2352
Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms……Page 2353
Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places……Page 2358
Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another……Page 2362
Derivatives……Page 2363
Integration……Page 2367
Integrals……Page 2372
Differential Equations……Page 2418
Fourier Series……Page 2429
The Fourier Transforms……Page 2434
Series Expansion……Page 2439
Vector Analysis……Page 2443
Moment of Inertial for Various Bodies of Mass……Page 2453
Bessel Functions……Page 2454
The Gamma Function……Page 2457
The Beta Function……Page 2459
The Error Function……Page 2460
Orthogonal Polynomials……Page 2461
Normal Probability Function……Page 2464
Percentage Points, Student’s t-Distribution……Page 2465
Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution……Page 2466
Percentage Points, F-Distribution……Page 2468
Appendix B: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data……Page 2472