Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids

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ISBN: 9780125444200, 0-12-544420-6

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Edward D. Palik, Edward D. Palik9780125444200, 0-12-544420-6

While bits and pieces of the index of refraction n and extinction coefficient k for a given material can be found in several handbooks, the Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids gives for the first time a single set of n and k values over the broadest spectral range (ideally from x-ray to mm-wave region). The critiquers have chosen the numbers for you, based on their own broad experience in the study of optical properties. Whether you need one number at one wavelength or many numbers at many wavelengths, what is available in the literature is condensed down into a single set of numbers. * Contributors have decided the best values for n and k * References in each critique allow the reader to go back to the original data to examine and understand where the values have come from * Allows the reader to determine if any data in a spectral region needs to be filled in * Gives a wide and detailed view of experimental techniques for measuring the optical constants n and k * Incorporates and describes crystal structure, space-group symmetry, unit-cell dimensions, number of optic and acoustic modes, frequencies of optic modes, the irreducible representation, band gap, plasma frequency, and static dielectric constant

Table of contents :
Front Matter ……Page 1
Table of Contents ……Page 4
1.1 Introduction ……Page 14
1.2 The Chapters ……Page 15
1.3 The Critiques ……Page 16
1.4 The Tables ……Page 17
1.5 The Figures of the Tables ……Page 18
1.6 General Remarks ……Page 19
References ……Page 20
2.1 Introduction ……Page 21
2.2 Intrinsic Material Parameters in Terms of the Optical Constants ……Page 26
2.3 Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Layered Structures ……Page 28
2.4 The General Lamelliform – Phase Coherency Throughout ……Page 29
2.5 The General Lamelliform – Phase Incoherency in Substrate ……Page 31
2.5.1 Absorptance of a General Lamelliform ……Page 32
2.5.2 Reflectance of Single Film on Nontransmitting Substrate ……Page 33
Appendix A: Basic Formulas for Fresnel Coefficients ……Page 34
b. Symmetrically Layered Slab (Absorbing Layers) ……Page 35
Appendix D: Reflectance of Single Layer on Each Side of a Slab and Single Layer on Either Side of a Slab ……Page 36
Example 1. Frustrated Total Reflectance ……Page 40
Example 2. Attenuated Total Reflectance ……Page 42
Definitions of Terms ……Page 43
References ……Page 44
3. Dispersion Theory, Sum Rules, and Their Application to the Analysis of Optical Data ……Page 45
3.2 Optical Sum Rules and Their Physical Interpretation ……Page 46
3.2.1.1 Formal Development ……Page 48
3.2.1.2 Physical Picture ……Page 50
3.2.2 Superconvergence Sum Rules for N(Omega) ……Page 51
3.2.3 Superconvergence Sum Rules for Functions of N and Epsilon ……Page 52
3.2.5 Static-Limit Sum Rules ……Page 54
3.3 Finite-Energy Sum Rules ……Page 55
3.3.1 Defect Absorptions and Smakula’s Equation ……Page 57
3.3.2 Finite Oscillator Strength Sums and n_eff (Omega) ……Page 59
3.4.1 Normal-Incidence Spectroscopy ……Page 61
3.5 Analysis of Optical Data and Sum-Rule Applications ……Page 65
3.5.1.1 Dispersion Analysis over a Limited Range ……Page 66
3.5.1.2 Dispersion Analysis over a Wide Spectral Range ……Page 69
