Peter N. Stearns9780684805771, 0-684-80577-4, 0-684-80578-2
Table of contents :
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF……Page 5
CONTENTS……Page 6
ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS……Page 12
MAPS……Page 16
INTRODUCTION……Page 18
CHRONOLOGY……Page 22
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK……Page 41
Vol.1: Sections 1-4……Page 1
Section 1. Methods and Theoretical Approaches……Page 43
Germany And Britain: Social History Outside The Historical Profession……Page 44
The Inclusiveness Of Democracy: The Importance Of Democratic Political Culture To The Origins Of Social History……Page 46
The Annales Paradigm In French History: The Social Science Model……Page 48
British Marxist Historians: Populist Social History After World War Ii……Page 50
The influence of social science…….Page 53
The populist tradition: E. P. Thompson and his impact…….Page 56
Dispersal: Social History, Feminist Theory, And ‘‘cultural Turn’’……Page 57
Germany And The ‘‘history Of Everyday Life’’……Page 62
Present Tense: Social History In The Twenty-first Century……Page 63
Qualitative And Quantitative Sources……Page 71
Governmental Sources……Page 72
Nongovernmental Sources……Page 74
Researcher-generated Sources……Page 76
Nonwritten Sources And Artifacts……Page 77
The Founders……Page 80
The Second Generation……Page 82
The Third Generation……Page 83
The Reception Of Annales……Page 85
The Origins Of Marxist History……Page 88
The Historians Group……Page 90
The Transition Debate……Page 92
Marxist And National Historiography……Page 93
The Impact Of Marxism On Social History……Page 94
The Paths Toward Interdisciplinary History……Page 100
Exemplary Works In Interdisciplinary History To The Early 1980s……Page 103
Interdisciplinary History, 1980 To The Present……Page 104
Social Science Roots Of Cliometrics……Page 109
Critiques And New Directions In Cliometrics……Page 111
Quantification……Page 114
Cultural History And New Cultural History……Page 120
New Cultural History: Influences And Engagements……Page 121
Marxism…….Page 122
Semiotics…….Page 124
Michel Foucault and historicism…….Page 125
The Practice Of Cultural History……Page 126
New cultural history and its relations to neighboring fields……Page 127
Critical Debates……Page 128
Conclusion……Page 129
Philosophical And Anthropological Sources……Page 132
Influences From Psychoanalysis, French Feminism, And Foucault……Page 133
Poststructuralist Gender Theories……Page 134
Critiques And New Directions……Page 136
Gender Theory And Social History……Page 137
Microhistory……Page 142
The nominative approach…….Page 143
Conjecture and relativism…….Page 144
The normal exception…….Page 145
The data dictate the method…….Page 146
Agency at the expense of structure…….Page 147
Other Limitations Of Microhistory……Page 148
Reasons For The Rise Of Comparative Social History……Page 150
The comparative debate about modernization…….Page 151
The comparative debate on specifi national patterns…….Page 153
The social particularities of Europe…….Page 154
The Future Of Comparison In Social History……Page 155
Section 2. The Periods of Social History……Page 159
European History Periods……Page 160
Sticking Close To Home……Page 161
And Big Changes……Page 162
Specific Periodizations……Page 163
Conclusion……Page 164
The Medieval Heritage……Page 166
Freedom And Servitude……Page 167
Women And The Family……Page 169
Culture: Religion And The Universities……Page 170
Medieval Inventions……Page 173
The Crisis Of The Fourteenth Century……Page 177
The Long Sixteenth Century……Page 182
Conclusion……Page 184
The Classic Paradigm……Page 187
Challenging The Paradigm……Page 188
Communal Reformation……Page 189
Social Discipline……Page 190
Early Modern Catholicism……Page 191
The Sociology And Mentality Of Religion: Dechristianization……Page 192
Reformation, Society, And Social Change……Page 193
Women and gender…….Page 194
The Problem Of Periodization……Page 198
An Age Of Crisis……Page 199
Signs Of Structural Change……Page 203
The rural social order…….Page 205
Business and the cities…….Page 206
The new bourgeoisie and traditional ruling elites…….Page 207
Geographical Differentiation……Page 208
The Enlightenment……Page 211
Celebrating The ‘‘new Science’’……Page 212
To boldly go . . …….Page 213
Enlightened entrepreneurs…….Page 216
Popularizing knowledge…….Page 218
The Health Of Nations……Page 219
Limits Of The Enlightenment……Page 221
The Enlightenment And Social History……Page 222
The anatomy of social class in the Old Regime…….Page 225
Cultural origins?……Page 226
National integration…….Page 227
The abolition of seigneurialism…….Page 228
Revolutionary land transfers…….Page 229
The peasant community…….Page 230
Revolutionary crowds…….Page 231
Provincial militants…….Page 232
Elite formation: Notables and nobles…….Page 233
Conscription…….Page 235
The Nineteenth Century……Page 237
The Bourgeois Century?……Page 239
The French Revolution And The New Political Economy……Page 240
From The Family Economy To The Factory……Page 242
Social Mobility And Education……Page 245
Conclusion……Page 247
The language of soldier writers…….Page 251
The Interwar Years……Page 253
The costs of the Great Depression…….Page 254
Women at war…….Page 256
Collaboration and resistance…….Page 257
Conclusion……Page 258
Since World War Ii……Page 261
Defining The Major Social Patterns……Page 262
Periodization……Page 265
Theorizing Consumer Society……Page 266
National Trends In Historiography……Page 267
Section 3. Regions, Nations, and Peoples……Page 272
Principles Of Regionalism……Page 274
Europe As A Region……Page 275
What Are Regions?……Page 277
Regions In European Social History……Page 278
Functional regions…….Page 279
Subnational regions…….Page 280
Principles Of Regionalism……Page 282
Conclusion……Page 284
Conclusion……Page 286
Nation Building……Page 287
Great Transformation……Page 289
Shock Cities……Page 292
Welfare State……Page 295
Land, Social Structure, And The State……Page 301
Settlement, Population, And The Family……Page 304
Trade, Communication, And Industry……Page 306
Religion, Ethnicity, And Identity……Page 307
Conclusion……Page 310
French Social History Under The Old Regime (1500–1789)……Page 312
Peasants, nobility, and clergy…….Page 313
Urban and rural social structures…….Page 314
Tensions and instability…….Page 315
The French Revolution, 1789–1815……Page 316
Social effects…….Page 317
Urbanization And Industrialization (1815–1968)……Page 318
The Third Republic…….Page 319
The world wars…….Page 320
Postwar developments…….Page 321
The Political And Geographical Framework……Page 325
Protoindustrial Demography……Page 326
Standard Of Living And Ideology……Page 327
Drainage Democracy……Page 329
Women At Work: A Comparison……Page 331
Pillarization……Page 332
Depillarization And Modernization……Page 333
Medieval State-building And Consolidation Of Territories……Page 335
Social And Economic Developments In Medieval Iberia……Page 336
The Politics Of Religion In ‘‘golden Age’’ Spain……Page 337
Economic Decline In The Seventeenth Century……Page 338
Political Centralization And ‘‘enlightened’’ Reform……Page 339
The struggle to democratize the liberal order, 1876–1939…….Page 341
Economic Change And Working-class Protest……Page 342
The Franco Regime: Dictatorship And Economic Modernization……Page 343
Political Transition And Democratization……Page 344
Conclusion……Page 346
Environment and populations…….Page 348
City and countryside…….Page 349
Social orders and social classes…….Page 351
Stability and conflict……Page 353
The transformation of landscape and populations…….Page 356
The challenge of a changing society…….Page 358
Nationalization and politicization…….Page 360
Central Europe: The Region And Its Diversity……Page 364
Confessionalization…….Page 365
Agriculture and early industry…….Page 367
The Bourgeoisie And The Emergent Public Sphere……Page 368
The 1848 Revolutions……Page 370
Creating The National Scale, Broadening The Public Sphere……Page 371
The Renegotiation Of State-society Relations: World War I And The 1920s……Page 374
State Over Society In Nazi Germany……Page 377
Postwar Restructuring……Page 378
Peasant Society Under Pressure……Page 384
Birth of the rural proletariat…….Page 387
Sami regions squeezed by population growth…….Page 388
Economy, industrialization, and urbanization…….Page 389
Rise of the urban population…….Page 390
Urban life and restructuring of the society…….Page 391
