Electronic Excitations in Organic Based Nanostructures, Volume 31

G. Franco Bassani, V. M. Agranovich0125330316, 9780125330312, 9781423709312

The first book devoted to a systematic consideration of electronic excitations and electronic energy transfer in organic crystalline multilayers and organics based nanostructures(quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, microcavities). The ingenious combination of organic with inorganic materials in one and the same hybrid structure is shown to give qualitatively new opto-electronic phenomena, potentially important for applications in nonlinear optics, light emitting devices, photovoltaic cells, lasers and so on. The book will be useful not only for physicists but also for chemists and biologists.To help the nonspecialist reader, three Chapters which contain a tutorial and updated introduction to the physics of electronic excitations in organic and inorganic solids have been included. * hybrid Frenkel-Wannier-Mott excitons * microcavities with crystalline and disordered organics * electronic excitation at donor-acceptor interfaces * cold photoconductivity at donor-acceptor interface * cummulative photovoltage * Feorster transfer energy in microcavity * New concepts for LEDs

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Table of contents :
Table of Contents……Page 6
Contributors……Page 10
Preface……Page 12
Introduction……Page 16
Single Molecule: Eigenstates and Two-Level Approximation……Page 19
Dimer of Two-Level Molecules……Page 21
Second Quantization……Page 24
Hamiltonian……Page 27
Multi-Exciton Bands……Page 28
Bosonization……Page 30
Beyond the Heitler-London Approximation……Page 33
General Hamiltonian and One-Exciton States……Page 35
One Molecule per Unit Cell……Page 36
Multi-Level Molecules……Page 38
Dielectric Response of Molecular Crystals……Page 39
Exciton-Polaritons……Page 42
Nonlinear Spectroscopy……Page 45
Exciton-Phonon Interaction……Page 48
Generalized Lorentz Local Field……Page 49
Cubic Crystals with One Molecule per Unit Cell……Page 53
Local-Field Corrections for Impurities……Page 54
Impurity-Free Crystals: Mixing of Molecular Configurations……Page 55
Anisotropic Crystals: Absorption Intensities and Davydov Splitting……Page 57
Exciton Motion and Diffusion……Page 60
The Diffusion Tensor……Page 62
General Expressions……Page 64
Isotropic Exciton Effective Mass and Scattering by Acoustic Phonons……Page 65
Temperature Dependence of the Diffusion Constant……Page 67
Strong Exciton-Phonon Coupling: Incoherent Excitons……Page 68
Transport Measurements and Diffusion of Polaritons……Page 71
Introductory Remarks……Page 73
Self-Trapping of Frenkel Excitons……Page 74
Self-Trapping of Charge-Transfer Excitons……Page 75
Spectra and Mobility of ST Excitons……Page 76
General Considerations……Page 78
Stark Effect and Electro-Absorption of CTEs……Page 79
Introductory Remarks……Page 82
Homogeneous Aggregates……Page 85
Disordered Aggregates: Exchange Narrowing and Localization……Page 89
Interest……Page 94
Incorporating the Two-Exciton States……Page 95
Pump-Probe Spectrum of J-Aggregates……Page 97
Aggregates of Other Geometries……Page 101
Excitons in Biological Systems……Page 102
References……Page 105
Introduction……Page 112
Band Structure of Direct Gap Semiconductors……Page 113
Interband Transitions and Optical Constants……Page 114
Electron-Hole Correlation……Page 116
Effective Mass Approximation……Page 117
Effective Screening……Page 118
Oscillator Strength……Page 119
Sommerfeld Enhancement……Page 120
Quantum Well Confinement……Page 121
Intersubband Transitions……Page 123
Quantum Well Exciton States……Page 124
Quantum Well Exciton Absorption……Page 125
Exciton Linewidth……Page 126
Theoretical Refinements……Page 127
Quantum Wires and Dots……Page 128
Real and Virtual Excitations……Page 130
Exciton Statistics……Page 131
Coulomb Interaction and Fermionic Hamiltonian……Page 132
Mean Field Optical Response……Page 133
Excitonic Optical Nonlinearities……Page 135
Bose-Einstein Condensation and Indirect Excitons……Page 138
References……Page 141
Introduction and General Concepts……Page 144
Classical Theory of Polaritons……Page 147
Quantum Theory of Polaritons……Page 150
Real Space Density Matrix Approach……Page 152
Experiments on Polaritons……Page 155
Surface Polaritons……Page 156
Quantum Well Polaritons……Page 162
Electron-Hole Exchange Effects……Page 166
Retardation Effects and Q.W. Polaritons……Page 168
Q.W. Polariton Lifetimes……Page 170
Quantum Wire Polaritons……Page 176
Q.W.W. Polariton Lifetimes……Page 180
Exciton-Polaritons in Microcavities……Page 181
Polaritons in Q.W. Implanted M.C…….Page 185
Bulk Microcavity Polaritons……Page 189
Quantum Theory of Polaritons in M.C…….Page 191
Applications……Page 192
References……Page 195
Introduction……Page 200
Dielectric Constant Tensor of Long Period Organic Superlattices with Isotropic Layers……Page 201
Plane Wave in the Bulk……Page 202
Surface Wave Propagating along Superlattice Layers……Page 203
Surface Wave along Interface Perpendicular to Layers……Page 204
Dielectric Tensor of a Superlattice……Page 205
