Heavy Metals Release in Soils

H. Magdi Selim, Donald L. Sparks9781566705318, 1-56670-531-2

Understanding the mechanisms associated with metal complexes and the sequestering metal contaminants in the environment is essential for effective remediation. Heavy Metal Release in Soils describes and quantifies desorption/release kinetics and dissolution reactions in the release of heavy metals from soil. The book focuses on: New techniques – microscopic surface techniques, NMR and electrophoresis, XAFS, SFM, and time-resolved ATR-FTIRTheoretical analysis and kinetic approaches – adsorption/desorption hysteresis, competitive sorption and transport, multi-component models, speciation kinetics, isotherms and soil and metal parameters, and the role of soil properties on transportApplications – arsenic speciation and mobility in contaminated soils, modeling activity of CD, Zn, and Cu in contaminated soils, and in situ chemical immobilizationA timely addition to the literature, this book highlights the desorption/release mechanisms for the purpose of resolving remediation dilemmas in contaminated environments. It gives you the added advantage of case studies at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales, and provides both experimental and numerical investigations. With contributions from an international panel of authors, Heavy Metals Release in Soils fills a gap in the current literature concerned with subsurface contaminant fate and transport processes.

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Table of contents :
Preface……Page 6
The Editors……Page 9
Contributors……Page 10
Contents……Page 12
INTRODUCTION……Page 14
MULTIREACTION KINETIC MODEL Model Formulation……Page 15
Nonlinearity and Kinetics……Page 19
Release……Page 24
MULTICOMPONENT MODEL Model Formulation……Page 26
Equilibrium Ion Exchange Isotherms……Page 27
Kinetic Ion Exchange……Page 30
Specific Sorption……Page 31
COMPETITIVE TRANSPORT Case Study I — (Cu-Mg)……Page 32
Case Study II — (V-P)……Page 34
SUMMARY……Page 38
REFERENCES……Page 39
INTRODUCTION……Page 44
BACKGROUND Sorption Isotherms……Page 46
Model Description……Page 47
MATERIALS AND METHODS Material Characterization……Page 50
Column Experiments……Page 52
Analytical Methods……Page 53
Anion Column Experiments……Page 54
Cation Column Experiments……Page 58
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 63
REFERENCES……Page 64
INTRODUCTION……Page 68
COMPETITIVE SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS TO INORGANIC SOIL COMPONENTS……Page 69
COMPETITIVE SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS TO ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENTS……Page 70
COMPETITIVE SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS TO SOIL MATERIALS……Page 71
Empirical Isotherm Equations Describing Metal Sorption to Soil Materials……Page 72
Empirical Reaction-Based Models Describing Metal Sorption in Soils……Page 76
Predicting Sorption Competition Between Heavy Metals……Page 82
Toward a Generalized Sorption Model for Cd in Noncalcareous Soils……Page 84
From the Laboratory to the Field……Page 88
Case Study: Release of Cd, Zn, and Pb from Smelter-Contaminated Soils……Page 89
REFERENCES……Page 95
INTRODUCTION……Page 102
Soil Profile Metal Distribution and Metal Transport……Page 103
Mineralogical Properties and Metal Transport……Page 106
Chemical Partitioning and Metal Transport……Page 107
Column Transport Studies, Groundwater Monitoring, and Metal Transport……Page 108
METHODS FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL TREATMENTS FOR THE REDUCTION OF HEAVY METAL MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT IN CONTAMINATED SOILS Introduction……Page 109
Reduction in Metal Solubility from Inorganic Chemical Treatments……Page 110
Reduction in Metal Transport from Chemical Treatments……Page 113
SUMMARY……Page 117
REFERENCES……Page 118
INTRODUCTION……Page 122
SINGLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: PHASE LINE ANALYSIS……Page 123
SYSTEMS OF TWO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND PHASE PLANES……Page 125
TWO EXAMPLES……Page 130
A NEW MULTILAYER SORPTION MODEL……Page 132
DESORPTION-SORPTION MODELING……Page 137
Equilibrium……Page 138
Kinetic Model……Page 139
Adsorption and Desorption……Page 142
REFERENCES……Page 143
INTRODUCTION Some Features of the Chemical Extraction of Soil Trace Metals……Page 144
Objectives……Page 145
KINETIC STUDY OF THE EXTRACTION OF TRACE METALS FROM CONTAMINATED SOILS Introduction……Page 147
Material and Methods……Page 148
Kinetic Data……Page 151
Principles and Feasibility of the Kinetic Fractionation Method……Page 153
CONCLUSION……Page 157
REFERENCES……Page 158
INTRODUCTION……Page 162
THE PARTITIONING COEFFICIENT: DEFINITION……Page 163
PAST AND CURRENT RESEARCH……Page 164
FACTORS AFFECTING METAL PARTITIONING IN SOILS……Page 166
Ionic Strength……Page 167
Soil Solid Characteristics……Page 168
Laboratory Procedures that Affect Kd Values……Page 169
EFFECTS OF SOIL PARAMETERS AND OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE ON METAL PARTITIONING: A CASE STUDY……Page 171
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 175
REFERENCES……Page 176
INTRODUCTION……Page 180
APPROACHES Mineral Synthesis……Page 185
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy……Page 186
Influence of pH……Page 188
Influence of Sorbent……Page 192
Influence of Sulfate Concentration……Page 194
SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS……Page 196
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS……Page 201
REFERENCES……Page 202
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SELENIUM……Page 204
SELENIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT……Page 205
SELENIUM IN PLANTS……Page 206
SELENIUM IN SOIL……Page 208
SELENIUM SORPTION IN MEDITERRANEAN SOILS……Page 212
REFERENCES……Page 217
INTRODUCTION……Page 220
ARSENIC GEOCHEMISTRY IN CONTAMINATED SOILS Arsenic Chemistry in Soils……Page 221
Arsenic Speciation in Soils and Porewaters……Page 222
Phenomena Affecting Arsenic Mobility in Soils……Page 223
Arsenic-Bearing Phases in Mine Sites……Page 228
A CASE STUDY Experimental Procedure……Page 230
Results and Discussion……Page 233
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:……Page 244
REFERENCES……Page 245
INTRODUCTION……Page 250
REACTIVITY OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND HEAVY METALS Metal-NMR……Page 251
Aggregation by Metals……Page 252
METAL CHELATE AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 253
FUTURE DIRECTIONS……Page 254
REFERENCES……Page 255
Index……Page 258