Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World

Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll0-02-865603-2, 0-02-865604-0

A growing number of scholars and pundits have declared that the twenty-first century will be the era of Islam. Such predictions, whether intended in a positive or negative light, err in failing to appreciate the spread and influence of Islam during the past millennium and a half, especially on the continents of Asia and Africa. Nonetheless, events during the first decade of the new millennium have underscored the importance of knowing about Islamic history and understanding the great diversity and richness of Muslim social, cultural, and religious practices. Suicide bomber attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001, killed over three thousand persons. These tragic events and the media coverage of the aftermath as well as of the two wars subsequently fought in the Muslim countries of Afghanistan and Iraq have dramatically shown how little is known in the West about Islam and the Muslim world. Islam is, and has been for nearly fifteen centuries, a global religious and political phenomenon. Muslim networks of communication, from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca to the vast new power of the World Wide Web, have enabled Muslims to establish postmodern identities in a rapidly changing world, while at the same time preserving and reinvigorating a variety of time-honored traditions and practices. The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World is a sourcebook of information about Islam, its past and present, addressed to students and general readers as the twenty-first century begins its first decade.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 6
ABD AL-BAHA (1844–1921)……Page 35
ABD AL-HAMID KISHK (SHAYKH) (1933–1996)……Page 36
ABD AL-KARIM SORUSH (1945– )……Page 37
ABD AL-QADIR, AMIR (1807–1883)……Page 38
ABD AL-RAZZAQ AL-SANHURI (1895–1971)……Page 39
ABDUH, MUHAMMAD (1849–1905)……Page 40
ABU BAKR (573–634)……Page 41
ABU HANIFA (699–767)……Page 42
ABU ’L-HASAN BANI-SADR (1933– )……Page 43
ABU ’L-QASEM KASHANI (1882–1962)……Page 44
ADA……Page 45
ADAB……Page 46
AFRICA, ISLAM IN……Page 47
AFRICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 53
AGA KHAN……Page 58
AHL AL-BAYT……Page 59
AHL-E HADIS/AHL-AL HADITH……Page 60
AHL AL-KITAB……Page 61
AHMAD IBN IDRIS (1750–1837)……Page 63
AHMADIYYA……Page 64
AISHA (614–678 C.E.)……Page 66
AKBAR (1542–1605)……Page 67
AKHLAQ……Page 68
ALI (600–661)……Page 69
ALIGARH……Page 72
ALLAH……Page 73
AMERICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 75
AMERICAS, ISLAM IN THE……Page 79
ANDALUS, AL-Al-……Page 80
ANGELS……Page 83
ARABIA, PRE-ISLAM……Page 85
ARABIC LANGUAGE……Page 92
ARABIC LITERATURE……Page 97
ARAB LEAGUE……Page 102
ARCHITECTURE……Page 103
ART……Page 109
ASHARITES, ASHAIRA……Page 116
ASNAM……Page 118
ASSASSINS……Page 119
ASTRONOMY……Page 120
ATATURK, MUSTAFA KEMAL (1881–1938)……Page 122
