Viable methods of soil and water pollution monitoring, protection and remediation

Irena Twardowska, Herbert E. Allen, Max M. Häggblom, Sebastian Stefaniak1-4020-4726-6, 9781402047268, 9781402047275, 9781402047282, 1402047274, 1402047282

The objective of this book is to summarize and critically assess the current status, development trends and needs of three basic defensive elements that safeguard the quality and environmental safety of soil and water/sediments: early warning monitoring, protection and remediation measures, with particular regard to the viability of methods and technologies, i.e. easiness-to-use, reliability, cost-effectiveness, high efficiency and non-destructive character of remediation that is of particular importance considering the scale of application. The priority aim of the book is to contribute to the improving maintenance of ecosystems, and specifically to summarize and add to information on how best to protect our soils and aquifers, prevent migration and mobilization of pollutants and how to enhance their degradation and/or immobilization. Mechanism of action is considered of the first priority, but optimization of technical construction/application details are of no lesser importance. In the permeable reactive barriers, and other preventive/remediation measures, a number of novel integrated physicochemical and biochemical methods are presented. The remediation solutions for soil pollution are focused on non-destructive methods such as phyto- and ecoremediation that would preserve soil properties during and after decontamination. The contributors to the book are internationally recognized experts, which present both state-of-the art and novel approaches in the above fields that makes the book unique with respect to the scope.

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 4
ISBN 1402047266……Page 5
CONTENTS……Page 6
1. OBJECTIVE OF THE BOOK……Page 12
2. THE SCOPE OF THE BOOK……Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 18
CONTRIBUTORS……Page 19
1. Introduction: Spread and Distribution of Hazardous Chemicals in Soils and Water – A Global Problem……Page 34
1.1. DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE GEOSPHERE……Page 36
2. THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE GEOSPHERE……Page 37
2.1 Models……Page 39
2.2 Leading Contaminanats……Page 41
2.3 Global Cycles of Persistent Pollutants……Page 43
2.4 Case Studies……Page 49
2.5 Prognosis of the State of the Geosphere……Page 50
REFERENCES……Page 54
1.2. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN EGYPT – AN OVERVIEW……Page 58
2. TOXICITY……Page 59
3. CURRENT SITUATION IN EGYPT……Page 60
4. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISTLATION……Page 61
5. EMISSION INVENTORIES……Page 62
7. POPS RESIDUES IN FOOD……Page 63
8. RESIDUES OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT……Page 64
9. RESIDUES OF ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS……Page 65
10. RESIDUES IN HUMAN……Page 67
11. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS……Page 68
REFERENCES……Page 69
2. Fate and Behavior of Anthropogenic Pollutants in Soils and Water……Page 72
2.1. FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN SORPTION RELATED TO PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF SOILS……Page 74
2. THERMODYNAMIC REGULATION OF BIOAVAILABILITY……Page 75
2.1 Effect of Contaminant Structure……Page 76
2.2 Effect of Contaminant Concentration……Page 79
2.3 Competition for Sorption by Co-Solutes……Page 81
2.4 Effect of Irreversible Sorption Behavior……Page 83
3. MASS TRANSPORT LIMITATIONS TO BIOAVAILABILITY……Page 87
3.2 Effect of Solute Concentration……Page 88
3.3 Strongly Resistant Desorption……Page 89
4. FACILITATED BIOAVAILABILITY……Page 94
5. SUMMARY……Page 97
REFERENCES……Page 99
2.2. THE ROLE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN THE FATE OF ANTHROPOGENIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SOIL WITH EMPHASIS ON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR COMPOUNDS……Page 102
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 103
2. ANTHROPOGENIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIR FATE IN SOIL……Page 104
3. SOIL HUMIC SUBSTANCES……Page 106
4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND ORGANIC POLLUTANTS……Page 107
5. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR COMPOUNDS……Page 110
6. MATERIALS……Page 111
7.1 Adsorption Kinetics……Page 112
7.2 Adsorption Isotherms……Page 113
7.3 Desorption Isotherms……Page 114
8.1 Humic Acids……Page 115
8.3 Adsorption Isotherms……Page 116
8.4 Adsorption-Desorption Studies……Page 120
9. CONCLUSIONS……Page 123
REFERENCES……Page 124
2.3. INCORPORATING BIOAVAILABILITY INTO CRITERIA FOR METALS……Page 126
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 127
2. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA……Page 128
3. BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL……Page 129
4. TERRESTRIAL BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL……Page 133
REFERENCES……Page 135
2.4. THE METAL UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN FISH LIVING IN POLLUTED WATERS……Page 140
REFERENCES……Page 145
3. Advances in Chemical and Biological Techniques for Environmental Monitoring and Predicting……Page 148
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 150
2.1 TiO2 Sensor for TOC (Total Organic Carbon) Analysis……Page 151
2.2 TiO2 Photosensor of Ecopermanence……Page 152
2.3 Biosensor for Radicals……Page 154
2.4 Biosensor for Integral Toxicity Assessment……Page 157
2.5 Toxicity Biosensor Based on Human Tissue……Page 159
REFERENCES……Page 161
Automated Water Analyser Computer Supported System……Page 164
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 165
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION……Page 166
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 171
ACKNOWLEDGMENT……Page 176
REFERENCES……Page 177
3.3. GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS FOR POLLUTION MONITORING……Page 180
2. BIOSENSORS, WHOLE-CELL BIOSENSORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING……Page 181
3. “LIGHTS OFF” AND “LIGHTS ON” ASSAYS……Page 182
5. NUTRIENTS BIOAVAILABILITY……Page 184
6. SELECTION OF REPORTER FUNCTION……Page 185
7. DUAL LABELING……Page 186
8. IMMOBILIZATION AND INTEGRATION INTO BIOSENSORS……Page 187
9. WHOLE-CELL ARRAYS……Page 188
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 189
REFERENCES……Page 190
3.4. SOME ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICS AND MONITORING……Page 194
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 195
2. PHARMACEUTICAL RESIDUES IN AQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 196
3. PASSIVE SAMPLING METHOD FOR LONG-TERM MONITORING OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER BODIES……Page 198
4. DEGRADATION STUDIES……Page 200
4.2 Biodegradation……Page 201
4.3 Degradation Products……Page 202
5. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PHENOXYACID HERBICIDES AND CHLOROPHENOLS IN SURFACE AND SEAWATER……Page 203
6. CONFIRMATION OF THE PRESENCE OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY……Page 205
REFERENCES……Page 206
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 208
2. FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS FOR COLORIMETRY……Page 209
3. FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS FOR SCATTERED COLORIMETRY……Page 214
4. CONCLUSIONS……Page 217
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 218
REFERENCES……Page 219
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 220
2. DGT-SOIL INTERACTIONS……Page 222
3. PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS……Page 225
4. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE……Page 226
REFERENCES……Page 228
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 232
2. STUDY AREA……Page 235
3. NUMERICAL FLOW AND TRANSPORT MODELS……Page 236
4. CONCLUSIONS……Page 240
REFERENCES……Page 241
4. Novel Physico-Chemical Techniques of Soil and Water Protection and Remediation……Page 242
4.1. CURRENT AND FUTURE IN SITU TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMEDIATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN SOIL, SEDIMENTS, AND GROUNDWATER……Page 244
2. TECHNOLOGY EVALUATIONS AND VERIFICATIONS……Page 245
4. IN SITU TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR SEDIMENTS……Page 247
5. ADVANCED PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT……Page 248
7. PHYTOREMEDIATION……Page 249
8. FUTURE CHALLENGES……Page 250
REFERENCES……Page 251
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 254
2. ADVANCEMENTS IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION……Page 255
3.1 Site Hydrology……Page 257
3.2 Site Geochemistry……Page 258
3.3 Site Microbiology……Page 259
4. DOWNGRADIENT AQUIFER ‘CLEAN UP’……Page 260
REFERENCES……Page 261
Prospects and Areas of Application……Page 264
2.1 Current Status of Sewage Sludge Generation and Use……Page 265
2.2 Heavy Metal Source Control in Sewage Sludge……Page 267
3.1 Rationale……Page 268
3.2 Materials and Methods……Page 269
3.3 Results and Discussion……Page 270
4.1 Background and Rationale……Page 274
4.2 Fly Ash Dense Mixtures with Water as a Sealing Material Against Air Penetration……Page 276
REFERENCES……Page 278
Concepts, Results, and Prospects……Page 282
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 283
2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic and Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons……Page 285
2.3 Pesticides and Other Organic Xenobiotics……Page 287
3. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF MEDIATING ACTION OF HS……Page 288
