Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles

J.H. Horlock9780080442730, 0080442730

Primarily, this book describes the thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles. The search for high gas turbine efficiency has produced many variations on the simple “open circuit” plant, involving the use of heat exchangers, reheating and intercooling, water and steam injection, cogeneration and combined cycle plants. These are described fully in the text. A review of recent proposals for a number of novel gas turbine cycles is also included. In the past few years, work has been directed towards developing gas turbines which produce less carbon dioxide, or plants from which the CO2 can be disposed of; the implications of a carbon tax on electricity pricing are considered. In presenting this wide survey of gas turbine cycles for power generation, the author calls on both his academic experience (at Cambridge and Liverpool Universities, the Gas Turbine Laboratory at MIT and Penn State University) and his industrial work (primarily with Rolls Royce, plc.) The book will be essential reading for final year and masters students in mechanical engineering, and for practising engineers.

---

Table of contents :
Chapter 6: ‘Wet’ Gas Turbine Plants……Page 0
Half Title Page……Page 4
Title Page……Page 6
Copyright……Page 7
Dedication……Page 8
Table of Contents……Page 10
Preface……Page 16
Notation……Page 20
1.1. Introduction……Page 24
1.2. Criteria for the Performance of Power Plants……Page 27
1.3. Ideal (Carnot) Power Plant Performance……Page 30
1.4. Limitations of Other Cycles……Page 31
1.5. Modifications of Gas Turbine Cycles to Achieve Higher Thermal Efficiency……Page 32
2.1. Introduction……Page 36
2.2. Reversibility, Availability and Exergy……Page 37
2.3. Exergy Flux……Page 42
2.4. The Maximum Work Output in a Chemical Reaction at T0……Page 45
2.5. The Adiabatic Combustion Process……Page 46
2.6. The Work Output and Rational Efficiency of an Open Circuit Gas Turbine……Page 47
2.7. A Final Comment on the Use of Exergy……Page 49
3.1. Introduction……Page 50
3.2. Air Standard Cycles (Uncooled)……Page 51
3.3. The [CBT]I Open Circuit Plant – A General Approach……Page 62
3.4. Computer Calculations for Open Circuit Gas Turbines……Page 66
3.5. Discussion……Page 68
4.1. Introduction……Page 70
4.2. Air-Standard Cooled Cycles……Page 71
4.3. Open Cooling of Turbine Blade Rows – Detailed Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics……Page 82
4.4. Cycle Calculations with Turbine Cooling……Page 88
4.5. Conclusions……Page 91
5.2. Cooling flow requirements……Page 94
5.3. Estimates of Cooling Flow Fraction……Page 96
5.5. Multi-Stage Cooling……Page 98
5.8. Exergy Calculations……Page 105
5.9. Conclusions……Page 107
6.2. Simple Analyses of STIG Type Plants……Page 108
6.3. Simple Analyses of EGT Type Plants……Page 114
6.4. Recent Developments……Page 120
6.5. A Discussion of the Basic Thermodynamics of these Developments……Page 126
6.6. Some Detailed Parametric Studies of Wet Cycles……Page 128
6.7. Conclusions……Page 130
7.2. An Ideal Combination of Cyclic Plants……Page 132
7.3. A Combined Plant with Heat Loss between Two Cyclic Plant in Series……Page 133
7.4. The Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Plant (CCGT)……Page 134
7.5. The Efficiency of An exhaust Heated CCGT Plant……Page 140
7.6. The Optimum Pressure Ratio for a CCGT Plant……Page 146
7.7. Reheating in the Upper Gas Turbine Cycle……Page 149
7.8. Discussion and Conclusions……Page 151
8.1. Introduction……Page 154
8.2. Classification of Gas-Fired Plants Using Novel Cycles……Page 155
8.3. CO2 Removal Equipment……Page 159
8.4. Semi-Closure……Page 162
8.5. The Chemical Reactions Involved in Various Cycles……Page 163
8.6. Descriptions of Cycles……Page 167
8.7. IGCC Cycles with CO2 Removal (Cycles E)……Page 183
8.8. Summary……Page 185
9.1. Introduction……Page 190
9.2. Performance Criteria for CHP Plants……Page 191
9.3. The Unmatched Gas Turbine CHP Plant……Page 196
9.4. Range of Operation for a Gas Turbine CHP Plant……Page 197
9.6. Some Practical Gas Turbine Cogeneration Plants……Page 200
Backmatter……Page 205
Appendix A: Derivation of Required Cooling Flows……Page 206
Appendix B: Economics of Gas Turbine Plants……Page 212
Index……Page 218
Back Cover……Page 230