Well-organized Society……Page 392
Nordic Gender System……Page 393
Old and new minorities…….Page 394
The Middle Ages……Page 397
The Early Modern Period……Page 398
The Nineteenth Century……Page 399
Independence……Page 400
The Soviet Period……Page 401
The Post-soviet Period……Page 402
East Central European Society Around 1500……Page 405
East Central European Society In The Early Modern Period……Page 407
The nobility and the burghers…….Page 410
Agrarian Relations And Economic Changes In The Eighteenth Century……Page 411
Serf Emancipation And Social Transformation……Page 413
Social Developments In The Second Half Of The Nineteenth Century……Page 414
National consciousness and national assimilation…….Page 417
World War I And Its Consequences……Page 418
Jews in interwar East Central Europe…….Page 420
East Central Europe under communist rule…….Page 422
The collapse of communism and the transition to capitalism…….Page 425
The Nobility……Page 430
Peasantry……Page 432
Other Social Groups……Page 434
Westernization……Page 435
The Great Reforms, Industrialization, And Social Change……Page 436
Women……Page 438
Revolutionary Russia And The Soviet Era……Page 439
Post-soviet Society……Page 441
Balkan Society Before The Ottoman Conquest (1453)……Page 445
The Balkans Under The Ottoman Empire, 1453–1804……Page 446
Land tenure…….Page 447
Social changes…….Page 448
Cities…….Page 450
Family structure…….Page 451
The Balkans Between 1804 And 1948……Page 452
The Balkans During The Communist Period (1948–1989)……Page 454
Postcommunist Developments……Page 455
Exodus Within The Diaspora (1450–1570)……Page 457
Reintegration And Segregation (1570–1750)……Page 459
Social Upheavals In The Long Nineteenth Century (1789–1914)……Page 461
Europe’s Jews In The Age Of Total War (1914–1945)……Page 465
A Vanishing Diaspora? (1945–2000)……Page 468
Origins And Status In Europe……Page 472
Clans And Families……Page 474
Roma Music……Page 475
The ‘‘gypsy Problem’’……Page 476
Status Since World War Ii……Page 477
Section 4. Europe and the World……Page 482
The ‘‘first’’ European Imperial Age: The Iberian Powers And Their Emulators……Page 483
Early exploration…….Page 484
The impact of early encounters: populations, material goods, and trade…….Page 485
Spanish missions in the Americas…….Page 486
The firs northern European encounters: the logic of trade…….Page 489
‘‘Scientific’ exploration and imperial systems of knowledge…….Page 490
Protestant missionaries and colonialism…….Page 491
The impact of Christian missionaries in the modern world…….Page 493
Colonial Emigration In South And Central America……Page 497
Social hierarchies in Spanish America…….Page 498
Amerindians and African slaves in colonial society…….Page 499
Colonial Emigration In North America……Page 500
French versus British settlements…….Page 501
Settlement in Australia…….Page 502
Settlement in New Zealand…….Page 503
Colonial society after the gold rush…….Page 504
Boers versus English in South Africa…….Page 505
French settlement in Algeria…….Page 507
Conclusion……Page 508
Sources Of Imperial Culture……Page 510
Capitalism And Slavery……Page 512
Social And Class Relations: The Structure Of Power……Page 513
Popular Participation……Page 515
Social Imperialism……Page 516
Who Supported Imperialism?……Page 517
Gender And Race……Page 518
After Empire……Page 519
British Women And The Empire……Page 521
Motherhood and the family…….Page 522
Reform……Page 523
European Gender Standards In The Maintenance Of Empire……Page 524
Conclusion……Page 525
America, Americanization, And Anti-americanism……Page 528
Americanism And Anti-americanism……Page 529
Americanism, Un-americanism, Anti-americanism……Page 531
Globalization, Americanization, And Anti-americanism……Page 532
Migration To Europe Since The Middle Ages……Page 538
Immigrants In European Society……Page 541
Ethnicity……Page 544
Racism……Page 546
Multiracialization……Page 547
Conclusion……Page 548
Vol.2: Sections 5-9……Page 550
Section 5. Process of Social Change……Page 555
Meanings And Uses Of The Concept……Page 556
Structural And Behavioral Modernization……Page 558
Questions About Modernization……Page 559
Objections To Modernization Theory……Page 561
Conceptual Issues……Page 565
Society And Technology In The Very Long Run…….Page 566
Comparative Technological Development Across Societies…….Page 567
Medieval And Renaissance Technology…….Page 568
Industrialization And The New Technological Era…….Page 569
Social Determinants Of Innovation In The IndusTrial Revolution…….Page 570
The Modern Industrial Era…….Page 572
Economic Change And Commercialization……Page 575
The Late Medieval Crisis…….Page 576
The Long Sixteenth Century…….Page 577
The Late Medieval Crisis: Social Upheaval To Social Stabilization…….Page 579
The Long Sixteenth Century: Polarization And ProLetarianization…….Page 582
Conclusion……Page 587
Defining Protoindustrialization……Page 590
Locating Protoindustries……Page 592
Protoindustrialization And Demographic Behavior……Page 593
Women And Protoindustrialization……Page 594
Conclusion……Page 597
Industrialization……Page 601
The Historical Processes And Stages……Page 602
Past Tendencies, Present Trends, And Future Prospects During The First, Second, And Third Industrial Revolutions……Page 604
Industry’s Links To Agriculture, Transport, And Finance……Page 605
The International Context……Page 607
Europe’s Industrial Revolutions……Page 609
European Industrialization In A Long-run Global Setting……Page 610
War And Conquest……Page 616
Opposite Armies…….Page 617
The Early Modern Period……Page 618
The West And The Rest……Page 620
Organization And Tactics…….Page 621
Nationalism And Conscription…….Page 622
The Demise Of Compulsion…….Page 623
Control And The Military…….Page 624
Skepticism And Empiricism…….Page 626
Magic And Pragmatism…….Page 629
Patrons, Collectors, And Societies……Page 630
Mathematics, Instruments, And The Understanding Of Nature……Page 634
Atheism And Natural Theology…….Page 635
An Assessment Of The Scientific Revolution……Page 637
Science And Society Since The Seventeenth Century…….Page 638
Origins Of Secularization……Page 644
Progress Of Secularization……Page 645
Variations Of Secularization……Page 646
Approaching Communications……Page 650
Communities And Cultures Of Print……Page 652
The Public Problem……Page 657
Section 6. Popultion and Geography……Page 662
The Environment……Page 663
The Little Ice Age In Europe And Its Socioeconomic Impact……Page 664
El Nin O Events And Socioeconomic Crises In Europe……Page 666
The Clearance Of The Woodland In Europe After 1300……Page 669
New Crops And Soil Erosion……Page 671
The Development Of Conservation And Environmentalism, 1600–1900……Page 672
The Twentieth Century: Responding To Old And New Hazards……Page 674
Late Middle Ages And The Renaissance……Page 680
The Eighteenth Century……Page 682
The Nineteenth Century……Page 683
World War I…….Page 684
World War Ii…….Page 686
Population Growth……Page 692
The Adjustment Of Population And Resources……Page 693
Epidemic Mortality: Disease, Famine, And War……Page 695
Fertility And The Birthrate……Page 698
Model Population Dynamics……Page 699
The Population Of Europe: The Demographic Transition And After……Page 705
The Fertility Transition……Page 706
Socioeconomic And Cultural Explanations…….Page 707
Declining Reproduction Rates…….Page 709
Mortality Rates…….Page 710
Causes Of The Transition…….Page 711
Impact Of Medicine And Public Health…….Page 712
Conclusion……Page 714
The European Marriage Pattern……Page 717
From Slavery To Feudalism……Page 718
Malthusian Marriage……Page 719
Twentieth-century Research Contributions……Page 720
Conclusion……Page 723
Early Modern Midwives And Obstetrics……Page 727
Early Modern Birth Control……Page 729
Witch-hunts And Contraceptive ‘‘poisons’’……Page 730
Abortion And The Beginning Of Life……Page 731
Marriage And Pregnancy……Page 732
Women And Male Medicine…….Page 733
Science And Abortion…….Page 734
Birth Control…….Page 735
The Control Of Birth…….Page 736
Circles And Stairs In Art And Theory…….Page 738
Linear Growth In Lived Experiences…….Page 740
Age Awareness…….Page 742
Atomized Life Stages And Age Grading…….Page 743
Life Course Transitions And Rites Of Passage…….Page 744
The Causes Of Change……Page 745
Diverse Pathways……Page 746
Disease And The Renaissance……Page 749
Epidemic Disease During The Expansion Of Europe……Page 751
Foods, Nutrients, And Illnesses……Page 753