4.2 Humic Materials……Page 292
4.3 Determination of the Hinding Constants Using Analytical Techniques……Page 294
4.4 Toxicity Tests……Page 295
5.1 Aquatic Media……Page 296
5.2 Mediating Effects of HS in the Soil System……Page 300
6. CONCLUSIONS……Page 301
REFERENCES……Page 302
4.5. METAL BINDING BY HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER DERIVED FROM COMPOST……Page 308
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 309
2. ORGANIC MATTER COMPLEXES WITH METALS: NATURE, PROPERTIES, AND EFFECTS……Page 311
3.1 Sampling……Page 312
3.2 Preparation of Aqueous Extracts……Page 313
3.5 Hydrolyzable Amino Acids (hAA)……Page 314
3.6 Characterization of the Aqueous Extracts (IS1 and IS2)……Page 315
3.7 Characterization by Chromatography – LC-UV/DOC and Dissolved Nitrogen (DN)……Page 316
4. DERIVING METAL BINDING SITE STRENGTH AND CAPACITY FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA……Page 320
5. EFFECTS OF DOM AND ITS FRACTIONS ON PLANT GROWTH……Page 324
6. CONCLUSIONS……Page 325
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 326
REFERENCES……Page 327
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 332
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS……Page 333
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 334
4. CONCLUSIONS……Page 338
REFERENCES……Page 339
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 342
2. EXPERIMENTAL……Page 343
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 346
4. CONCLUSIONS……Page 353
REFERENCES……Page 354
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 356
2.2 Potentiometric Titration……Page 359
3.1 Ion Exchange Capacities of the Sorbents……Page 360
3.2 Effect of pH……Page 362
3.3 Kinetics……Page 364
4. CONCLUSIONS……Page 369
REFERENCES……Page 370
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 372
2. DRINKING WATER SUPPLY……Page 373
3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS……Page 374
4.1 Spectral Characterization……Page 376
4.2 Photodegradation……Page 377
4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation……Page 379
4.4 Technical Applicability……Page 381
REFERENCES……Page 382
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 384
2.1 Mercury Lamp – Based Reactor……Page 386
2.2 Xenon Lamp System……Page 387
2.3 Gas-Sparged Hydrocyclone Reactor……Page 388
3.1 Chloroorganic Pesticides……Page 390
3.2 Phenol – Impact of Oxygen……Page 392
3.3 Modification of TiO2 Towards Activity in Visible Light……Page 393
3.4 Degradation of Pesticides in an Actual Wastewater……Page 396
REFERENCES……Page 399
Novel Colloidal and Interfacial Strategies to Remove Hazardous Molecules, Viruses and Other Microorganisms from Water……Page 402
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 403
1.1 Current Technologies……Page 404
2.1 Filtration of Nanoparticles Using Surfactant Coated Filters……Page 405
2.2 Coating of Fabrics……Page 410
2.3 Coated Sand and Diatomaceous Earth……Page 413
2.4 Removal of Cryptosporidium from Water……Page 415
REFERENCES……Page 418
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 420
2.1 Greenhouse Study I……Page 423
2.3 Leaching Study……Page 424
3.1 Greenhouse Study I……Page 425
3.2 Greenhouse Study II……Page 428
3.3 Leaching Study……Page 429
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 430
REFERENCES……Page 431
5. Biosystems for Non-Destructive Remediation and Immobilization of Pollutants in Soils, Sediments and Detoxification of Industrial Wastes……Page 434
5.1. PHYTOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW FOR THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE……Page 436
1.1 Phytotechnologies and Their Application……Page 437
1.2 Phytotechnologies in Europe……Page 438
2.1 Basic Principles – Heavy Metals and Inorganic Contaminants……Page 439
2.2 Basic Mechanisms – Organic Contaminants……Page 442
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE FOR APPLICATION……Page 444
4.1 Natural Remediation……Page 445
4.3 Glucosinolates and Biofumigation……Page 446
REFERENCES……Page 447
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 450
2.1 Laboratory-Scale System of Wetlands and Ponds……Page 454
2.2 Small-Scale Field Test Systems for AMD Treatment……Page 455
3.1 Removal Performance of Arsenic and Zinc in the Laboratory-Scale Wetlands……Page 456
3.2 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in Small-Scale Constructed Wetlands in a Field Experiment (Preliminary Results)……Page 461
ACKNOWLEDGMENT……Page 462
REFERENCES……Page 463
5.3. DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND BIOSOLIDS IN EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS: A LYSIMETER SIMULATION STUDY……Page 466
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 467
2.1 Lysimeter Construction, Treatments and Water Residence Time……Page 468
