Crystallization

J W Mullin9780750648332, 0750648333

Since the first publication of this definitive work nearly 40 years ago, this fourth edition has been completely rewritten. Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. Incorporating all the recent developments and applications of crystallization technology, Crystallization gives clear accounts of the underlying principles, a review of the past and current research themes and guidelines for equipment and process design. This new edition introduces and enlarges upon such subjects as: · Control and Separation of polymorphs and chiral crystals · Micro- and macro-mixing and the use of computer fluid dynamics · Seeding and secondary nucleation in batch crystallization processes · Incorporation of upstream and downstream requirements into design procedures for crystallization plant · Computer-aided molecular design and its use in crystal habit modifier selection Crystallization provides a comprehensive overview of the subject and will prove invaluable to all chemical engineers and industrial chemists in the process industries as well as crystallization workers and students in industry and academia. Crystallization is written with the precision and clarity of style that is John Mullin’s hallmark – a special feature being the large number of appendices that provide relevant physical property data. Covers all new developments and trends in crystallization. Comprehensive coverage of subject area.

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 4
Edition Info……Page 5
Contents……Page 6
Preface to 4th edition……Page 9
Preface to 1st edition……Page 11
Nomenclature and units……Page 13
1.1 Liquid crystals……Page 18
1.2 Crystalline solids……Page 20
1.3 Crystal symmetry……Page 21
1.4 Crystal systems……Page 24
1.5 Miller indices……Page 27
1.6 Spare lattices……Page 30
1.7 Solid state bonding……Page 32
1.8 Isomorphs and polymorphs……Page 33
1.9 Enantiomorphs and chirality……Page 35
1.10 Crystal habit……Page 39
1.11 Dendrites……Page 41
1.12 Composite crystals and twins……Page 42
1.13 Imperfections in crystals……Page 44
2.1 Density……Page 49
2.2 Viscosity……Page 52
2.3 Surface tension……Page 56
2.4 Diffusivity……Page 58
2.5 Refractive index……Page 64
2.7 Crystal hardness……Page 65
2.8 Units of heat……Page 66
2.9 Heat capacity……Page 67
2.10 Thermal conductivity……Page 71
2.11 Boiling, freezing and melting points……Page 72
2.12 Enthalpies of phase change……Page 75
2.13 Heats of solution and cystallization……Page 79
2.14 Size classification of crystals……Page 81
3.2 Solvent selection……Page 103
3.3 Expression of solution composition……Page 107
3.4 Solubility correlations……Page 109
3.5 Theoretical crystal yield……Page 113
3.6 Ideal and non-ideal solutions……Page 115
3.7 Particle size and solubility……Page 125
3.8 Effect of impurities on solubility……Page 127
3.9 Measurement of solubility……Page 129
3.10 Prediction of solubility……Page 137
3.12 Supersolubility……Page 140
3.13 Solution structure……Page 149
4.1 The phase rule……Page 152
4.2 One-component systems……Page 153
4.3 Two-component systems……Page 156
4.4 Enthalpy-composition diagrams……Page 163
4.5 Phase change detection……Page 168
4.6 Three-component systems……Page 173
4.7 Four-component systems……Page 186
4.8 ‘Dynamic’ phase diagrams……Page 196
5 Nucleation……Page 198
5.1 Primary nucleation……Page 199
5.2 Seconary nucleation……Page 212
5.3 Metastable zone widths……Page 218
5.4 Effect of impurities……Page 222
5.5 Induction and latent periods……Page 223
5.6 Interfacial tension (surface energy)……Page 227
5.7 Ostwald’s rule of stages……Page 231
6.1 Crystal growth theories……Page 233
6.2 Growth rate measurements……Page 253
6.3 Crystal growth and dissolution……Page 277
6.4 Crystal habit modification……Page 286
6.5 Polymorphs and phase transformations……Page 297
6.6 Inclusions……Page 301
7.1 Recrystallization schemes……Page 306
7.2 Resolution of racemates……Page 312
7.3 Isolation of polymorphs……Page 317
7.4 Recrystallization from supercritical fluids……Page 319
7.5 Zone refining……Page 320
7.6 Single crystals……Page 326
8.1 Precipitation……Page 332
8.2 Crystallization from melts……Page 360
8.3 Sublimation……Page 375
8.4 Crystallization from solution……Page 385
9.1 Crystal size distribution (CSD)……Page 420
9.2 Kinetic data measurement and utilization……Page 447
9.3 Crystallizer specficiation……Page 451
9.4 Fluid-particle suspensions……Page 468
9.5 Encrustation……Page 476
9.6 Caking of crystals……Page 480
9.7 Downstream processes……Page 484
Appendix……Page 495
References……Page 553
Author index……Page 594
Subject index……Page 604
Back Page……Page 612