3.5.2.1 The Inertial Sum Rule for n(Omega) ……Page 70
3.5.2.3 The f Sum Rule ……Page 71
References ……Page 74
4.1 Introduction ……Page 79
4.2.1 Reflection at Normal Incidence – Measurement of Index of Refraction ……Page 80
4.2.2 Reflection at Oblique Incidence ……Page 81
4.2.2.1 Method 1 ……Page 83
4.2.2.2 Method 2 ……Page 85
4.2.2.3 Method 3 ……Page 86
4.2.2.4 Methods 4 and 5 ……Page 87
4.2.3 Effect of Layer Thickness ……Page 88
4.2.4 Critical-Angle Method ……Page 89
4.2.5 Measurement of Extinction Coefficients ……Page 91
4.3 Reflectance Method for Two Media ……Page 95
References ……Page 97
5.1 Reflection Techniques; Background and Overview ……Page 99
5.2 Measurement Configurations ……Page 102
5.3 Accurate Determination of Optical Properties: Overlayer Effects ……Page 106
5.4 Living with Overlayers ……Page 109
5.5 Eliminating Overlayers ……Page 112
5.6 Bulk and Thin-Film Effects; Effective-Medium Theory ……Page 114
5.7 Conclusion ……Page 118
References ……Page 120
6.1 Introduction ……Page 123
6.2 Basic Principles ……Page 124
6.3.1 The Fizeau Method ……Page 127
6.3.2 The FECO Method ……Page 128
6.3.3 Shearing Interferometers ……Page 129
6.3.4 Discussion ……Page 131
6.4.1 Transmission Phase Measurement ……Page 133
6.4.3 Ellipsometric Interferometry ……Page 134
6.4.4 Measuring Thermal Expansion and Index Variation ……Page 135
6.5 A Self-Calibrating Method ……Page 136
6.6 Surface Effects ……Page 141
6.7 Conclusions ……Page 142
References ……Page 143
7.1 Introduction ……Page 144
7.2 Single-Layer Films ……Page 147
7.3 Wedged-Film Laser Calorimetry ……Page 148
7.4 Electric-Field Considerations in Laser Calorimetry ……Page 152
7.5 Entrance versus Exit Surface Films ……Page 156
7.6 Experimental Determination of Alpha_f, Alpha_af, and Alpha_fs ……Page 158
References ……Page 162
8.1 Introduction ……Page 163
8.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy ……Page 164
8.3 Free-Space Resonant Cavity ……Page 169
8.4 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer ……Page 171
8.5 Direct Birefringence Measurement ……Page 172
8.7 Crystal Quartz As Index Reference ……Page 173
References ……Page 175
9.1 Introduction ……Page 177
9.2 Quantum Theory of Free-Carrier Absorption ……Page 180
9.3 Theoretical Results ……Page 182
9.4 Comparison with Experimental Data ……Page 184
Appendix ……Page 195
References ……Page 196
10.1 Introduction ……Page 197
10.2 One-Electron Model ……Page 198
10.3 Electron – Hole Interaction, Excitons ……Page 206
10.4 Local Field Effects ……Page 211
10.5 Examples ……Page 212
References ……Page 218
General References ……Page 219
11.1 Introduction ……Page 221
11.2 Infrared Dispersion by Polar Crystals ……Page 223
11.3 Kramers – Kronig Dispersion Relations ……Page 235
11.4 Determination of Absorption Coefficient in the Intermediate Region ……Page 237
11.5 Absorption Coefficient in the Transparent Regime ……Page 238
11.6.1 General Remarks ……Page 240
11.6.2.1 Two- and Three-Phonon Processes ……Page 244
11.6.2.2 The Transparent Regime ……Page 251
11.6.3 Absorption in the Region Omega < Omega_TO ……Page 257
11.7.1 General Remarks ……Page 262
11.7.2 Crystals with Substitutional Impurities ……Page 263
11.7.3 Amorphous and Glassy Systems ……Page 267
11.8 Infrared Dispersion by Plasmons ……Page 271
References ……Page 275
12.1 Introduction ……Page 281
12.2 Anomalous Skin Effect ……Page 283
References ……Page 285
References ……Page 286
12.4 Gold (Au) ……Page 292
References ……Page 293
References ……Page 302
12.6 Molybdenum (Mo) ……Page 309
References ……Page 310