Mortality And Its Decline……Page 755
Plagues Of The Modern Era: The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 757
Demography……Page 762
Disease……Page 765
The Twentieth Century: Mass Death And A New Vital Revolution……Page 766
Social And Cultural Histories Of Death……Page 767
Between Renaissance And Enlightenment……Page 768
Protestant Death……Page 770
The Nineteenth Century……Page 771
The Twentieth Century……Page 772
Suicide And Euthanasia……Page 773
Conclusion……Page 774
Section 7. Cities and Urbanization……Page 777
Urbanization……Page 778
The Urban Center In A Broader Context: Networks And Specialization……Page 779
Changes To The Medieval Core, Sixteenth To EighTeenth Centuries…….Page 780
The Nineteenth Century: City Planning And Haussmanization…….Page 781
Social Hierarchies……Page 783
Changing Definition Of Citizenship…….Page 784
The Role Of Urban Elites In Urban Society…….Page 785
Associational Culture…….Page 786
Informal And Alternative Cultures…….Page 787
Night Culture…….Page 788
The City: The Early Modern Period……Page 790
Fundamental Themes……Page 791
Characteristics Of The Early Modern City……Page 792
Social Organization Of Cities……Page 795
Urban Government……Page 796
Guilds And The Urban Economy……Page 797
Religious And Social Issues……Page 798
Conclusion……Page 800
Urban Studies……Page 803
Socialization And The City……Page 804
The History Of The Modern City……Page 805
1914–1950…….Page 806
1950 To The Present…….Page 807
Building And Rebuilding The Modern City……Page 808
Modern Urban Society……Page 810
City Planning And Social Development……Page 811
The Urban Economy In Social Terms……Page 812
Conclusion……Page 814
The Street……Page 816
Urban Transport……Page 817
The Underground City……Page 820
The Urban Hygiene Movement……Page 822
The Subterranean Organs Of Paris……Page 824
Extending Services To The Suburbs……Page 826
The Rise Of The Shop……Page 830
Retailing In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries……Page 832
The Age Of The Department Store……Page 834
Shops And Shopkeepers In The Age Of The Department Store……Page 835
The Age Of The Supermarket……Page 836
Institutions……Page 840
Politics……Page 842
Nineteenth-century Urban Politics: In The Hands Of The Economic Elites……Page 846
Urbanization And The Expansion Of Local Government’s Role……Page 848
The Decline Of Local Government’s Authority After World War I……Page 849
Urban Political Issues In The Postwar Era……Page 850
The Multifunctional Medieval Street……Page 852
Renaissance Urban Transformation……Page 855
The Rise Of The Public Sphere……Page 856
Politics And Urban Space From The French Revolution Through The Nineteenth Century……Page 857
Nineteenth Century Urban Renovation: Organizing And Disciplining The Streets……Page 858
Twentieth Century Urban Space: The Decline Of Street Life……Page 860
The Revalorization Of The Street In The Later Twentieth Century……Page 861
Conclusion……Page 862
Suburbs, New Towns, And Urban Cores: Shifting Boundaries And Changing Meanings……Page 867
Suburban Growth Since The Sixteenth Century: Pushing Beyond The Urban Core……Page 868
Transport, Commuting, And Satellite Towns……Page 869
Suburbs And The Poor…….Page 870
Suburbs And The Wealthy…….Page 871
Cultural Responses To The Suburb……Page 872
The Sixteenth Century Through The Eighteenth CenTury: Military And Princely Towns…….Page 873
Nineteenth Century: Industrial New Towns…….Page 874
Twentieth Century: New Towns As Antidotes To The Suburbs…….Page 875
Conclusion……Page 876
Section 8. Rural Life……Page 878
Agriculture In The Late Middle Ages……Page 879
The Origins Of Agricultural Improvement……Page 881
Enclosure: The English Model……Page 882
The Agricultural Revolution……Page 883
The Growth Of Commercial Agriculture After 1850……Page 885
Western European Agriculture In The Twentieth Century……Page 886
Agriculture In Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century……Page 887
Conclusion……Page 891
Land Tenure In The Middle Ages And The Seigneurie……Page 893
Tenant Farming And Sharecropping In The Premodern Era……Page 895
Seigneurial Dues……Page 897
Communal Aspects Of Land Tenure……Page 898
Fragmentation Of Landholdings……Page 900
Conclusion……Page 902
Emergence Of Serfdom……Page 904
Servile Obligations……Page 905
New Form Of Lordship……Page 906
Aspects Of Banal Lordship……Page 907
The End Of Serfdom……Page 909
Serfdom In Medieval Culture……Page 912
Origins Of Serfdom……Page 914
Serfdom And The Law……Page 915
The Commune…….Page 917
The Economic Activities Of Serfs……Page 919
The End Of Serfdom……Page 920
The Relation To Manorial Estates…….Page 924
Diversity And Complexity Of Villages Across Europe……Page 925
Village Organization In The Ancien Reґgime……Page 927
Occupational Groupings, Stratification, And Lifestyle……Page 928
Agrarian Reforms: Village Consolidation And Farm Decentralization……Page 930
Land Reform Movements And New Villages After 1918 And 1945……Page 934
Collectivization And Decollectivization In The 1900s……Page 935
Depopulation And Urban Newcomers……Page 936
Collectivization……Page 938
The Russian Revolution, Collectivization, And The Peasantry……Page 939
Collectivization In The Soviet Union……Page 941
Dekulakization…….Page 942
Consequences And Aftermath Of Soviet Collectivization……Page 943
Collectivization In Eastern Europe……Page 945
The Ideology And Architecture Of The Country House……Page 948
Landscape Design……Page 951
Estate Interiors And Occupancy……Page 952
Occupations And Diversions……Page 954
Country Houses And Estates In The Twentieth Century……Page 956
Markets In The Middle Ages……Page 959
Fairs In The Middle Ages……Page 961
Early Modern Period……Page 962
Industrialization……Page 965
The Twentieth Century……Page 967
Conclusion……Page 968
Section 9. State and Society……Page 970
The Structure Of The Absolutist State……Page 971
Absolutism And War……Page 973
The Social Foundations Of Absolutism……Page 974
Absolutism And The Nobility……Page 975
The Legitimation Of Absolutism……Page 977
The Last Stage Of Absolutism: Enlightened Despotism……Page 978
The Liberal State……Page 981
Territory And Administration……Page 982
Education……Page 986
Public Health……Page 987
Resistance……Page 988
New Departures……Page 989
After The Liberal State……Page 991
Problems Of Definition……Page 994
Citizenship…….Page 995
Historical Development…….Page 996
Elements Of Democratization…….Page 997
Conquest, Confrontation, Colonization, And RevOlution…….Page 998
The French Revolution And Democratic Reforms…….Page 1000
Protestant-catholic Divisions And Civil War…….Page 1001
Democratization In Europe……Page 1002
Early-modern Antecedents Of The Welfare State……Page 1007
The Triumph Of Liberalism……Page 1008
The Rise Of The Welfare State……Page 1010
The Heyday Of The Welfare State……Page 1012
The Welfare State And Social History……Page 1015
The Term ‘‘civil Society’’……Page 1018
Elements Of A Bourgeois Society: The Public Sphere And Sociability……Page 1020
Social Structures Of The Bourgeois Middle Strata……Page 1023
Cultural Values, Bourgeois Identity, And Civic Consciousness……Page 1024
Open Questions……Page 1025
The Emergence Of Nationalism: The Context……Page 1028
The Development Of Nationalism And Its History: Stage 1, 1789–1848……Page 1029
Popular Protonationalism…….Page 1030
The Development Of Nationalism And Its History: Stage 2, 1848–1914……Page 1031
The Development Of Nationalism And Its History: Stage 3, 1914–1980……Page 1032
Citizenship, Common People, And Symbols…….Page 1034
Fascism And Nazism Defined……Page 1038
Typologies Of Fascism……Page 1039
Origins And Early Development…….Page 1040
The Transformative-coalition Phase…….Page 1041
From Movement To Regime: The Fascist And Nazi States……Page 1042
The Repression Of The Opposition…….Page 1043
The Consolidation Of Power: Economic, Social, And Religious Policies…….Page 1044
Differences Between Fascist And Nazi Regimes…….Page 1045
Fascism, Nazism, And War…….Page 1046
Communism……Page 1047
Socialist Varieties……Page 1048
Revolution And The State……Page 1050
Building The State, Creating The New Man And Woman……Page 1052
The War Against Society……Page 1053
War And The Expansion Of The Soviet-style State……Page 1056
Bureaucracy As A Concept And Organizational Type……Page 1061
Narratives Of Bureaucratic Development: Bureaucratization……Page 1063
Variations In The Narratives Of Bureaucratization……Page 1065
