An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy

Sir Anthony Kenny9781405141796, 1405141794, 1405141808, 9781405141802

Philosophy in its infancy — The Athens of Socrates — The philosophy of Plato — The system of Aristotle — Greek philosophy after Aristotle — Early Christian philosophy — Early medieval philosophy — Philosophy in the thirteenth century — Oxford philosophers — Renaissance philosophy — The age of Descartes — English philosophy in the seventeenth century — Continental philosophy in the age of Louis XIV — British philosophy in the eighteenth century — The Enlightenment — The critical philosophy of Kant — German idealism and materialism — The utilitarians — Three nineteenth century philosophers — Three modern masters — Logic and the foundations of mathematics — The philosophy of Wittgenstein

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Table of contents :
PREFACE……Page 11
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS……Page 14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 17
I PHILOSOPHY IN ITS INFANCY……Page 18
The Milesians……Page 19
Xenophanes……Page 22
Heraclitus……Page 23
The School of Parmenides……Page 26
Empedocles……Page 31
The Atomists……Page 34
The Athenian Empire……Page 38
Anaxagoras……Page 40
The Sophists……Page 41
Socrates……Page 42
The Euthyphro……Page 45
The Phaedo……Page 48
Life and Works……Page 55
The Theory of Ideas……Page 57
Plato ’s Republic……Page 61
The Theaetetus and the Sophist……Page 71
Plato ’s Pupil,Alexander ’s Teacher……Page 78
The Foundation of Logic……Page 80
The Theory of Drama……Page 84
Moral Philosophy:Virtue and Happiness……Page 85
Moral Philosophy:Wisdom and Understanding……Page 89
Politics……Page 92
Science and Explanation……Page 94
Words and Things……Page 97
Motion and Change……Page 98
Soul,Sense,and Intellect……Page 100
Metaphysics……Page 103
The Hellenistic Era……Page 108
Epicureanism……Page 110
Stoicism……Page 112
Scepticism……Page 114
Rome and its Empire……Page 116
Jesus of Nazareth……Page 117
Christianity and Gnosticism……Page 119
Neo-Platonism……Page 123
Arianism and Orthodoxy……Page 126
The Theology of Incarnation……Page 129
The Life of Augustine……Page 131
The City of God and the Mystery of Grace……Page 134
Boethius and Philoponus……Page 137
John the Scot……Page 142
Alkindi and Avicenna……Page 145
The Feudal System……Page 147
Saint Anselm……Page 148
Abelard and Héloïse……Page 150
Abelard ’s Logic……Page 152
Abelard ’s Ethics……Page 154
Averroes……Page 156
Maimonides……Page 157
An Age of Innovation……Page 161
Saint Bonaventure……Page 164
Thirteenth-Century Logic……Page 166
Aquinas ’ Life and Works……Page 167
Aquinas ’ Natural Theology……Page 169
Matter,Form,Substance,and Accident……Page 171
Aquinas on Essence and Existence……Page 173
Aquinas ’ Philosophy of Mind……Page 174
Aquinas ’ Moral Philosophy……Page 176
The Fourteenth-Century University……Page 181
Duns Scotus……Page 182
Ockham ’s Logic of Language……Page 189
Ockham ’s Political Theory……Page 191
The Oxford Calculators……Page 194
John Wyclif……Page 195
The Renaissance……Page 199
Free-will:Rome vs.Louvain……Page 200
Renaissance Platonism……Page 203
Machiavelli……Page 205
More ’s Utopia……Page 207
The Reformation……Page 210
Post-Reformation Philosophy……Page 214
Bruno and Galileo……Page 216
Francis Bacon……Page 218
The Wars of Religion……Page 223
The Life of Descartes……Page 224
The Doubt and the Cogito……Page 227
The Essence of Mind……Page 229
God,Mind,and Body……Page 231
The Material World……Page 234
The Empiricism of Thomas Hobbes……Page 238
Hobbes ’ Political Philosophy……Page 240
The Political Theory of John Locke……Page 243
Locke on Ideas and Qualities……Page 245
Substances and Persons……Page 249
Blaise Pascal……Page 254
Spinoza and Malebranche……Page 257
Leibniz……Page 262
Berkeley……Page 268
Hume ’s Philosophy of Mind……Page 273
Hume on Causation……Page 277
Reid and Common Sense……Page 280
The Philosophes……Page 283
Rousseau……Page 284
Revolution and Romanticism……Page 288
Kant ’s Copernican Revolution……Page 292
The Transcendental Aesthetic……Page 295
The Transcendental Analytic: The Deduction of the Categories……Page 297
The Transcendental Analytic: The System of Principles……Page 300
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Paralogisms of Pure Reason……Page 303
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Antinomies of Pure Reason……Page 306
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Critique of Natural Theology……Page 308
Kant ’s Moral Philosophy……Page 312
Fichte……Page 315
Hegel……Page 316
Marx and the Young Hegelians……Page 321
Capitalism and its Discontents……Page 323
Jeremy Bentham……Page 326
The Utilitarianism of J.S.Mill……Page 331
Mill ’s Logic……Page 333
Schopenhauer……Page 337
Kierkegaard……Page 344
Nietzsche……Page 346
Charles Darwin……Page 350
John Henry Newman……Page 356
Sigmund Freud……Page 360
Frege ’s Logic……Page 368
Frege ’s Logicism……Page 370
Frege ’s Philosophy of Logic……Page 373
Russell ’s Paradox……Page 374
Russell ’s Theory of Descriptions……Page 376
Logical Analysis……Page 379
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus……Page 382
Logical Positivism……Page 385
Philosophical Investigations……Page 387
AFTERWORD……Page 399
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING……Page 403
INDEX……Page 409
Plate……Page 422