12.7 Nickel (Ni) ……Page 319
References ……Page 320
References ……Page 330
12.9 Platinum (Pt) ……Page 339
References ……Page 340
References ……Page 348
12.11 Silver (Ag) ……Page 356
References ……Page 357
12.12 Tungsten (W) ……Page 363
References ……Page 364
13.1.1 Intraband Spectrum ……Page 374
13.1.2 Interband Spectrum ……Page 376
13.2.1 Polished Polycrystalline Samples ……Page 377
13.2.2 Thin-Film Polycrystalline Samples ……Page 378
13.2.2.1 Surface Oxide Layers ……Page 379
13.2.2.3 Surface Roughness and Morphology ……Page 380
13.2.3 Noncrystalline and Liquid Samples ……Page 381
13.3.1 Room-Temperature Optical Constants ……Page 382
13.3.2 Reflectance at Normal Incidence ……Page 384
13.3.3 Room-Temperature Dielectric Function ……Page 385
13.3.4 Temperature Dependence ……Page 386
13.3.5 Pressure Dependence ……Page 387
References ……Page 388
14. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) ……Page 413
References ……Page 417
15. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) ……Page 432
References ……Page 435
16. Gallium Phosphide (GaP) ……Page 447
References ……Page 451
17. Germanium (Ge) ……Page 467
References ……Page 471
18. Indium Arsenide (InAs) ……Page 481
References ……Page 483
19. Indium Antimonide (InSb) ……Page 492
References ……Page 495
20. Indium Phosphide (InP) ……Page 504
References ……Page 507
21. Lead Selenide (PbSe) ……Page 518
References ……Page 519
22. Lead Sulfide (PbS) ……Page 525
References ……Page 528
23. Lead Telluride (PbTe) ……Page 534
References ……Page 537
24. Silicon (Si) ……Page 546
References ……Page 551
25. Silicon (Amorphous) (a-Si) ……Page 569
References ……Page 571
26. Silicon Carbide (SiC) ……Page 585
References ……Page 587
27.2 Synthetic ZnS ……Page 594
27.3 Cubic ZnS Data ……Page 595
27.4 Hexagonal ZnS Data ……Page 597
27.5 Hot-Pressed ZnS Data ……Page 598
References ……Page 599
28.1 Crystalline As_2 Se_3 ……Page 618
28.2 Vitreous As_2 Se_3 ……Page 619
References ……Page 620
29.1 Crystalline As_2 S_3 ……Page 635
29.2 Vitreous As_2 S_3 ……Page 636
References ……Page 638
30. Cubic Carbon (Diamond) ……Page 658
References ……Page 661
31. Lithium Fluoride (LiF) ……Page 667
References ……Page 670
32. Lithium Niobate (LiNbO_3) ……Page 686
References ……Page 688
33. Potassium Chloride (KCl) ……Page 694
References ……Page 697
34. Silicon Dioxide (SiO_2), Type Alpha (Crystalline) ……Page 710
References ……Page 712
35. Silicon Dioxide (SiO_2) (Glass) ……Page 739
References ……Page 742
36. Silicon Monoxide (SiO) (Noncrystalline) ……Page 754
References ……Page 755
37. Silicon Nitride (Si_3 N_4) (Noncrystalline) ……Page 759
References ……Page 760
38. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) ……Page 763
References ……Page 767
39. Titanium Dioxide (TiO_2) (Rutile) ……Page 782
References ……Page 785
Front Matter ……Page 792
Table of Contents ……Page 794
1.2 The Chapters ……Page 808
1.3 The Critiques ……Page 810
1.4 The Tables ……Page 811
1.6 General Remarks ……Page 812
1.7 Errata ……Page 813
References ……Page 816
2.1 Introduction ……Page 825
2.3 Wave Equation ……Page 826
2.4 Polarization ……Page 830
2.4.1 Linear Polarization ……Page 832
2.4.2.1 (Omega t-Delta) Form ……Page 834
2.4.2.3 Spatial Visualization ……Page 836
2.4.2.4 Terminology ……Page 839
2.5 Fresnel’s Amplitude Reflection Coefficients ……Page 841
2.5.1 s Polarization ……Page 842
2.5.2 p Polarization ……Page 844
2.5.3 Phase Change ……Page 845
2.6 Nomenclature ……Page 854
2.7 Concluding Remarks ……Page 855
References ……Page 856
3.1 Introduction ……Page 860