2.2 Water and Soil Analyses……Page 471
3.1 Tree Growth, Water Uptake and Soil Leaching……Page 472
3.2 Leaching of Applied Nitrogen……Page 474
3.3 Leaching of Applied Phosphorus……Page 476
3.4 Effect of Leaching Regimes on Soil Salinity……Page 478
3.5 Leaching and Redistribution of Heavy and Trace Elements……Page 479
3.6 Survival and Leaching of Indicator Bacteria……Page 481
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 483
REFERENCES……Page 484
1. PHYTOREMEDIATION……Page 488
1.1 Phytoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics……Page 489
1.3 Phytoremediation of TNT……Page 490
1.4 Pilot Constructed Wetland……Page 494
REFERENCES……Page 496
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 500
2.1 Plants and Culture Conditions……Page 501
2.2 Chemical Analyses……Page 502
3.1 Azolla filiculoides……Page 504
3.2 Lemna minor……Page 505
3.3 Pistia stratiotes……Page 507
4. DISCUSSION……Page 508
REFERENCES……Page 509
5.6. PLANT TOLERANCE TO HEAVY METALS, A RISK FOR FOOD TOXICITY OR A MEANS FOR FOOD FORTIFICATION WITH ESSENTIAL METALS: THE ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM MODEL……Page 512
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1 The Allium Schoenoprasum Model……Page 513
3.1 Metal Accumulation in Chives……Page 514
4. DISCUSSION……Page 516
4.1 Metal Catalyzed Modification of Protein Amino Acids as Structural Signals……Page 517
REFERENCES……Page 518
6. Assembled Plant and Microbial Technologies for Bioremediation of Pollutants……Page 520
6.1. ECOREMEDIATION. COOPERATION BETWEEN PLANTS AND SOIL MICROORGANISMS, MOLECULAR ASPECTS AND LIMITS……Page 522
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 523
2.1 Exchanges in a Terrestrial Ecosystem……Page 524
2.2 What is an Antitoxic Function in Plants and Soil Biomass?……Page 527
2.3 Two Examples of Ecoremediation in Agronomy……Page 533
REFERENCES……Page 536
6.2. ANAEROBIC DEHALOGENATION OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS……Page 538
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 539
2. IDENTIFICATION OF DEHALOGENATING POPULATIONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS……Page 540
3. DEHALOCOCCOIDES ETHENOGENES DECHLORINATES DIVERSE CHLORINATED AROMATIC POLLUTANTS……Page 544
4. PRIMING DEHALOGENATION……Page 545
5. DEHALOGENATION IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF SALTMARSH PLANTS……Page 548
6. CONCLUSIONS……Page 549
REFERENCES……Page 550
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 556
2.1 General Strategies for Improving Bioremediation of Organic Compounds……Page 558
2.2 Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution……Page 559
2.4 Monitoring the Efficacy of Bioremediation……Page 560
3. CONCLUSIONS……Page 561
REFERENCES……Page 562
6.4. ROLE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN PHYTOREMEDIATION AND TOXICITY MONITORING OF HEAVY METAL RICH INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN SOUTHERN POLAND……Page 566
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 567
2. RESTORATION TECHNIQUES IN POLAND……Page 569
3. THE IMPORTANCE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN RESTORATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES……Page 571
3.1 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Revegetation of Zinc Wastes in Poland……Page 573
3.2 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Zinc Waste Restoration……Page 576
4. USE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS INDICATORS OF ZINC WASTE RESTORATION……Page 577
5. CONCLUSIONS……Page 579
REFERENCES……Page 580
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 586
2. KERATINOLYTIC FUNGI AS BIOINDICATORS OF TOXICITY AND BIOREMEDIATION PROGRESS……Page 587
4. THE INFLUENCE OF VOLATILE OIL HYDROCARBONS ON KERATINOLYTIC FUNGI……Page 589
5. UPTAKE OF HEXANE AND TOLUENE BY KERATINOLYTIC FUNGI……Page 590
6. REMOVAL OF OIL HYDROCARBONS BY TRICHOPHYTON AJELLOI STRAIN R66 DURING HAIR BIODEGRADATION……Page 591
7.1 Pure Culture Experiments……Page 592
7.2 Soil Experiments……Page 594
8. CONCLUSIONS……Page 595
REFERENCES……Page 596
7. Management strategies for large-area contaminated sites……Page 598
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 600
2. IMS DESCRIPTION……Page 601
3.1 Integrated Strategy at the Tarnowskie Góry Megasite……Page 602
3.2 Integrated Management at the Bitterfeld Megasite……Page 604
3.3 Application of IMS at the Rotterdam Megasite……Page 607
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 609
REFERENCES……Page 610
7.2. MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR REGIONALLY CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS: A CASE STUDY AT BITTERFELD, GERMANY……Page 612
1. INTRODUCTION……Page 613
2. REMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR RISK MINIMIZATION……Page 616
REFERENCES……Page 621
INDEX……Page 624