Administration Without Bureaucracy……Page 1067
Organization Theory…….Page 1068
Social And Occupational Mobility Issues……Page 1069
Types Of Military Service……Page 1072
Why Men Served……Page 1074
Officers And ‘‘other Ranks’’……Page 1076
Conclusions……Page 1079
Vol.3: Sections 10-13……Page 1081
Section 10. Social Structure……Page 1086
History Of Class Terminology And Class Analysis……Page 1088
Competing Notions Of Class……Page 1089
Social-historical Investigations Of Class……Page 1093
Defining Social Class……Page 1094
Competing Definitions Of Class And Social Historical Analysis……Page 1096
Popular Political Contention…….Page 1097
Demographic Change…….Page 1098
Definitions And Methods……Page 1103
Interdisciplinary Cooperation……Page 1104
Social Mobility In Modern Society…….Page 1105
Social Mobility In The United States And The ComMunist Bloc…….Page 1106
The Discourse On Social Mobility…….Page 1107
The Decline Of The Topic And Its Future……Page 1108
Ideals, Definitions, Rankings……Page 1111
Counter Ideals: The Tradition Of Social Criticism……Page 1112
The Geography Of Social Distinction……Page 1113
Social Mobility……Page 1114
Economic Situations……Page 1115
Dealing With The State……Page 1118
The Age Of Revolutions……Page 1120
Before Industrialization: The ‘‘rising’’ And ‘‘falling’’ Middle Classes……Page 1123
Seventeen-century Holland: A ‘‘bourgeois’’ SociEty…….Page 1127
Economic Differentiation And The Middle Classes In The Eighteenth Century…….Page 1129
The Role Of The Middle Classes In IndustrializaTion…….Page 1131
Politics And The Middle Classes In The Nineteenth Century…….Page 1132
Middle Classes And Separate Spheres…….Page 1133
Middle Class Associational Life…….Page 1134
Middle-class Morality And Sexual Behavior…….Page 1135
The Middle Classes In The Modern Era: A Balance Sheet…….Page 1137
Professionals And Professionalization……Page 1141
The Early Modern Period……Page 1142
The Modern Era……Page 1144
Women And The Professions……Page 1146
Deprofessionalization……Page 1147
The Student Population……Page 1150
Student Life……Page 1154
Student Movements……Page 1157
The Renaissance……Page 1161
The Age Of The Baroque……Page 1163
Enlightenment And Revolution……Page 1165
Romanticism……Page 1167
Manet And The Impressionists……Page 1169
Political Engagement……Page 1170
World War I And After……Page 1173
Definitions……Page 1178
From Feudalism To Absolutism……Page 1179
The Age Of Nationalism……Page 1181
The World Wars……Page 1182
The Cold War And After……Page 1183
Conclusions……Page 1185
Artisans……Page 1187
Early Modern Patterns……Page 1188
The Industrial Revolution……Page 1189
Defining The Petty Bourgeoisie……Page 1191
From Corporate Traditions To Individualism……Page 1192
White-collar Workers And Artisans……Page 1194
The Self-image Of The Lower Middle Class……Page 1196
Fascism And National Socialism……Page 1197
Conclusion……Page 1198
Working Classes And The Changing Shape Of ProTest…….Page 1200
The Rst Working Class Organizations…….Page 1201
Poverty And The Formation Of Working-class IdenTity…….Page 1202
Mechanization And The Formation Of WorkingClass Identity…….Page 1203
Political Variables And The Formation Of WorkingClass Identity…….Page 1204
Signs Of Identity…….Page 1205
Explanations Of The Rise Of Labor…….Page 1206
Skilled Workers: The Backbone Of Labor MobiliZation…….Page 1207
The Growth Of Wage Labor And Urbanization…….Page 1208
Uneven Industrialization And Working-class Fragmentation……Page 1209
The Fragmentation Of Working-class Politics…….Page 1210
Gender And Working-class Fragmentation…….Page 1211
World War I…….Page 1212
The European Working Classes, 1924–1950…….Page 1214
Epilogue: European Labor After 1950……Page 1215
Conclusion……Page 1216
Servants……Page 1218
Who Became A Servant……Page 1219
Changes In Domestic Service……Page 1220
Working Conditions……Page 1221
Wages……Page 1222
Servants And Sex……Page 1223
Social Mobility……Page 1224
Peasants And Rural Laborers……Page 1227
Community And Mentalities, 1500–1750……Page 1229
The Push Of Agriculture…….Page 1232
The Pull Of Industry…….Page 1235
Peasants In The Twentieth Century……Page 1237
Russia……Page 1242
Slavic Countries And The Ottoman Empire……Page 1244
Italy, Iberia, And France……Page 1246
Northern Europe……Page 1247
England, Scotland, And Ireland……Page 1249
Marginal People……Page 1252
The Margins Of Urban Society……Page 1253
Beggars……Page 1255
Wanderers……Page 1256
Women, Infants, And The Elderly……Page 1257
Early Responses To Begging And Vagrancy…….Page 1258
Attitudes In The Late Nineteenth And Early TwenTieth Centuries…….Page 1259
Since World War I…….Page 1260
Section 11. Social Protest……Page 1264
Narrow Versus Broad Definitions……Page 1265
Conditions For Collective Action……Page 1266
Shifting Repertoires Of Collective Action……Page 1267
The Shift From EighteenthTo Nineteenth-century Repertoires…….Page 1269
Methods Of Studying Collective Action……Page 1272
Cataloging ‘‘eighteenth-century’’ Repertoires In Holland…….Page 1273
De Ning The Emergence Of ‘‘nineteenth-century’’ Repertoires In Holland…….Page 1274
De Ning The Emergence Of The New Repertoire In Nineteenth-century Belgium…….Page 1275
Evaluating The Catalogs…….Page 1276
Theories Of Causality……Page 1277
Manifestations Of Moral Economy……Page 1280
In England…….Page 1285
In France…….Page 1288
In Germany…….Page 1289
Theories Of Crowd Behavior……Page 1292
The Crowd In History……Page 1293
Composite Monarchies And Crowds……Page 1294
Sovereign States And Crowds……Page 1296
Consolidated States And Crowds……Page 1299
Revolutions……Page 1302
The Netherlands Revolt (1568–1609)…….Page 1303
The British Revolution (1638–1660)…….Page 1305
The Fronde (1648–1653)…….Page 1307
The Era Of The French Revolution……Page 1308
The French Revolution…….Page 1309
The Revolutions Of 1848…….Page 1313
Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels…….Page 1315
The Russian Revolutions Of 1917…….Page 1316
Post-war Revolutions…….Page 1318
Student Revolts In Europe (1965–1968)…….Page 1320
The East European Revolutions Of 1989…….Page 1321
Conclusions……Page 1323
British Labor History…….Page 1327
French Labor History…….Page 1328
European Labor History After The 1960s……Page 1329
Strikes And Business Cycles…….Page 1330
Strikes And Unions…….Page 1331
Strikes And The Political Context…….Page 1332
Trade Unions……Page 1333
Industrial Unions…….Page 1334
Competing Union Movements…….Page 1335
Unions, Parties, And The State…….Page 1336
Unions In National And International PerspecTive…….Page 1337
Origins And Ideologies Of Socialism……Page 1341
‘‘utopian’’ Socialists…….Page 1342
Organization And The Movement Before World War I…….Page 1344
World War I And Socialist Movements…….Page 1346
The Bolshevik Revolution…….Page 1348
The Social Democratic Model…….Page 1349
The Symbolism Of Gender……Page 1352
Nineteenth-century Labor Issues……Page 1353
Republican Ideologies And Insurrections……Page 1354
Women’s Suffrage……Page 1355
Women And Trade Unions……Page 1356
World War I……Page 1357
The Interwar Period……Page 1358
World War Ii And After……Page 1359
The Roots Of Social Movements: Seventeenth-century Revolts……Page 1362
The Age Of Social Movements: 1789–1945……Page 1363
Post–world War Ii Liberatory Movements And Identity Politics……Page 1365
Student Movements…….Page 1366
Abortion And The Women’s Movement…….Page 1367
Gay Liberation…….Page 1368
Environmentalism…….Page 1369
The Peace Movement…….Page 1370
Student Movements……Page 1373
Students And Revolution……Page 1374
Russian Populism……Page 1376
World War……Page 1377
Toward 1968……Page 1378
1968 And Beyond……Page 1380
Modern Protest Politics……Page 1383
The Nineteenth Century: Traditional Lines Of ConFlict……Page 1384
Twentieth Century: New Lines Of Conflict……Page 1385
The Historical Development Of European Social Movements……Page 1387
Cycles Of Contention……Page 1389
Political Opportunities And Cross-national Variations……Page 1396
Concluding Remarks……Page 1398
Section 12. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control……Page 1404
Definitions And Sources……Page 1405
Property Crime And The Problem Of Quantification……Page 1406
Determining Crime Rates…….Page 1407
Informal Handling Of Crime…….Page 1409
Violent Crime……Page 1410
Trends In Homicide Rates…….Page 1411
Arson And Minor Violence…….Page 1412
Popular Perceptions Of Crime……Page 1413
Crime And Social Protest……Page 1414
Conclusion: The Transformation Of Crime……Page 1416