3.2 An Example of Comparison between the Different Techniques of Index Determination ……Page 861
3.3 Principle Methods of Index Determination ……Page 863
3.4 Sensitivity and Accuracy of the Determination Methods ……Page 867
3.5 Overlapping and Tests of Validity of the Model ……Page 870
References ……Page 874
4.1 Introduction ……Page 877
4.2 Surface-Plasmon Oscillations ……Page 879
4.3 Optical Analysis of ATR Structures ……Page 883
4.4 Guided Modes ……Page 886
4.5.2 Molecular Films ……Page 889
4.5.3 Organic Dyes ……Page 891
4.5.5 Surface Tilt Angle of Nematic Liquid Crystals ……Page 892
4.5.8 Long-Range Surface-Plasmon Waves ……Page 895
References ……Page 896
5.1 Introduction ……Page 898
5.2 The Classical Optical Response of a Multilayer System ……Page 899
5.3 Semiconductor Superlattices ……Page 902
5.3.1 Excitons and Single-Particle Excitations ……Page 903
5.3.1.1 Stronger Excitonic Features ……Page 905
5.3.1.2 Split Excitons ……Page 907
5.3.1.3 Selection Rules ……Page 908
5.3.2 Phonons ……Page 909
5.4 Amorphous Superlattices ……Page 910
5.5 Collective Excitations ……Page 913
5.6 Lattice Disorder ……Page 919
5.7 The Effect of Nonlocal Dielectric Functions ……Page 921
References ……Page 923
6.1 Introduction ……Page 926
6.2 The Quantum-Density-Matrix Formulation of the Complex Dielectric Constant ……Page 929
6.3 Comparison with Experimental Results ……Page 939
6.4 Summary ……Page 948
References ……Page 949
7.1 Introduction ……Page 951
7.2.1 Derivation of k(E) ……Page 954
7.2.2 Derivation of n(E) ……Page 960
7.3.1 The Parameters Involved in the Equations for k(E) and n(E) ……Page 963
7.3.2 k(E) and n(E) in the Limit E Approaches Infinity ……Page 964
7.4.1 Amorphous Semiconductors and Dielectrics ……Page 966
7.4.2 Crystalline Semiconductors and Dielectrics ……Page 969
7.4.3 Metals ……Page 971
7.5 Summary ……Page 974
References ……Page 975
8.1 Introduction ……Page 976
8.2.1 General Remarks ……Page 978
8.2.2 One-Phonon Temperature Dependence ……Page 980
8.2.3 Absorption near Transparency ……Page 984
References ……Page 998
9.1 Introduction ……Page 1001
9.2.1 Contamination and Surface Roughness ……Page 1002
9.2.2 Vacuum Deposition and in Situ Reflectance Measurement ……Page 1003
9.3 Aluminum Reflectance versus Angle in UHV ……Page 1004
9.4 Determination of n and k ……Page 1005
9.4.2 Sensitivity to n and k ……Page 1006
9.5.1 Aluminum at 58.4 nm ……Page 1008
9.5.3 Drude Free-Electron Model ……Page 1009
References ……Page 1010
10.1 Introduction ……Page 1011
10.2.1 Basic Experimental Considerations ……Page 1015
10.2.2 Optimum Geometry ……Page 1016
10.2.3 Design of the Ellipsometer ……Page 1019
10.2.4 VUV Polarizers ……Page 1022
10.2.5 Photodiodes As VUV-Detectors ……Page 1023
10.3.1 Basic Formulas ……Page 1024
10.3.2 Calibration ……Page 1029
10.3.3 Error Analysis ……Page 1030
10.4.1 III-V Semiconductors ……Page 1035
10.4.2.1 ZnS ……Page 1036
10.4.2.2 CdTe ……Page 1039
10.4.3 Calcium Fluoride ……Page 1040
10.5 Summary ……Page 1042
References ……Page 1043
11.1 Introduction to MSFTI ……Page 1045
11.2 Fundamental Dimensional Constraints and Inequalities ……Page 1051
11.3 Relationship of MSFTI to Alternative Metrological Techniques ……Page 1052
11.4 General Experimental Equations and Sensitivity Analysis ……Page 1056
11.5 A Characterization of the Optical Constants of Au Using MSFTI in the 280-640 eV Range ……Page 1063
11.6 Problems and Prospects in Sample Preparation ……Page 1068
11.7 Prospects for MSFTI in Other Spectral Regimes ……Page 1070
11.8 Summary ……Page 1071
References ……Page 1072