AWAMI LEAGUE……Page 124
AZHAR, AL-Al-……Page 126
BABIYYA……Page 129
BAB, SAYYED ALI MUHAMMAD (1819–1850)……Page 130
BAGHDAD……Page 131
BAHAALLAH (1817–1892)……Page 133
BAHAI FAITH……Page 134
BALKANS, ISLAM IN THE……Page 135
BANNA, HASAN AL- (1906–1949)……Page 138
BAQILLANI, AL- (?–1013)……Page 139
BAZARGAN, MEHDI (1907–1995)……Page 140
BIDA……Page 141
BIN LADIN, USAMA (1957– )……Page 142
BIOGRAPHY AND HAGIOGRAPHY……Page 143
BODY, SIGNIFICANCE OF……Page 144
BOURGHIBA, HABIB (1901–2000)……Page 145
BUKHARA, KHANATE AND EMIRATE OF……Page 146
BURAQ……Page 148
CAIRO……Page 149
CALIPHATE……Page 150
CALLIGRAPHY……Page 157
CAPITALISM……Page 160
CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY……Page 162
CENTRAL ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 166
CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 172
CHILDHOOD……Page 175
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM……Page 176
CIRCUMCISION……Page 182
CLOTHING……Page 183
COINAGE……Page 185
COLONIALISM……Page 186
COMMUNISM……Page 189
CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE……Page 191
CONVERSION……Page 194
CRUSADES……Page 197
CUSTOM……Page 201
DAR AL-ISLAM……Page 203
DAWA……Page 204
DAWLA……Page 208
DEATH……Page 209
DEOBAND……Page 210
DEVOTIONAL LIFE……Page 211
DHIKR……Page 213
DIETARY LAWS……Page 214
DISPUTATION……Page 215
DIVORCE……Page 216
DOME OF THE ROCK……Page 217
DUA……Page 219
EAST ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 221
EAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 224
ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS……Page 227
EDUCATION……Page 236
EMPIRES……Page 241
ETHICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES……Page 258
ETHIOPIA……Page 265
ETHNICITY……Page 266
EUNUCHS……Page 267
EUROPEAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 268
EUROPE, ISLAM IN……Page 269
EXPANSION……Page 273
FALSAFA……Page 281
FARRAKHAN, LOUIS (1933– )……Page 287
FATIMA (C. 605–633)……Page 288
FEDAIYAN-E ISLAM……Page 289
FEMINISM……Page 290
FEZ……Page 292
FITNA……Page 293
FUNDAMENTALISM……Page 295
FUTUWWA……Page 297
GENDER……Page 299
GENEALOGY……Page 306
GHAYBA(T)……Page 307
GHAZALI, AL- (C. 1059–1111)……Page 308
GHAZALI, MUHAMMAD AL- (1917–2001)……Page 309
GLOBALIZATION……Page 310
GRAMMAR AND LEXICOGRAPHY……Page 313
GREEK CIVILIZATION……Page 315
GUMI, ABU BAKR……Page 317
HADITH……Page 319
HALLAJ, AL- (858–922)……Page 323
HAMAS……Page 324
HAREM……Page 325
HARON, ABDULLAH (1924–1969)……Page 326
HASAN (624–670)……Page 327
HEALING……Page 328
HERESIOGRAPHY……Page 330
HIJRI CALENDAR……Page 333
HINDUISM AND ISLAM……Page 335
HISTORICAL WRITING……Page 340
HIZB ALLAH……Page 343
HOJJATIYYA SOCIETY……Page 344
HOLY CITIES……Page 345
HOMOSEXUALITY……Page 350
HOSPITALITY AND ISLAM……Page 351
HUMAN RIGHTS……Page 352
HUMOR……Page 353
HUSAYN (603–661)……Page 356
HUSAYN, TAHA (1889–1973)……Page 359
IBADAT……Page 361
IBN AL-ARABI (1165–1240)……Page 367
IBN HANBAL (780–855)……Page 368
IBN KHALDUN (1332–1406)……Page 369
IBN MAJA (824–887)……Page 370
IBN SINA (980–1037)……Page 371