1500–1829: Criminalization……Page 1421
1800–1890: Medical Regulation……Page 1424
Recriminalization: 1890 To The Present……Page 1427
Malleus Maleficarum……Page 1431
The Great Witch-hunts……Page 1433
The Survival Of Witch Beliefs……Page 1438
Sources And Definitions……Page 1442
Banditry In Comparative Perspective……Page 1443
Political Dimensions Of Banditry……Page 1444
The Significance Of Violence……Page 1445
The Problem Of Complicity……Page 1447
Banditry And Literature……Page 1448
Conclusion……Page 1450
Juvenile Delinquency And Hooliganism……Page 1452
The Early Modern Age……Page 1454
The Modern Age……Page 1458
Police……Page 1467
Early Models Of Policing……Page 1468
State Security…….Page 1470
Public Order…….Page 1471
Limitations Of Early Policing Systems……Page 1472
Evolving Duties…….Page 1473
English And Continental Police…….Page 1475
Policing In The Twentieth Century……Page 1476
Corporal And Public Punishments……Page 1480
Banishment, Penal Bondage, Confinement, And Disciplinary Practices……Page 1485
Evaluating Punishment: Theory And Historiography……Page 1491
Introduction……Page 1495
Caring For The Mentally Ill……Page 1500
The Asylum Regime…….Page 1502
From Asylums To Community Care…….Page 1503
From Politics To Medicine…….Page 1505
Moral Treatment…….Page 1507
Section 13. Social Problems and Social Reform……Page 1510
Charity And Poor Relief: The Early Modern Period……Page 1511
Methods Of Poor Relief……Page 1512
Administration Of Poor Relief……Page 1513
The Predominance Of Private Charity In Nineteenth-century Europe……Page 1517
Charitable Giving And Identity: Class, Gender, Community……Page 1519
Localism And Voluntarism: The Guiding Principles Of NineteenthCentury Charitable Activity……Page 1521
Charity, Morality, And Social Control……Page 1523
The Withering Of Charity, The Growth Of The State……Page 1525
The Concept Of Welfare……Page 1530
From Poor Relief To Welfare……Page 1531
Preventive Social Welfare Programs……Page 1532
The Development Of Social Insurance……Page 1534
From Social Insurance To Social Security……Page 1536
Welfare State Regimes In Postwar Europe……Page 1538
Social Welfare In Communist Europe……Page 1540
Women, Gender, And The Welfare State……Page 1541
Crisis, Retrenchment, And New Departures Since The 1970s……Page 1542
Alcohol In Early Society……Page 1546
Economics Of Alcohol…….Page 1547
Alcohol Consumption As A Moral Issue…….Page 1548
The Social Context For Concerns About Alcohol Abuse……Page 1549
Early Temperance Efforts……Page 1550
More Formalized Temperance Efforts……Page 1551
International Temperance Efforts……Page 1553
Temperance After World War I……Page 1554
Orphans And Foundlings……Page 1560
The First Foundling Homes……Page 1561
The Eighteenth Century……Page 1562
The Nineteenth Century……Page 1564
Public Standards For Personal Decisions……Page 1566
Perspectives On Disability……Page 1569
Disability And The Early Modern State……Page 1570
Education And Special Institutions……Page 1571
Racial Hygiene……Page 1573
Postwar Developments……Page 1574
Conclusions……Page 1576
The Plague And Epidemic Control……Page 1578
Syphilis And Stigmatization……Page 1579
The Social Science Of Health In The Early Modern Period……Page 1580
Health And The Modern State……Page 1582
Health Care Systems In The Twentieth Century……Page 1583
Health Care And Individual Behavior……Page 1585
Vol.4: Sections 14-18……Page 1588
Section 14. Gender……Page 1593
NineteenthAnd Early-twentiethCentury Histories Of Women……Page 1594
Women As Historical Agents…….Page 1596
Histories Of Social Movements, Norms, And Resistance……Page 1597
The Development Of Gender History……Page 1599
Cultural Contextualization…….Page 1600
Political Regimes…….Page 1601
The Origins Of Patriarchy……Page 1605
Patriarchal Structures In Early Modern Europe……Page 1607
Challenges To Patriarchy……Page 1610
Patterns Of Economic Activity……Page 1615
Sexuality And Reproduction……Page 1619
Women’s Sociability And Solidarity……Page 1621
Patterns In Early Modern Europe……Page 1626
The Impact Of Industrialization……Page 1628
New Crises……Page 1630
Twentieth-century Developments……Page 1631
Renaissance Feminism, 1400–1688……Page 1633
Enlightenment Feminism, 1689–1789……Page 1634
The French Revolution, 1789–1815……Page 1635
Utopian Feminism, 1815–1850……Page 1636
‘‘new Women,’’ 1890–1918……Page 1637
Feminism In The Twentieth Century, 1918–1968……Page 1639
Postfeminism?……Page 1640
Gender And Work……Page 1643
The Household Economy And Wage Labor In Rural Areas…….Page 1644
Households, Guilds, And Capitalism In Urban Areas…….Page 1646
Change And Continuity In The Industrial EconOmy…….Page 1648
War And State Welfare In The Twentieth Century…….Page 1650
Education, Gender, And Social Status In Early Modern Europe……Page 1656
Primary Schooling In The Nineteenth And Early Twentieth Centuries……Page 1659
Secondary Schooling And Issues Of Access And Gender……Page 1661
Teachers……Page 1662
Universities And Access To Professions……Page 1663
From World War I To World War Ii……Page 1665
Since 1945……Page 1666
Section 15. The Family and Age Groups……Page 1670
The Emergence Of Family History……Page 1671
The Emergence Of The European Family……Page 1674
New Trends In The Early Modern Period……Page 1677
The Nineteenth Century And Industrialization……Page 1682
Kinship……Page 1687
The Question Of Evidence……Page 1688
Kin Ties Within And Outside The Household……Page 1689
Kinship Structures, Kinship Rules, And Historical Shifts……Page 1691
Conceptualizations Of The Household……Page 1695
European Family And Household Systems……Page 1696
Rural Households…….Page 1699
Urban Households…….Page 1702
Sex Ratios…….Page 1703
The Forces Shaping European Family And Household Systems……Page 1705
Inheritance……Page 1710
Early Modern Europe……Page 1711
Partial Inheritance…….Page 1712
Dowries And Inheritance…….Page 1713
Noble Inheritance Patterns…….Page 1714
Modern Europe Since 1789……Page 1716
The Family And The State……Page 1719
The Early Modern Period……Page 1720
The French Revolution……Page 1722
Twentieth Century……Page 1724
Conclusion……Page 1726
The Significance Of Marriage……Page 1729
The Demographic And Economic Context Of European Marriage: Variations In Place And Time……Page 1730
Courtship……Page 1731
Marriage Rites……Page 1733
The Responsibilities Of Husbands And Wives……Page 1736
The Quality Of Marital Relationships……Page 1737
Annulment, Separation, And Divorce……Page 1738
Divorce In The Modern Era……Page 1742
Wife, Mother, Witch: The Sixteenth Century Through The Eighteenth Century……Page 1745
The Cult Of Motherhood: 1760–1918……Page 1747
Mid-twentieth-century Motherhood: From Reciprocity To Maternal Liability……Page 1751
The Reconfiguration Of Motherhood: The 1970s, 1980s, And 1990s……Page 1752
Philippe Arie`s And The ‘‘discovery’’ Of Childhood…….Page 1758
Nature Versus Nurture…….Page 1759
Depravity Versus Innocence…….Page 1761
Conclusion…….Page 1762
Caring For Infants: Food, Clothing, And Hygiene…….Page 1763
Infanticide And Abandonment…….Page 1765
The Second Phase Of Childhood: Age Two To Seven Years…….Page 1766
The Third Phase Of Childhood: Age Seven To Twelve Or Fourteen…….Page 1769
Conclusion……Page 1771
The Continent In The Renaissance And The Reformation……Page 1775
Early Modern England……Page 1777
The Middle Class And The Birth Of Adolescence……Page 1778
The Youth Movements……Page 1780
Working-class Youth……Page 1781
Soviet Youth……Page 1782
Youth Under Fascism……Page 1783
Youth In The Cold War……Page 1784
Demographics And The Meaning Of Widowhood……Page 1788
Economics, Inheritance Law, And The Household……Page 1789
The Privileges Of Widowhood……Page 1791
The Social Safety Net……Page 1793
Mourning……Page 1794
Piety And Virtue……Page 1795
Dangerous Widows……Page 1796
The Decline Of The Widow……Page 1798
Social And Cultural Approaches……Page 1799
Demographic Aging And Increasing Life Expectancy: Two Processes……Page 1800
Family And Household Structures……Page 1803
Work And Retirement Experiences……Page 1804
State Intervention……Page 1805
Cultural Representations And Popular Attitudes……Page 1807
Definitions Of Generations: Biology And History……Page 1810
Post-napoleonic Student Movements…….Page 1811
The Twentieth Century……Page 1812
World War I…….Page 1813
World War Ii…….Page 1814
Family-based Biological Generations As Historical……Page 1815
Other Disciplines And Approaches To Generations……Page 1817
Conclusion……Page 1818