12.1 Introduction ……Page 1076
12.2 Theoretical Background ……Page 1077
12.3 Experimental Details ……Page 1082
12.4 Examples ……Page 1083
12.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects ……Page 1086
References ……Page 1089
13.1 Introduction ……Page 1090
13.2 Description of an EELS Experiment ……Page 1092
13.3 Scattering Cross-Section ……Page 1094
13.4 Exact Determination of the Loss Function ……Page 1095
13.5 Kramers – Kronig Analysis ……Page 1096
13.7 Comparison with Reflectivity Measurements ……Page 1097
13.8 Optical Properties of TiC, VC, TiN, and VN ……Page 1100
References ……Page 1107
14.2 The Parameters ……Page 1109
References ……Page 1130
References ……Page 1134
15.2 Alkali Metals ……Page 1135
References ……Page 1137
15.3 Lithium (Li) ……Page 1138
References ……Page 1140
15.4 Sodium (Na) ……Page 1147
References ……Page 1150
15.5 Potassium (K) ……Page 1157
References ……Page 1160
15.6 Chromium (Cr) ……Page 1167
References ……Page 1169
15.7 Iron (Fe) ……Page 1178
References ……Page 1180
15.8 Niobium (Nb) ……Page 1189
References ……Page 1190
15.9 Tantalum (Ta) ……Page 1201
References ……Page 1202
16. Beryllium (Be) ……Page 1213
References ……Page 1217
17. Cobalt (Co) ……Page 1226
17.2 Results for Cobalt Films ……Page 1228
17.3 Results for Bulk Cobalt ……Page 1230
References ……Page 1231
18. Graphite (C) ……Page 1240
References ……Page 1244
19. Liquid Mercury (Hg) ……Page 1252
References ……Page 1256
20. Palladium (Pd) ……Page 1260
References ……Page 1263
21. Vanadium (V) ……Page 1268
References ……Page 1271
22. Aluminum Arsenide (AlAs) ……Page 1278
References ……Page 1281
23. Aluminum Antimonide (AlSb) ……Page 1289
References ……Page 1293
24. Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (Al_x Ga_1-x As) ……Page 1300
References ……Page 1302
25. Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) ……Page 1346
References ……Page 1350
26.1 Hexagonal Cadmium Sulphide ……Page 1366
26.2 Thin Films ……Page 1369
26.3 Infrared Region ……Page 1371
References ……Page 1373
27. Gallium Antimonide (GaSb) ……Page 1383
References ……Page 1387
28. Silicon – Germanium Alloys (Si_x Ge_1-x) ……Page 1393
References ……Page 1397
29. Lead Tin Telluride (PbSnTe) ……Page 1423
References ……Page 1425
30. Mercury Cadmium Telluride (Hg_1-x Cd_x Te) ……Page 1440
30.1 The Ultraviolet, Visible, and near-Infrared Range (6-1.5 eV) ……Page 1441
30.2 The Band-Edge and Subband-Gap Region (~1.5 E_g – 0.1 eV) ……Page 1444
30.3 Far-Infrared and Reststrahlen Region (0.05 – 0.0001 eV) ……Page 1448
Acknowledgments ……Page 1451
References ……Page 1452
31. Selenium (Se) ……Page 1475
Acknowledgments ……Page 1477
References ……Page 1478
32. Cubic Silicon Carbide (Beta-SiC) ……Page 1488
References ……Page 1489
33. Tellurium (Te) ……Page 1491
References ……Page 1495
34. Tin Telluride (SnTe) ……Page 1506
References ……Page 1508
35. Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) Zinc Telluride (ZnTe) ……Page 1518
35.1 Optical Properties of Zinc Selenide ……Page 1519
35.2 Excitons in ZnSe ……Page 1523
35.4 Optical Properties of Zinc Telluride ……Page 1524
References ……Page 1528
36. Aluminum Oxide (Al_2 O_3) ……Page 1541
References ……Page 1544
37. Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) Spinel ……Page 1556
References ……Page 1559
38. Barium Titanate (BaTiO_3) ……Page 1567
References ……Page 1571
39. Beryllium Oxide (BeO) ……Page 1582
References ……Page 1584
40. Calcium Fluoride (CaF_2) ……Page 1592
40.1 Synthetic Calcium Fluoride ……Page 1593
40.2 Laser Applications ……Page 1599