IBN TAYMIYYA (1263–1328)……Page 372
IDENTITY, MUSLIM……Page 373
IJTIHAD……Page 378
IKHWAN AL-MUSLIMIN……Page 379
IKHWAN AL-SAFA……Page 382
IMAM……Page 383
IMAMATE……Page 384
IMAMZADAH……Page 385
INTERNET……Page 386
INTIFADA……Page 389
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF……Page 390
ISLAM AND ISLAMIC……Page 393
ISLAM AND OTHER RELIGIONS……Page 394
ISLAMICATE SOCIETY……Page 398
ISLAMIC SALVATION FRONT……Page 399
ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA……Page 400
ISMAIL I, SHAH (1487–1524)……Page 401
JAFAR AL-SADIQ (C. 701–765)……Page 403
JAHILIYYA……Page 404
JAMAAT-E ISLAMI……Page 405
JAMIL AL-AMIN, IMAM (1943– )……Page 407
JAMIYAT-E ULAMA-E ISLAM……Page 408
JANNA……Page 409
JEVDET PASHA (1822–1895)……Page 410
JIHAD……Page 411
JINNAH, MUHAMMAD ALI (1876–1948)……Page 413
JUDAISM AND ISLAM……Page 414
KANO……Page 419
KARAKI, SHAYKH ALI……Page 420
KEMAL, NAMEK (1840–1888)……Page 421
KHAN……Page 422
KHAN, REZA OF BAREILLY (1856–1921)……Page 423
KHIDR, AL-Al-……Page 424
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT……Page 425
KHIVA, KHANATE OF……Page 426
KHOMEINI, RUHOLLAH (1902–1989)……Page 427
KHUTBA……Page 428
KINDI, AL- (801–866)……Page 430
KNOWLEDGE……Page 431
KUNTI, MUKHTAR AL- (1729–1811)……Page 436
LAW……Page 439
LEBANON……Page 445
LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF IRAN……Page 447
LIBRARIES……Page 448
LITERATURE……Page 450
MADHHAB……Page 451
MADRASA……Page 452
MAHDI, SADIQ AL- (1936–)……Page 455
MAHDIST STATE, MAHDIYYA……Page 456
MAHR……Page 458
MAJLISI, MUHAMMAD BAQIR (1627–1698)……Page 459
MALIK, IBN ANAS (C. 708–795)……Page 460
MAMUN, AL- (786–833)……Page 461
MANICHEANISM……Page 462
MANSA MUSA (? –1337)……Page 463
MARRIAGE……Page 464
MARTYRDOM……Page 465
MARWA, MUHAMMAD (D. 1980)……Page 468
MARWAN (623–685 C.E.)……Page 469
MASHHAD……Page 470
MASJID……Page 471
MATERIAL CULTURE……Page 474
MATURIDI, AL- (?–944)……Page 476
MAUDUDI, ABU L-ALA (1903–1979)……Page 477
MAZALIM……Page 478
MEDICINE……Page 479
MIHNA……Page 482
MILITARY RAID……Page 484
MINORITIES……Page 485
MIRAJ……Page 488
MODERNITY……Page 490
MODERNIZATION, POLITICAL……Page 492
MODERN THOUGHT……Page 501
MOJAHEDIN-E KHALQ……Page 506
MOLLABASHI……Page 507
MONARCHY……Page 508
MORAVIDS……Page 509
MOTAHHARI, MORTAZA (1920–1979)……Page 510
MUAWIYA (?–680)……Page 511
MUHAMMAD (570–632 C.E.)……Page 512
MUHAMMAD ALI, DYNASTY OF……Page 519
MUHAMMAD, ELIJAH (1897–1975)……Page 520
MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH PAHLEVI (1919–1980)……Page 521
MUHARRAM……Page 522
MUHTASIB……Page 523
MUJAHIDIN……Page 524
MULLA SADRA (C. 1572–1640)……Page 525
MUSIC……Page 526
MUSLIM STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA……Page 530
MUTHANNA, MUHAMMAD IBN ABDALLAH, AL-……Page 531
NAHDLATUL ULAMA (NU)……Page 533
NAINI, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN (1860–1936)……Page 534
NAR……Page 535
NATIONALISM……Page 536
NATION OF ISLAM……Page 539
NAZZAM, AL- (782–C. 840)……Page 540
NETWORKS, MUSLIM……Page 541
NIYABAT-E AMMA……Page 544
NIZARI……Page 545