Section 16. Sexuality……Page 1820
The Renaissance……Page 1821
The Enlightenment……Page 1825
The Long Nineteenth Century……Page 1828
Europe In The Age Of The World Wars……Page 1830
The Postwar World……Page 1832
Illegitimate Birth In The Twentieth Century…….Page 1837
Illegitimacy And The Law…….Page 1838
Socioeconomic Structures And Illegitimacy…….Page 1839
Attitudes Toward Illegitimacy…….Page 1840
From Illegitimacy Endured To Illegitimacy ProClaimed…….Page 1841
A Multifaceted Concubinage…….Page 1842
From Prenuptial Relationships To Accepted ConCubinage…….Page 1844
A Period Of Differentiation And Danger……Page 1846
Female Puberty……Page 1847
Variations And Abnormalities In Menarche…….Page 1848
Hysteria And Other Disorders Of Female Puberty…….Page 1849
The Dangers Of Masturbation…….Page 1851
Puberty And The Attributes Of Masculinity…….Page 1852
Conclusion……Page 1853
The Invention Of A Menace……Page 1855
From Debility To Insanity?……Page 1858
Therapeutics And Gender Attitudes……Page 1860
Masturbation And National Degeneracy……Page 1861
Sexology And Psychology……Page 1862
The Second Half Of The Twentieth Century……Page 1863
The Renaissance……Page 1866
The Enlightenment And The Age Of Revolution……Page 1868
The Victorian World……Page 1870
The Twentieth Century……Page 1872
Regulation By The Church……Page 1876
Legislation Against Adultery……Page 1877
Legislation Against Homosexuality……Page 1880
The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 1881
An Age-structured System, 1300–1700……Page 1885
A Comparative Perspective…….Page 1886
Renaissance Florence…….Page 1887
The Rest Of Europe…….Page 1889
Sexual Behavior Between Women…….Page 1890
Mollies…….Page 1891
Sapphists…….Page 1893
Discussions Of Homosexuality…….Page 1895
Section 17. Body and Mind……Page 1899
The Body And Its Representations……Page 1900
Renewed Interest In Corporeality…….Page 1901
Presenting And Representing The Body…….Page 1902
The Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment……Page 1905
The Long Nineteenth Century……Page 1907
Questions Of Race…….Page 1908
The Display Of The Body…….Page 1909
The Twentieth Century……Page 1910
The Interwar Years…….Page 1912
After World War Ii…….Page 1914
Methodology……Page 1916
Prehistory……Page 1917
Middle Ages To The Renaissance……Page 1918
The Reformation And The Enlightenment……Page 1922
The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 1924
Historicizing The Senses……Page 1927
Work In The Field……Page 1928
The Sensory World Of The Renaissance……Page 1930
The Senses In Modernity……Page 1933
The Study Of Gesture……Page 1937
From The Renaissance To The Nineteenth Century……Page 1938
Techniques Of Gesture……Page 1939
The Functions Of Manners……Page 1942
The Study Of Manners……Page 1943
The Period Of Courts And Courtesy……Page 1945
The Expansion Of ‘‘good Society’’……Page 1947
The Formalizing Process……Page 1948
The Twentieth Century: A Long-term Process Of Informalization……Page 1949
Conclusion……Page 1951
The Emotions……Page 1954
The Emotionalizing Of Relations Between Men And Women……Page 1956
The Emotionalizing Of Relations Between Parents And Children……Page 1959
Networks Expand, Feelings Of Loyalty Broaden, And Regulation Of The Emotions Alters……Page 1961
Measures Of Well-being……Page 1967
Levels And Trends In Average Height……Page 1969
Urban-rural And Regional Differences……Page 1973
Income And Social Status……Page 1974
Gender And Family Issues……Page 1975
Conclusion……Page 1976
A Diversity Of Practitioners…….Page 1979
Multiple Beliefs And Practices…….Page 1980
Many Europes…….Page 1982
The Medieval And Early Modern Medical Field……Page 1984
The Nineteenth Century…….Page 1987
The Twentieth Century…….Page 1991
Conclusion: Entering The Twenty-first Century……Page 1993
Childbirth, Midwives, Wetnursing……Page 1996
Midwives And Early Midwifery Texts…….Page 1997
Wet Nursing…….Page 1998
The Age Of Enlightenment— 1700–1850……Page 2000
Midwifery And The Rise Of Obstetrics…….Page 2001
Wetnursing In The Eighteenth Century…….Page 2002
Renewed Communication And Alternative Birth…….Page 2003
Conclusion……Page 2004
Psychology And Modernity……Page 2007
Early Views Of Human Nature……Page 2009
Modern Psychology And Psychiatry……Page 2012
Section 18. Work……Page 2017
Premodern Patterns: The Peasantry……Page 2018
Religion, Work Ethics, And The Middle Class……Page 2022
Twentieth-century Developments……Page 2025
Larger Patterns: Work And Family……Page 2027
Conclusion……Page 2029
Guilds…….Page 2033
Masters And Workers…….Page 2034
Apprenticeship…….Page 2036
Workhouses……Page 2037
Ships And Clocks……Page 2038
Compagnonnage……Page 2040
New Trades—guns And Books……Page 2041
Conclusion……Page 2042
Mechanization And Factories…….Page 2044
Structuring Factory Work: Management And ReguLation…….Page 2046
Change And Continuity: 1875–1914…….Page 2047
The Continent……Page 2048
Structuring Factory Work: Management, ResisTance, And Regulation…….Page 2049
Change And Continuity, 1870–1914…….Page 2050
The Structure Of Factory Work…….Page 2051
Regulation Of Factory Work…….Page 2053
War Work……Page 2054
Conclusion……Page 2055
The Early Modern Background……Page 2059
A Clearer Transition: The Eighteenth Century……Page 2060
The Work Ethic……Page 2061
Myths And Realities……Page 2062
The Twentieth Century……Page 2063
Preindustrial Work Time……Page 2065
Reducing Work Time In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 2067
Ideologies And Dilemmas Of Reducing Work Time……Page 2069
Arguments For Reform…….Page 2070
Work Time, Family, And Gender Roles…….Page 2071
Late Twentieth-century Attempts To Reduce Work Time……Page 2072
Children And Family Work Routines……Page 2076
Child Labor And Industrialization……Page 2079
Child Labor And Child Welfare……Page 2081
Child Labor In Decline……Page 2083
Vol.5: Sections 19-23……Page 2088
Section 19. Culture and Popular Culture……Page 2093
Historiography……Page 2094
The Problem Of The Popular……Page 2095
The Binary Model…….Page 2096
The Logic Of Appropriation…….Page 2097
The Problems Of Hegemony And Resistance……Page 2099
The Problem Of Mass Culture……Page 2101
Postindustrial Or Postmodern Culture……Page 2103
High Culture……Page 2105
Some Distinctions……Page 2106
Religion And Psyche…….Page 2107
Institutional And Ideological Bases Of The EvoluTion To A Secular High Culture…….Page 2109
From The ‘‘monumental’’ Premodern To The ‘‘critical’’ Modern……Page 2110
Concluding Paradoxes……Page 2115
Magic……Page 2119
The Renaissance Magus……Page 2120
The Reformations And Popular Magic……Page 2122
Magic And Misfortune In Modern Europe……Page 2123
Learned And Ceremonial Magic From The Eighteenth To The Twentieth Centuries……Page 2124
Magic And Pagan Witchcraft……Page 2125
Magic And Satanism……Page 2126
Carnival……Page 2130
Reform Attacks On Carnival…….Page 2132
New Year……Page 2134
Bastille Day: July 14……Page 2136
Conclusion……Page 2138
Difficulties Of Definitions……Page 2141
Interdisciplinary Approaches To The Reform Of Popular Culture…….Page 2142
Carnival And Late-medieval Civic Consciousness…….Page 2143
The Intellectual Revolution Of Humanism……Page 2144
The ‘‘civilizing Process.’’……Page 2145
Reform Of Popular Culture And The Reformation As A Social Movement……Page 2146
The Culture Of Working Class Associations…….Page 2147
Ongoing Cultural Reforms In The Countryside…….Page 2148
Modern Gender Roles: Separate Spheres As A Norm Not A Reality…….Page 2149
Conclusion……Page 2150
Language And Status……Page 2154
Speech Domains……Page 2157
Language And Politics…….Page 2159
Linguistic Revivals…….Page 2160
Linguistic Purification……Page 2161
Precursors Of Modern Consumerism……Page 2164
Consumerism And Its Critiques, 1700–1850……Page 2166
Practice And Theory Of Mass Consumerism, 1860–1930……Page 2167
Consumerism And Alternatives In The Twentieth Century……Page 2169
Why Consumerism Won……Page 2170
Limits And Challenges To Modern Consumerism……Page 2173
Early Production And Consumption……Page 2176
Transformations……Page 2179
Temperance……Page 2184
Introduction……Page 2189
Marriage And Inheritance Strategies……Page 2191
Honor And Social Class……Page 2192
The Duel And The Point D’honneur……Page 2194
Honor And Sociability……Page 2197
Theories Of Memory……Page 2200
Uses Of Memory……Page 2203
War And Memory……Page 2209
The Medieval Background……Page 2215
Modern Periods: Renaissance And Reformation……Page 2216
The Seventeenth Century……Page 2218
