UWB: Theory and Applications

Ian Oppermann, Matti Hämäläinen, Jari Iinatti9780470869178, 0470869178

Over the past 20 years UWB has been used for radar, sensing, military communications and niche applications. However, since the FCC ruling in 2002, which allowed the commercial operation of UWB for data communications, UWB has changed dramatically. Implementation oriented, this volume explores the fundamentals of UWB technologywith particular emphasis on impulse radio (IR) techniques. It explains the key physical layer aspects of UWB technology, especially in communications and in control applications, and examines the multiple access (MAC) issues which are emerging as a hot area for practical UWB systems. Offers practical information about implementation Addresses issues of modulation possibilities, appropriate circuits for UWB, an example circuit design, MAC protocol issues and use of UWB for positioning applications Includes aliterature survey examining books, articles and conference papers presenting the basic features of UWB technology and current systems Features a patent database search providing a historical perspective to the state-of-the-art technology UWB Theory and Applications will be indispensable to researchers interested in the practical issues ofUWB technology and realistic assumptions of UWB, as well as engineers interested in implementing UWB devices.

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Table of contents :
Team kB……Page 1
Contents……Page 10
1.1 Introduction……Page 28
1.2 UWB Basics……Page 29
1.2.1 Advantages of UWB……Page 30
1.3.1 UWB Regulation in the USA……Page 31
1.3.2 UWB Regulations in Europe……Page 32
1.4 Conclusions……Page 34
2.2 Channel Measurement Techniques……Page 36
2.2.1 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding……Page 37
2.2.1.2 Hermitian Signal Processing……Page 38
2.2.1.3 Conjugate Approach……Page 39
2.2.2 Calibration and Verification……Page 40
2.2.3.1 Modified Frequency Domain Sounding System……Page 42
2.2.4.1 Impulse Sounding……Page 46
2.2.4.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Sounding……Page 47
2.3 UWB Radio Channel Models……Page 48
2.3.1 Modified Saleh–Valenzuela Model……Page 50
2.3.2 Other Multipath Models……Page 52
2.4 Path Loss Models……Page 60
2.5 Conclusions……Page 64
3.1 Introduction……Page 66
3.2.1 Impulse Radio UWB……Page 67
3.2.2 Fast Stepped Frequency Chirps……Page 71
3.3.1 Multi-carrier Spread Spectrum Schemes……Page 72
3.4 Data Modulation……Page 74
3.4.2 On–Off Keying……Page 75
3.4.3 Pulse Position Modulation……Page 76
3.4.4 Pulse Shape Modulation……Page 78
3.4.5 Theoretical Bounds……Page 80
3.5 Spectrum ‘Spreading’……Page 81
3.5.1 TH-UWB……Page 82
3.5.2 Data Modulation with Time Hopping……Page 84
3.5.3 Multiple Access with TH-UWB……Page 87
3.5.4.1 Data Modulation with DS-UWB……Page 88
3.5.5 Comparison of TH and DS BPAM UWB……Page 89
3.6 Conclusions……Page 92
4.1 Introduction……Page 94
4.2.1 Rake Receiver Types……Page 95
4.2.2 Detection Techniques……Page 98
4.3.1 Basics……Page 102
4.3.1.1 Synchronization Schemes……Page 103
4.3.2 Performance Measures……Page 105
4.3.2.2 AWGN Channel Performance……Page 107
4.3.2.3 Performance in Saleh–Valenzuela Channels……Page 109
4.4 Conclusions……Page 112
5.1 Introduction……Page 114
5.2 Ultra Wideband Basic Architectures……Page 115
5.3 Review of Existing UWB Technologies……Page 117
5.3.1 Time Domain Corporation: PulsOn Technology……Page 118
5.3.3 MultiSpectral Solutions, Inc…….Page 119
5.3.4 XtremeSpectrum Inc.: Trinity……Page 121
5.3.5 Coplanar Waveguides……Page 122
5.4 Integrated Circuit Topologies……Page 124
5.4.1 Source Coupled Pair……Page 125
5.4.2 The Gilbert Multiplier……Page 129
5.4.3 Analogue Addition/Subtraction……Page 130
5.4.4 Integrator……Page 132
5.5 IC Processes……Page 134
5.6 Example Implementation……Page 136
5.6.1 Transceiver……Page 137
5.6.2 Pulse Generator……Page 138
5.6.3 The Analogue Correlator……Page 142
5.6.4 Timing Circuit……Page 143
5.7 Simulation Results……Page 144
5.7.1 Transmitter……Page 145
5.7.2 Receiver……Page 151
5.8 Conclusions……Page 153
6.2 UWB Antenna Characteristics……Page 156
6.3.1 General Requirements……Page 158
6.3.2 TEM Horn……Page 159
6.3.5 Folded- horn Antenna……Page 160
6.3.6 Dipoles and Monopoles……Page 161
6.3.8 Antenna Arrays……Page 162
6.4.1.2 Finite-Difference Time- Domain……Page 163
6.5.1 Perfectly Conducting Dipole……Page 164
6.5.3 Resistively Loaded Dipole……Page 167
6.5.4 Conical Dipole……Page 168
6.5.5 Log-periodic Dipole Array……Page 169
6.5.6 TEM Horn……Page 170
6.6.1.1 Frequency-domain Measurements……Page 171
6.6.1.2 Time- domain Measurements……Page 174
6.6.2 TEM Horn……Page 175
6.6.3 Small Antennas……Page 177
6.7 Conclusions……Page 183
7.1 Introduction……Page 184
7.2.1.2 Interoperability……Page 185
7.2.2 Structure of the UWB Signal……Page 186
7.2.3 Modulation and Multiple Access……Page 187
7.2.4 Multiuser System Capacity……Page 188
7.3 Medium Access Control for Ultra-Wideband……Page 190
7.3.1 Constraints and Implications of UWB Technologies on MAC Design……Page 191
7.3.2 Resource Allocation in UWB Systems……Page 193
7.4.1 Introduction……Page 194
7.4.2 Applications……Page 195
7.4.3 Main Features……Page 196
7.4.3.1 UWB Considerations……Page 199
7.5 Conclusions……Page 200
8.1 Introduction……Page 202
8.2.2 Overview of Position Estimation Techniques……Page 203
8.2.3 Direct Calculation Method……Page 204
8.2.4.2 Gauss–Newton Method……Page 207
8.2.4.3 Quasi-Newton Method……Page 208
8.2.5 Simulation Results……Page 209
8.3 Delay Estimation Techniques……Page 212
8.3.1 General Approaches……Page 213
8.3.2 Inter-path Cancellation……Page 214
8.4.1 Sources of Uncertainty……Page 215
8.4.2 Delay Through Walls……Page 216
8.5 Metrics for Positioning……Page 217
8.5.1 Identifying NLOS Channels……Page 218
8.5.1.1 Use of Confidence Metrics……Page 221
8.6 Conclusions……Page 223
Appendices……Page 224
References and Bibliography……Page 236
Index……Page 244