NUR MOVEMENT……Page 546
NURSI, SAID (1876–1960)……Page 547
ORIENTALISM……Page 549
PAKISTAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF……Page 551
PAN-ARABISM……Page 552
PAN-ISLAM……Page 553
PAN-TURANISM……Page 555
PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE……Page 556
PILGRIMAGE……Page 563
PLURALISM……Page 567
POLITICAL ISLAM……Page 570
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION……Page 574
POLITICAL THOUGHT……Page 579
POLYGAMY……Page 586
PROPERTY……Page 587
PROPHETS……Page 588
PURDAH……Page 589
QADI (KADI, KAZI)……Page 591
QAIDA, AL-The……Page 593
QANUN……Page 594
QOM……Page 595
QURAN……Page 596
QUTB, SAYYID (1906–1966)……Page 602
RAHMAN, FAZLUR (1919–1988)……Page 605
RASHID, HARUN AL- (C. 763 OR 766–809)……Page 606
RASHIDUN……Page 607
REFORM……Page 608
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS……Page 617
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS……Page 618
REVOLUTION……Page 624
RIBA……Page 630
RITUAL……Page 631
RUMI, JALALUDDIN (1207–1273)……Page 635
RUSHDIE, SALMAN (1947– )……Page 637
SADR……Page 639
SAHARA……Page 640
SAINT……Page 641
SALAFIYYA……Page 642
SAUDI DYNASTY……Page 644
SCIENCE, ISLAM AND……Page 645
SECULARISM, ISLAMIC……Page 648
SECULARIZATION……Page 649
SHAFII, AL- (C. 767–820)……Page 650
SHARIA……Page 652
SHARIAT-SHANGALAJI, REZA-QOLI (1890–1943)……Page 653
SHAYKHIYYA……Page 654
SHIA……Page 655
SHIRK……Page 664
SILSILA……Page 665
SOCIALISM……Page 666
SOUTH ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 668
SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 675
SOUTHEAST ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 678
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 682
SUCCESSION……Page 685
SUHRAWARDI, AL- (C. 1154–1191)……Page 690
SULTANATES……Page 691
SUNNA……Page 700
SUYUTI, AL- (1445–1505)……Page 703
TABLIGHI JAMAAT……Page 705
TAFSIR……Page 706
TAJDID……Page 709
TALIBAN……Page 710
TAQIYYA……Page 712
TAQLID……Page 713
TARIQA……Page 714
TASAWWUF……Page 718
TERRORISM……Page 725
THAQAFI, MUKHTAR AL- (C. 622–687)……Page 727
TRADITIONALISM……Page 728
TRANSLATION……Page 729
TRAVEL AND TRAVELERS……Page 732
TRIBE……Page 733
TUSI, MUHAMMAD IBN AL-HASAN (SHAYKH AL-TAIFA) (995–1067)……Page 734
TUSI, NASIR AL-DIN (1201–1274)……Page 735
ULEMA……Page 737
UMMA……Page 739
UMM KULTHUM (1904?–1975)……Page 740
UNITED STATES, ISLAM IN……Page 741
URDU LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND POETRY……Page 748
USULIYYA……Page 751
UTHMAN IBN AFFAN (R. 644–656)……Page 753
VEILING……Page 755
VELAYAT-E FAQIH……Page 756
VERNACULAR ISLAM……Page 757
VIZIER……Page 759
WAHHABIYYA……Page 761
WAJIB AL-WUJUD……Page 763
WAQF……Page 764
WAZIR……Page 766
WEST, CONCEPT OF IN ISLAM……Page 767
WOMEN, PUBLIC ROLES OF……Page 768
YOUNG OTTOMANS……Page 771
YOUNG TURKS……Page 773
YOUTH MOVEMENTS……Page 774
YUSUF ALI, ABDULLAH (1872–1953)……Page 778
ZANZIBAR, SAIDI SULTANATE OF……Page 779
ZAR……Page 780
ZIYARA……Page 781
Glossary……Page 783
Appendix……Page 789
Genealogies……Page 791
Timelines……Page 797
Index……Page 819