The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries……Page 2219
Conclusion……Page 2221
Music And Dance……Page 2224
Musical Culture Within Eighteenth-century Public Life……Page 2225
The Expansion Of Publics And Classical Repertories In The Nineteenth Century……Page 2228
Musical Life Since 1945……Page 2230
Dance……Page 2231
Section 20. Modern Recreation and Leisure……Page 2235
Organs Of Policing Leisure……Page 2236
Indirect Regulation……Page 2238
Policing Festivals……Page 2239
Policing Specific Practices……Page 2241
Censorship Of Media……Page 2244
Difficulties In Policing Leisure……Page 2245
Tournaments…….Page 2247
Archery…….Page 2248
‘‘blood Sports.’’……Page 2249
Pugilism…….Page 2250
Traditional Sport…….Page 2251
Modern Times: Invention And Diffusion……Page 2252
Soccer Football…….Page 2253
Resistance To Modernity……Page 2256
Transformations……Page 2258
Spectatorship And The Mass Media……Page 2260
Postmodern Sports?……Page 2261
Functionalism And Other Models…….Page 2265
Refinin The Definitions……Page 2267
Ritual In Early Modern Europe……Page 2269
Secular Rituals In Early Modern Europe……Page 2270
Nineteenth-century Nationalism And Public Ritual……Page 2273
Ritual And Fascism……Page 2275
Military Ritual……Page 2277
Twentieth-century Rituals And Holidays……Page 2278
Rhythms Of Early Modern Life……Page 2281
Social Distinction And Conflict……Page 2282
New Leisure Institutions……Page 2285
New Commercial Leisure, 1850–1914……Page 2287
The Age Of Mass Media……Page 2290
At Home With The Small Screen……Page 2292
Problematic Leisure In Contemporary Society……Page 2293
Vacations……Page 2298
Origins Of The European Vacation……Page 2299
The Seaside Aesthetic……Page 2300
The Railway Age……Page 2301
Between The Wars And After……Page 2304
Emergence Of The Grand Tour……Page 2308
Taking The Waters: Spas And Seasides……Page 2310
The Railroads And Middle-class Tourism In The Nineteenth Century……Page 2312
Bicycle And Automobile Tourism In The Early Twentieth Century……Page 2315
Mass Tourism In The Twentieth Century……Page 2318
Conclusion: Travel, Tourism, And Social Distinctions……Page 2320
Section 21. Religion……Page 2325
Problems With The Elite-popular Model……Page 2326
Clerical Control And Lay Autonomy……Page 2327
Lay Attitudes Toward The Clergy……Page 2328
Religious Negotiations……Page 2329
The Virgin Mary And Centralization Within Popular Religion……Page 2330
The Emergence Of National Churches……Page 2339
The Transformation Of The Clergy……Page 2341
The Growth Of Parish-centered Christianity……Page 2343
Social Service…….Page 2345
Lobbying Organizations…….Page 2346
Religious Tradition And Social History……Page 2350
Divine Service…….Page 2351
Transformations Of Judaism In Modern Europe……Page 2353
Influenc Of The 1492 Expulsion And The RenaisSance…….Page 2354
Patterns Of Modernization…….Page 2355
Emancipation And Reform…….Page 2357
Zionism…….Page 2358
Gender…….Page 2359
Catholicism And The ‘‘social Miracle’’……Page 2362
The Catholic Reformation……Page 2364
The Eighteenth Century……Page 2365
The French Revolution And Napoleonic Wars……Page 2367
The Nineteenth Century……Page 2368
The Twentieth Century……Page 2371
Theological And Organizational Foundations……Page 2376
The Age Of Religious War……Page 2380
The Church In The Age Of Reason……Page 2381
The Church In The Industrial Age……Page 2384
The Church In The Twentieth Century……Page 2385
Caesaropapism And Agency……Page 2388
The Institutional Development Of The Russian Orthodox Church……Page 2390
Parish Clergy…….Page 2392
Monastic Clergy…….Page 2393
Popular Orthodoxy……Page 2394
Dissent: Old Believers And Sectarianism……Page 2396
Church And Society……Page 2397
From Soviet De-christianization To Post-soviet Renewal……Page 2398
Section 22. Education and Literacy……Page 2402
The Organization Of Schooling, 1400–1500…….Page 2403
The Classical Latin Curriculum Of The RenaisSance…….Page 2405
Printing And The Expansion Of Schooling…….Page 2406
The Jesuits…….Page 2407
France…….Page 2409
The Enlightenment……Page 2411
Prussia And France, 1750–1850…….Page 2412
France…….Page 2413
The Rest Of Continental Europe…….Page 2414
The Nation And Its Minorities…….Page 2415
England…….Page 2416
Scotland Although Ruled By The English Crown,……Page 2418
Eastern Europe…….Page 2419
Conclusion……Page 2421
From The Renaissance To The Eighteenth Century: Redefinition And Decline……Page 2426
The Nineteenth Century……Page 2428
The Twentieth Century……Page 2430
Germany And France…….Page 2432
Diversity And Reform…….Page 2433
Conclusion……Page 2435
Teachers……Page 2438
Before Professionalization— Teaching As A Craft……Page 2439
State Intervention And Teacher Training……Page 2440
Teachers And The Community……Page 2443
The Expansion And Feminization Of Teaching……Page 2444
Teachers, Politics, And Professional Association……Page 2445
Conclusion……Page 2447
Early Modern Printing And Bookselling……Page 2449
The Renaissance……Page 2451
The Reformation……Page 2453
The Age Of Enlightenment……Page 2455
The Industrial Age……Page 2456
Modern Publishing……Page 2458
Literacy……Page 2462
Patterns……Page 2463
Schooling…….Page 2466
Religion And Wealth…….Page 2467
Gender…….Page 2468
Linguistic Variety…….Page 2469
The State…….Page 2470
Uses And Implications……Page 2471
Religion…….Page 2473
Advantages Of Literacy…….Page 2474
Conclusion……Page 2475
Growing Accessibility Of Text Before 1500……Page 2478
Reformation And Counter-reformation…….Page 2479
Humanist Elites…….Page 2480
Reading And Social Movements: 1600–1900……Page 2481
Reading In Libraries……Page 2483
Reading For Pleasure And Escape: The Novel 1700–1900……Page 2484
The Future Of Reading……Page 2487
The Coming Of Print……Page 2490
The Reformation And The Popular Press……Page 2492
The Birth Of The Periodical Press In The Age Of Enlightenment……Page 2494
The Rise Of The Political Press In The Age Of Revolutions……Page 2495
The Mass-circulation Press……Page 2498
The Twentieth Century And Electronic Media……Page 2499
Section 23. Everyday Life……Page 2504
The Possessions Of Elites……Page 2505
Ordinary People……Page 2507
New Products……Page 2508
Consumer Behavior……Page 2510
Ready-made Goods……Page 2511
The Nineteenth Century……Page 2512
International Relations And Domestic Politics……Page 2513
The Twentieth Century……Page 2514
Standards Of Living……Page 2520
Health And Life Expectancy……Page 2521
Food And Drink……Page 2522
Housing……Page 2523
Goods And Chattels……Page 2524
Measuring Standards Of Living……Page 2525
Early Modern Europe……Page 2530
The Nineteenth Century……Page 2533
Between The Wars……Page 2535
Post–world War Ii……Page 2537
Conclusion……Page 2538
The Differentiation Of Society And The Subdivision Of Domestic Space……Page 2540
The Trend Toward Complexity And Privacy…….Page 2541
Family Life And Interiors…….Page 2542
Urbanization, Industrialization, And The Increased Need For Privacy……Page 2544
Taking Bodily Functions Backstage…….Page 2545
The Bourgeois Home As A Model For Working-class Dwellings…….Page 2546
Variation In Lifestyles And Domestic Interiors……Page 2548
Structure And Hierarchy In Dress……Page 2551
Commercial Expansion And Social Transformation……Page 2552
The Politics And Practice Of Dress……Page 2557
From Made-to-measure To Mass Production……Page 2561
Food And Diet……Page 2565
Issues In Food History In The Early Modern Period……Page 2566
Patterns Of Dietary Regimes……Page 2568
The Impact Of Industrialization……Page 2570
Animals In Modernizing Europe……Page 2574
Hunting And Aristocracy…….Page 2577
Hunting In Early Modern England…….Page 2578
Animal Protection In England And France…….Page 2579
Pet Keeping……Page 2581
Antivivisection……Page 2583
Twentieth-century Trends In Animal Protection……Page 2584
Playthings In Early Modern Europe……Page 2588
Material Changes In Playthings, C. 1700–1850……Page 2590
Nineteenth-century Toys And Games……Page 2591
Twentieth-century Trends……Page 2593
Americanization Of Playthings In Europe……Page 2594
Vol.6: Biographies……Page 2597
Adorno, Theodor……Page 2602
Alberti, Leon Battista……Page 2603
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’……Page 2604
Alexander II……Page 2605
Aretino, Pietro……Page 2606
Arkwright, Richard……Page 2607
AtatuЁrk, Ghazi Mustapha Kemal……Page 2608
Bacon, Francis……Page 2610
Baden-Powell, Robert……Page 2611
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich……Page 2612
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich……Page 2614