Magnetooptical Effects in Superlattices……Page 207
Influence of Static Electric Field……Page 208
Optical Nonlinearities in Organic Multilayers……Page 209
Dielectric Tensor for Short Period Organic Superlattices……Page 212
Gas-Condensed Matter Shift and Possibility to Govern Spectra of Frenkel Excitons……Page 216
Fermi Resonance in Molecules……Page 222
Fermi-Resonance Wave in a Two-Layer System……Page 227
Fermi Resonance Interface Waves……Page 229
Bistable Energy Transmission through the Interface with Fermi Resonance Interaction……Page 231
References……Page 234
Introduction……Page 236
Localized Basis States in Real and Momentum Space……Page 241
Model Hamiltonians for Frenkel and Charge-Transfer States……Page 243
Characters and Transition Dipoles of the Eigenstates……Page 253
Direction of Charge-Transfer Transition Dipoles……Page 256
Exciton-Phonon Coupling in the Isolated Molecule……Page 260
The Holstein Hamiltonian for Exciton-Phonon Coupling……Page 265
Basis Functions for Numerical Diagonalization……Page 267
Transition Dipoles and Phonon Clouds of the Eigenstates……Page 271
Truncated Phonon Basis and Symmetry Adaptation……Page 275
The Limit for Weak Intermolecular Electronic Coupling……Page 277
Numerical Solutions for Various Electronic Coupling Strengths……Page 282
The Holstein Hamiltonian with Charge-Transfer States……Page 285
Description of PTCDA-Derivatives……Page 291
Inclusion of Finite Size and Quantum Confinement Effects……Page 298
Conclusion……Page 303
Acknowledgements……Page 304
References……Page 305
Phase Transition from Dielectric to Conducting State (Cold Photoconductivity)……Page 308
Analytical Approach……Page 309
Numerical Simulations……Page 312
Results of Numerical Simulations……Page 314
Concluding Remarks……Page 316
Introduction……Page 319
On the Mechanisms of the Photo-Voltaic Effect in Organics……Page 321
Cumulative Photovoltage in an Asymmetrical Stack of D-A Interfaces……Page 322
Exciton-exciton interaction at a D-A interface……Page 326
Nonlinear D-A interface polarizability……Page 327
Photogenerated Static Electric Field: Influence on the Nonresonant Optical Response……Page 328
References……Page 330
Introduction……Page 332
Configuration of Heterostructure and General Relations……Page 336
The Coupling Matrix Element……Page 338
Dispersion Relations of Hybrid States……Page 341
Linear Optical Response of Hybrid States……Page 344
The Resonant chi(3) Nonlinearity……Page 346
Second-Order Susceptibility chi(2)……Page 353
Hybrid Excitons in Parallel Organic and Inorganic Semiconductor Quantum Wires……Page 354
On the Hybridization of “Zero-Dimensional” Frenkel and Wannie-Mott Excitons……Page 359
Hybridization of Excitons in Microcavity Configurations……Page 360
Illustrative Estimates……Page 362
Microcavities with Disordered Organics: Coexistence of Coherent and Incoherent States……Page 364
References……Page 367
Introduction……Page 370
The Optical Properties of Microcavities……Page 371
Weak Coupling……Page 378
Strong Coupling……Page 380
Molecular Dyes……Page 382
J-Aggregates and Other Self-Assembled Molecular Systems……Page 385
Optical Measurement Techniques……Page 388
Reflectivity Measurements of Strongly-Coupled Cavities……Page 389
Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Dispersion……Page 391
Experimental Observations……Page 396
A Model for Non-Resonant Excitation and Emission……Page 399
Resonant Excitation Measurements……Page 404
The Generation of Raman Emission in a Microcavity……Page 407
Hybrid Semiconductor Microcavities……Page 408
Future Prospects……Page 412
Appendix……Page 413
References……Page 415
Chapter 9: Electronic Energy Transfer in a Planar Microcavity……Page 418
Energy Transfer: an Introductory Discussion……Page 419
Semiclassical Description of the Transfer……Page 421
Calculation of the Transfer Rate from Maxwell’s Equations……Page 422
Response Function……Page 426
Modeling a Specific Structure……Page 428
Mirrors……Page 429
Acceptors……Page 430
Donors……Page 431
Explicit Expressions……Page 434
Weak Absorption Regime……Page 437
Numerical Results……Page 441
Transfer at Fixed k……Page 442
Transfer, Integrated over k……Page 446
Strong Coupling Regime……Page 450
Summary……Page 453
Decay: Not the End of the Story……Page 454
Review of Relevant Experiments……Page 456
Concluding Remarks……Page 459
References……Page 460
Introduction……Page 462
The General Calculation Scheme for the Energy Transfer……Page 464
The Model for Semiconductor Polarization……Page 465
The Model for Organics……Page 468
Calculation of the Transfer Rate……Page 470
Transfer in the Planar Geometry: Quantum Wells……Page 471
Free Excitons……Page 472
Localized Excitons……Page 476
Free Carriers……Page 479
Transfer in the Spherical Geometry: Quantum Dots……Page 484
The Electric Field in the Organics in the Spherical Geometry……Page 485
The Wave Function: Limiting Cases……Page 488
The Wave Function: Variational Calculation……Page 493
Application to Light-Emitting Devices……Page 495
Summary……Page 498
References……Page 500
Subject Index……Page 502
Recent Volumes in this Series……Page 509