Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology – Elementary Particles and Fields

Robert A. Meyers (Editor-in-Chief)

Written by a galaxy of Nobel Laureates, the latest edition of this world-renowned Encyclopedia offers hundreds of in-depth, accessible articles addressing all of the key areas in physical science research and applications.Nine years has passed since the 1992 second edition of the encyclopedia was published. This completely revised third edition, which is a university and professional level compendium of chemistry, molecular biology, mathematics, and engineering, is refreshed with numerous articles about current research in these fields. For example, the new edition has an increased emphasis on information processing and biotechnology, reflecting the rapid growth of these areas. The continuing Editor-in-Chief, Robert Meyers , and the Board prepared a new topical outline of physical science and technology to define complete coverage. Section editors are either Nobel Laureates or editors of key journals in their fields. Additional Board members representing the global scientific community were also recruited. The new 18-volume edition of the Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Third Edition , will have the added feature of an Index Volume, containing abstracts of all of the articles in the en cyclopedia.

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Table of contents :
Glossary……Page 1
Cp Symmetry……Page 2
Observation of Cp Violation……Page 3
Recent Progress……Page 4
Future Areas of Research……Page 5
References……Page 6
Glossary……Page 7
Background And Scope……Page 8
Basic Theoretical Method……Page 9
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle……Page 10
Fermi Gas Method……Page 11
Relativistic Electrons……Page 12
Equation of State……Page 13
Thomas–Fermi Method……Page 14
High Temperatures……Page 16
Neutronization……Page 17
Nuclear Semiempirical Mass Formula……Page 19
Liquid Drop Model……Page 20
Neutron Matter……Page 21
Quark Matter……Page 22
The Second Density Domain……Page 23
The Third Density Domain……Page 24
Neutron Matter Region……Page 25
Pion Condensation Region……Page 26
Quark Matter……Page 27
Electrical Conductivity……Page 28
Thermal Conductivity……Page 30
Shear Viscosity……Page 31
Neutrino Emissivity And Opacity……Page 32
Neutrino Emissivity……Page 33
Neutrino Opacity……Page 35
References……Page 36
Glossary……Page 37
QFT of Electromagnetism……Page 39
Concept of Renormalization……Page 40
Gauge Invariance in QFT……Page 41
Full Standard Model Lagrangian……Page 42
Confronting the Infinities……Page 44
Building Blocks for Renormalizing the Standard Model……Page 45
Renormalization Schemes for the SM……Page 46
Phenomenology of the Standard Model……Page 49
Definition of Pseudo-Observables……Page 50
Fitting the Experimental Data……Page 52
See also the Following Articles……Page 53
References……Page 54
Glossary……Page 55
Green’S Theorem and Green’S Functions in Electrostatics……Page 56
Retarded Electromagnetic Potential……Page 57
The Dirac Equation……Page 58
Perturbation Theory……Page 59
Field Theory……Page 60
References……Page 61
Glossary……Page 62
QCD Vacuum and Symmetries……Page 64
Phase Diagram of Matter……Page 67
QGP Signatures……Page 68
Charmonium Suppression……Page 69
Strangeness Enhancement……Page 70
Electromagnetic Probes……Page 71
J/ψ Suppression……Page 72
Multi-Strange Particle Production……Page 73
Interpretation……Page 74
RHIC Program……Page 75
References……Page 76
Glossary……Page 77
The First Theory of β-Decay. Fermi……Page 79
Lepton Number. Discovery of the Neutrino……Page 80
Nonconservation of Parity in β-Decay. The Two-Component Neutrino……Page 81
Universal Current × Current Theory of Weak Interactions……Page 83
Discovery of the νµ. Electron and Muon Lepton Numbers……Page 85
Strange Particles in the Current × Current Interaction. The Cabibbo Angle……Page 86
Glashow–Weinberg–Salam Theory of the Electroweak Interaction……Page 87
The Discovery of Neutral Currents……Page 88
Deep Inelastic Neutrino–Nucleon Scattering and the Quark Structure of Nucleon……Page 89
Neutrino Masses. Introduction……Page 91
Neutrino Mixing……Page 92
Neutrino Oscillations……Page 93
Experiments on the Search for Neutrino Oscillations……Page 94
The Solar Neutrino Experiments……Page 95
The Atmospheric Neutrino Experiments……Page 97
The Neutrinoless Double β-Decay……Page 98
References……Page 99
Glossary……Page 100
Tools of the Nuclear Chemist……Page 101
Basic Nature of Radioactivity……Page 103
Decay, Growth and Decay, Naturally Occurring Radionuclides……Page 104
Basic Constituents of Nuclear Matter……Page 105
New Elements……Page 106
Nuclear Shell Model……Page 107
Beta Decay……Page 108
Basic Features……Page 109
Heavy-Ion-Induced Reactions……Page 110
High-Energy Reactions……Page 111
Fission……Page 112
Production Of New Elements……Page 113
Recent Developments……Page 117
References……Page 118
Glossary……Page 119
Twentieth-Century History……Page 120
Nuclear Sizes and Shapes……Page 121
Nuclear Masses……Page 122
Beta Decay……Page 123
Alpha Decay……Page 124
Limits of Metastability……Page 125
Motion of Nucleons in Nuclei……Page 126
Deformed Nuclei……Page 127
Equilibrium Deformations and Rotations……Page 129
Interacting Boson Model……Page 131
Nucleon Scattering……Page 132
Nuclei as Projectiles……Page 133
Fission Reactors……Page 134
Subnuclear Structure……Page 135
References……Page 136
Glossary……Page 137
The Standard Model……Page 138
Particle Reactions……Page 139
Feynman Diagrams……Page 140
Ranges of the Fundamental Forces……Page 141
The Six Known Leptons……Page 142
Lepton Number Conservation……Page 143
Neutrinos……Page 144
Introduction……Page 145
Jets……Page 146
Quark Numbers……Page 147
Baryons and Mesons……Page 148
Hadron Lifetimes……Page 149
Flavor Independence……Page 150
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)……Page 151
Quark Jets……Page 153
Color Counting……Page 154
W± and Z 0 Bosons……Page 155
Quarks and Hadrons……Page 157
Neutral Currents and the Unified Theory……Page 158
Experimental Methods……Page 160
Accelerators and Beams……Page 161
Particle Detectors……Page 162
Grand Unification……Page 164
Supersymmetry……Page 165
Neutrino Oscillations……Page 166
References……Page 168
Introduction……Page 169
Experimental Detectors for Proton Decay……Page 172
The Next Step in the Search for Nucleon Decay……Page 175
References……Page 176
Glossary……Page 177
Symmetry in the Standard Model……Page 179
Unification Using Extended Symmetry……Page 183
Quantitative Unification……Page 184
Succeeding with Supersymmetry……Page 185
References……Page 187