Barthes, Roland……Page 2615
Beauvoir, Simone de……Page 2616
Behn, Aphra……Page 2617
Benjamin, Walter……Page 2619
Bentham, Jeremy……Page 2620
Bernstein, Eduard……Page 2621
Bismarck, Otto von……Page 2622
Blanc, Louis……Page 2624
Bloch, Marc……Page 2625
Bodin, Jean……Page 2626
Broca, Pierre Paul……Page 2627
Bruno, Giordano……Page 2628
Braudel, Fernand……Page 2629
Bunyan, John……Page 2630
Burckhardt, Jacob……Page 2631
Burke, Edmund……Page 2632
Byron, George Gordon, known as Lord Byron……Page 2635
Calvin, John……Page 2636
Carlyle, Thomas……Page 2638
Castiglione, Baldassare……Page 2639
Catherine II……Page 2640
Cavendish, Margaret……Page 2643
Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di……Page 2644
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart……Page 2645
Chamberlain, Joseph……Page 2646
Chaplin, Charles……Page 2647
Charles I……Page 2648
Chmielnicki, Bogdan……Page 2649
Cobb, Richard……Page 2650
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel……Page 2651
Colbert, Jean Baptiste……Page 2652
Cole, George Douglas Howard……Page 2653
Columbus, Christopher……Page 2654
Comte, Auguste……Page 2656
Copernicus, Nicolaus……Page 2658
Corteґs, Hernaґn……Page 2660
Cousin, Victor……Page 2661
Cromwell, Oliver……Page 2662
Danton, Georges Jacques……Page 2664
Darwin, Charles Robert……Page 2665
David, Jacques Louis……Page 2667
Dee, John……Page 2669
Defoe, Daniel……Page 2672
Derrida, Jacques……Page 2673
Descartes, Reneґ……Page 2674
Dickens, Charles……Page 2678
Diderot, Denis……Page 2680
Disney, Walt……Page 2681
Douglas, Mary……Page 2682
Dreyfus, Alfred……Page 2684
Dubcek, Alexander……Page 2686
Durkheim, Eґmile……Page 2687
Eichmann, Adolf……Page 2688
Elias, Norbert……Page 2690
Elizabeth I……Page 2691
Engels, Friedrich……Page 2693
Erasmus, Desiderius……Page 2695
Evans-Pritchard, Sir Edward……Page 2696
Feґnelon, Francёois de Salignac de la Mothe……Page 2697
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb……Page 2698
Filmer, Sir Robert……Page 2699
Foucault, Michel……Page 2700
France, Anatole……Page 2701
Franco, Francisco……Page 2703
Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great……Page 2704
Freud, Sigmund……Page 2706
Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August……Page 2709
Fry, Elizabeth……Page 2710
Galileo Galilei……Page 2712
Galton, Sir Francis……Page 2715
Gama, Vasco da……Page 2716
Gaulle, Charles Andreґ Joseph Marie de……Page 2717
Garbo, Greta……Page 2719
Geertz, Clifford……Page 2720
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von……Page 2721
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich……Page 2725
Gouges, Olympe de……Page 2727
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de Paula Joseґde……Page 2729
Gramsci, Antonio……Page 2731
Grimm, Jakob Karl……Page 2732
Guizot, Francёois Pierre Guillaume……Page 2733
Gutenberg, Johann……Page 2734
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August……Page 2735
Hall, Marguerite Radclyffe……Page 2736
Hammond, John Lawrence Le Breton……Page 2737
Hargreaves, James……Page 2738
Heґbert, Jacques Reneґ……Page 2739
Henry VIII……Page 2740
Henry IV……Page 2742
Henry the Navigator……Page 2744
Herder, Johann Gottfried von……Page 2745
Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich……Page 2746
Herzl, Theodor……Page 2747
Hill, Christopher……Page 2748
Hitler, Adolf……Page 2749
Hobbes, Thomas……Page 2752
Hugo, Victor……Page 2754
Hume, David……Page 2757
Ignatius of Loyola……Page 2759
Ivan IV……Page 2760
James I……Page 2762
Jaure`s, Jean……Page 2764
Jenner, Edward……Page 2765
Johnson, Samuel……Page 2766
Jones, Inigo……Page 2767
Joseph II……Page 2768
Jung, Carl Gustav……Page 2770
Kant, Immanuel……Page 2771
Kautsky, Karl Johann……Page 2773
Kepler, Johannes……Page 2774
Kerensky, Aleksandr Fedorovich……Page 2775
Keynes, John Maynard……Page 2776
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich……Page 2777
Kipling, Joseph Rudyard……Page 2778
Knox, John……Page 2779
Kropotkin, Peter Alekseevich……Page 2780
Lacan, Jacques……Page 2781
Lamennais, Hugues Feґliciteґ Robert de……Page 2782
Las Casas, Bartolomeґde……Page 2783
Lavisse, Ernest……Page 2784
Le Bon, Gustave……Page 2785
Le Corbusier……Page 2786
Lefebvre, Georges……Page 2787
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich……Page 2788
Leo XIII……Page 2791
Leґvi-Strauss, Claude Gustave……Page 2793
Leґvy-Bruhl, Lucien……Page 2794
Livingstone, David……Page 2795
Lloyd George, David……Page 2796
Locke, John……Page 2798
Lombroso, Cesare……Page 2799
Louis XIV……Page 2800
Louis XVI……Page 2803
Lukaґcs, Gyorgy……Page 2804
Lumie`re, Auguste……Page 2805
Luther, Martin……Page 2807
Machiavelli, Niccolo`……Page 2810
Malraux, Andreґ……Page 2812
Malthus, Thomas Robert……Page 2813
Manet, Eґdouard……Page 2815
Marat, Jean Paul……Page 2816
Maria Theresa……Page 2817
Marie Antoinette……Page 2819
Mathiez, Albert……Page 2820
Marx, Karl……Page 2821
Mazarin, Jules……Page 2824
Meґrimeґe, Prosper……Page 2825
Michelet, Jules……Page 2826
Mill, John Stuart……Page 2827
Mitterrand, Francёois……Page 2829
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de……Page 2832
More, Sir Thomas……Page 2833
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus……Page 2834
Mussolini, Benito……Page 2837
Nagy, Imre……Page 2840
Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein……Page 2841
Napoleon I……Page 2842
Napoleon III……Page 2845
Nerval, Geґrard de……Page 2847
Newton, Sir Isaac……Page 2848
Nicholas I……Page 2851
Nicholas II……Page 2852
Ortega y Gasset, Joseґ……Page 2854
Orwell, George……Page 2855
Owen, Robert……Page 2856
Oxenstierna, Count Axel Gustafsson……Page 2857
Palladio, Andrea……Page 2858
Pareto, Vilfredo……Page 2859
Parnell, Charles Stewart……Page 2860
Pascal, Blaise……Page 2861
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich……Page 2863
Penn, William……Page 2865
Perrault, Charles……Page 2867
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich……Page 2868
Peґtain, Henri Philippe……Page 2869
Peter I……Page 2870
Petrarch……Page 2872
Philip II……Page 2874
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni……Page 2877
Pius V……Page 2878
Pius IX……Page 2879
Pius XII……Page 2880
Pizarro, Francisco……Page 2881
Plumb, J. H…….Page 2882
Pope, Alexander……Page 2883
Popper, Karl……Page 2886
Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Miguel……Page 2887
Proust, Marcel……Page 2888
Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich……Page 2890
Ranke, Leopold von……Page 2893
Renan, Ernest……Page 2894
Rhodes, Cecil John……Page 2895
Richardson, Samuel……Page 2896
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de……Page 2897
Riefenstahl, Leni……Page 2899
Robespierre, Maximilien Francёois Marie Isidore de……Page 2901
Rousseau, Jean Jacques……Page 2902
Sade, Donatien Alphonse Francёois, comte de……Page 2906
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de……Page 2907
Salazar, Antoґnio de Oliveira……Page 2908
Sand, George……Page 2909
Schmoller, Gustav Friedrich von……Page 2911
Schopenhauer, Arthur……Page 2912
Shakespeare, William……Page 2913
Shaw, George Bernard……Page 2917
Sieye`s, Emmanuel Joseph……Page 2918
Simmel, Georg……Page 2919
Smith, Adam……Page 2920
Spencer, Herbert……Page 2921
Stalin, Joseph……Page 2922
Stanley, Sir Henry Morton……Page 2924
Stead, William Thomas……Page 2925
Stolypin, Piotr Arkadevich……Page 2926
Stopes, Marie……Page 2927
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe……Page 2928
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, duc de Talleyrand-Peґrigord……Page 2929
Teresa of Avila……Page 2931
Thiers, Louis Adolphe……Page 2934
Thomas, Keith……Page 2935
Thompson, E. P…….Page 2936
Tolstoy, Leo……Page 2937
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de……Page 2939
Treitschke, Heinrich von……Page 2941
Troeltsch, Ernst……Page 2942
Trotsky, Leon……Page 2943
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l’Aulne……Page 2946
Vasari, Giorgio……Page 2947
Victoria……Page 2948
Virchow, Rudolf Ludwig Carl……Page 2950
Voltaire……Page 2951
Wagner, Richard……Page 2954
Webb, Sidney James, Baron Pass eld……Page 2957
Weber, Max……Page 2958
Wedgwood, Josiah……Page 2960
Wesley, John……Page 2961
Wilberforce, William……Page 2962
William II……Page 2963
Wolff, Baron Christian von……Page 2964
Wollstonecraft, Mary……Page 2965
Woolf, Virginia Stephen……Page 2968
Zetkin, Clara……Page 2970
Zola, Eґmile……Page 2972
Zwingli, Huldreich……Page 2974
DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS……Page 2976
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