References ……Page 1602
41. Amorphous Hydrogenated “Diamondlike” Carbon Films and Arc-Evaporated Carbon Films ……Page 1613
References ……Page 1616
42. Cesium Iodide (CsI) ……Page 1629
References ……Page 1633
43. Copper Oxides (Cu_2 O, CuO) ……Page 1651
References ……Page 1654
44. Magnesium Aluminum Spinel (MgAl_2 O_4) ……Page 1659
References ……Page 1663
45. Magnesium Fluoride (MgF_2) ……Page 1675
References ……Page 1679
46.1 X-Ray and Ultraviolet Range ……Page 1695
46.2 Absorption in the Near-UV through near-IR Region ……Page 1702
46.3 Refractive Index in and near the Visible Region ……Page 1705
46.4 Thin Films, UV – VIS ……Page 1707
46.5 Infrared Region ……Page 1710
References ……Page 1715
47. Polyethylene (C_2 H_4)_n ……Page 1732
References ……Page 1743
48. Potassium Bromide (KBr) ……Page 1763
References ……Page 1766
49. Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH_2 PO_4, KDP) and Three of Its Isomorphs ……Page 1779
References ……Page 1782
50. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) ……Page 1795
References ……Page 1798
51. Strontium Titanate (SrTiO_3) ……Page 1809
References ……Page 1811
52. Thorium Fluoride (ThF_4) ……Page 1822
References ……Page 1827
53. Water (H_2 O) ……Page 1832
References ……Page 1836
54. Yttrium Oxide (Y_2 O_3) ……Page 1851
References ……Page 1856
Notes Added in Proof ……Page 1858
Front Matter ……Page 1869
Preface ……Page 1881
Table of Contents ……Page 1871
List of Contributors ……Page 1878
1.1 Introduction ……Page 1884
1.2 The Chapters ……Page 1885
1.5 The Figures of the Tables ……Page 1886
1.6.2 Optical Constants of Metal Films ……Page 1887
1.6.3 Henke Model for the Elements ……Page 1889
1.6.4.2 Semiconductors ……Page 1890
1.6.4.3 Insulators ……Page 1892
References ……Page 1893
2.1 Introduction ……Page 1894
2.2.1.1 NaCl ……Page 1901
2.2.1.2 KCl ……Page 1904
2.2.1.3 KBr ……Page 1906
2.2.1.4 KI ……Page 1908
2.2.1.6 NaF, RbBr, and RbI ……Page 1910
2.2.2 Semiconductors ……Page 1913
2.2.3.1 CdTe ……Page 1914
2.2.3.2 ZnSe ……Page 1917
2.2.4.1 GaP ……Page 1919
2.2.4.2 GaAs ……Page 1921
2.2.4.3 GaSb ……Page 1925
2.2.4.4 InP ……Page 1928
2.2.4.5 InAs ……Page 1931
2.2.4.6 InSb ……Page 1934
References ……Page 1936
3.1 Introduction ……Page 1939
3.2.1 Gas-Cell – Microphone Photoacoustics ……Page 1940
3.2.2 Piezoelectric Photoacoustics ……Page 1944
3.3 Photopyroelectric Spectroscopy (PPES) ……Page 1947
3.4 Measurements of Alpha(Lambda) in Semiconductors Using Photoacoustic/Photothermal Techniques ……Page 1949
3.4.1 Si ……Page 1950
3.4.2 Ge ……Page 1951
3.4.3 AgCl ……Page 1952
3.4.6 CdTe ……Page 1953
3.4.7 GaAs ……Page 1954
3.4.8 GaP ……Page 1955
3.4.9 InSb ……Page 1956
3.4.10 InP ……Page 1958
3.4.11 GaSe ……Page 1959
3.4.12 CdS ……Page 1961
3.4.15 As_2 S_3 ……Page 1962
3.4.17 Ga_1-x Al_x As ……Page 1964
3.4.18 a-Si ……Page 1965
3.4.20 SnS ……Page 1973
References ……Page 1974
4.1 Introduction ……Page 1978
4.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages ……Page 1982
4.2.2 Examples of Deflection Techniques ……Page 1983
4.2.3 Summary of Strengths and Weaknesses ……Page 1984
4.2.4 Measurements of k Using Photothermal Deflection ……Page 1985
4.2.4.1 Aluminum Oxide and Fused Silica Glasses (Al_2 O_3, SiO_2 Glasses) ……Page 1986
4.2.4.4 Gallium Arsenide and Amorphous Gallium Arsenide (GaAs, a-GaAs:H) ……Page 1988
4.2.4.7 Amorphous GeSe and Selenium Films (a-GeSe, a-Se) ……Page 1989
4.2.4.10 Iron Disilicide (FeSi_2) ……Page 1990
4.2.4.13 Amorphous Silicon and Hydrogenated Silicon (a-Si, a-Si:H) ……Page 1991
4.2.4.15 Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) ……Page 1992
4.2.5 Working Equations ……Page 1993
Conclusions ……Page 1995
References ……Page 1996
5.1 Definition of Notation ……Page 1999
5.2 Introduction ……Page 2000
5.3 Background on Brillouin Scattering Technique ……Page 2001
5.4 Equations for Measurement of the Index of Refraction ……Page 2003
5.4.1 Scattering in Transparent Materials ……Page 2004
5.4.2 Scattering from Absorbing Materials ……Page 2005
5.5 Fabry-Perot Interferometers ……Page 2006
5.6 Discussion ……Page 2007
5.7 Brillouin Scattering in Thin Slabs and Optical Fibers ……Page 2012
5.8.1 Side Illumination (90 External Scattering) ……Page 2013
5.8.2 Edge Illumination (90 External Scattering) ……Page 2016
5.8.3.1 External Backscattering ……Page 2018
5.8.4.1 Isotropic Samples ……Page 2019
5.8.4.2 Uniaxially Stretched Films ……Page 2021
5.8.5 Side Illumination at Normal Incidence ……Page 2022
5.9 Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers ……Page 2024
5.9.1 Examples ……Page 2025
5.9.1.1 180 Scattering ……Page 2026
5.9.1.2 90 Scattering ……Page 2027
5.9.1.3 Edge Illumination (90 External Scattering) ……Page 2029
References ……Page 2031
6.1 Introduction ……Page 2033
6.2 Contributions to Dielectric Function: Optical Properties versus Optical Constants ……Page 2034
6.3 Semiclassical Theory of Free-Carrier Contribution to the Dielectric Function: The Drude Approximation ……Page 2036
6.4 Free-Carrier Contribution to the Dielectric Function in Quantum Absorption Regime: Generalized Drude Approach ……Page 2037
6.5 Experimental Data Overview ……Page 2040
6.6 Generalized Drude Approximation for n-Si ……Page 2044
6.6.1 Electron-Phonon Scattering ……Page 2045
6.6.2 Electron-Impurity Scattering ……Page 2046
6.7 Tabulation of Optical Constants of Doped n-Si ……Page 2049
References ……Page 2063
7.2 The Parameters ……Page 2065
References ……Page 2103
8.1 Introduction ……Page 2108
References ……Page 2110
8.3 Titanium (Ti) ……Page 2115
References ……Page 2116
8.4 Manganese (Mn) ……Page 2124
References ……Page 2125
8.5 Ruthenium (Ru) ……Page 2128
References ……Page 2129
8.6 Indium (In) ……Page 2136
References ……Page 2137
8.7 Tin (Sn) ……Page 2143
References ……Page 2144
8.8 Antimony (Sb) ……Page 2149
References ……Page 2150
8.9 Rhenium (Re) ……Page 2153
References ……Page 2154
9.1 Introduction ……Page 2162
9.2 Cerium ……Page 2167
9.3 Samarium ……Page 2168
9.4 Gadolinium ……Page 2169
9.5 Terbium ……Page 2172
9.6 Dysprosium ……Page 2173
9.7 Erbium ……Page 2175
9.8 Thulium ……Page 2176
9.9 Ytterbium ……Page 2177
References ……Page 2178
10. Cesium (Cs) ……Page 2216
References ……Page 2219
11. Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) Hafnium Nitride (HfN) ……Page 2226
Acknowledgment ……Page 2232
References ……Page 2233
12.1 Introduction ……Page 2246
12.2 Band Gap, Band-Edge Absorption, and Birefringence ……Page 2247
12.3 Vacuum Ultraviolet Range ……Page 2248
12.6 Table and Figures ……Page 2249
References ……Page 2250
13. Bismuth Silicon Oxide (Bi_12 SiO_20) Bismuth Germanium Oxide (Bi_12 GeO_20) ……Page 2275
References ……Page 2280
14.1 Introduction ……Page 2296
14.2 cBN ……Page 2297
14.3 hBN ……Page 2299
References ……Page 2300
15. Cadmium Germanium Arsenide (CdGeAs_2) ……Page 2315
15.2 Band-Gap Absorption Edge ……Page 2316
15.3 Band Gap ……Page 2317
References ……Page 2318
16. Copper Gallium Sulfide (CuGaS_2) ……Page 2329
16.2 Band-Gap Absorption Edge ……Page 2330
16.4 Lattice Absorption in the Infrared ……Page 2331
References ……Page 2332
17.1 Complex Index of Refraction ……Page 2342
17.2 Thermal Coefficients ……Page 2345
References ……Page 2346
18. Gallium Telluride (GaTe) ……Page 2357
References ……Page 2359
19. Iron Pyrite (FeS_2) ……Page 2374
References ……Page 2378
20.1.1 Introduction ……Page 2385
20.1.2 Extinction Coefficient ……Page 2386
20.1.3 Real Part of the Index of Refraction ……Page 2388
References ……Page 2390
21. Silicon (Si) Revisited (1.4-6.0 eV) ……Page 2396
References ……Page 2398
22. Silicon-Germanium Alloys (Si_x Ge _1-x) Revisited ……Page 2402
References ……Page 2403
23.1 AgCl (CUBIC) ……Page 2418
23.2 AgBr (CUBIC) ……Page 2419
23.3 Beta-AgI (Hexagonal), Stable for T < T_c = 147C ……Page 2420
References ……Page 2421
24. Silver Gallium Selenide (AgGaSe_2) Silver Gallium Sulfide (AgGaS_2) ……Page 2438
24.1 Optical Properties of AgGaSe_2 ……Page 2439
24.2 Optical Properties of AgGaS_2 ……Page 2441
References ……Page 2442
25. Zinc Arsenide (Zn_3 As_2) ……Page 2459
References ……Page 2460
26. Zinc Phosphide (Zn_3 P_2) ……Page 2472
References ……Page 2475
27. Zinc Germanium Phosphide (ZnGeP_2) ……Page 2499
27.2 Band-Gap Absorption Edge ……Page 2500
27.4 Lattice Absorption in the Infrared ……Page 2501
References ……Page 2502
28. Aluminum Oxide (Al_2 O_3) Revisited ……Page 2514
References ……Page 2518
29. Barium Fluoride (BaF_2) ……Page 2544
References ……Page 2547
30. Calcium Carbonate, Calcite (CaCO_3) ……Page 2561
References ……Page 2563
31. Cesium Bromide (CsBr) ……Page 2576
References ……Page 2578
32. Cesium Chloride (CsCl) ……Page 2590
References ……Page 2592
33. Cesium Fluoride (CsF) ……Page 2601
References ……Page 2603
34. Beta-Gallium Oxide (Beta-Ga_2 O_3) ……Page 2610
References ……Page 2612
35. Lead Fluoride (PbF_2) ……Page 2618
References ……Page 2623
36. Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO_3) ……Page 2634
References ……Page 2637
37. Potassium Iodide (KI) ……Page 2663
References ……Page 2666
38. Potassium Niobate (KNbO_3) ……Page 2677
References ……Page 2681
39. Rubidium Bromide (RbBr) ……Page 2700
References ……Page 2703
40. Rubidium Iodide (RbI) ……Page 2711
References ……Page 2715
41. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO_3) ……Page 2725
References ……Page 2727
42. Strontium Fluoride (SrF_2) ……Page 2736
References ……Page 2739
43.1 Overview ……Page 2751
43.2 Extrapolation to Different Temperatures ……Page 2754
43.3 The Tabulated Data ……Page 2755
References ……Page 2757
44.1 Thallium Chloride ……Page 2775
44.2 Thallium Bromide ……Page 2777
44.3 Thallium Iodide ……Page 2779
44.4 Mixed Thallous Halides KRS-5 and KRSJ ……Page 2780
References ……Page 2783
45. Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Y_3 Al_5 O_12) ……Page 2814
References ……Page 2817
46. Zircon (ZrSiO_4) ……Page 2838
References ……Page 2840
Front Matter ……Page 2851
Table of Contents ……Page 2853
Introduction ……Page 2854
Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids ……Page 2855
HOC I ……Page 2856
HOC III ……Page 2857
Conclusion ……Page 2858
B ……Page 2860
F ……Page 2861
J ……Page 2862
O ……Page 2863
R ……Page 2864
T ……Page 2865
W ……Page 2866
A ……Page 2867
B ……Page 2890
C ……Page 2902
D ……Page 2926
E ……Page 2943
F ……Page 2960
G ……Page 2975
H ……Page 2982
I ……Page 2989
J ……Page 3010
K ……Page 3011
L ……Page 3018
M ……Page 3034
N ……Page 3048
O ……Page 3053
P ……Page 3061
Q ……Page 3088
R ……Page 3090
S ……Page 3108
T ……Page 3140
U ……Page 3165
V ……Page 3169
W ……Page 3177
X ……Page 3180
Y ……Page 3182

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