Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications

edited by C. Leyens and M. Peters.3-527-30256-5, 3-527-30339-1, 3-527-30534-3, 3-527-30570-X

For all kinds of materials, phase transformations show common phenomena and mechanisms, and often turn a material, for example metals, multiphase alloys, ceramics or composites, into its technological useful form. The physics and thermodynamics of a transformation from the solid to liquid state or from one crystal form to another are therefore essential for creating high-performance materials. This handbook covers phase transformations, a general phenomenon central to understanding the behavior of materials and for creating high-performance materials. It will be an essential reference for all materials scientists, physicists and engineers involved in the research and development of new high performance materials. It is the revised and enhanced edition of the renowned book edited by the late P. Haasen in 1990 (Vol. 5, Materials Science and Technology).

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Related Titles from Wiley-VCH……Page 3
Title: Titanium and Titanium Alloys……Page 4
ISBN 3527305343……Page 5
Foreword……Page 6
1 Structure and Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys……Page 7
4 γ-Titanium Aluminide Alloys: Alloy Design and Properties……Page 8
6 Oxidation and Protection of Titanium Alloys and Titanium Aluminides……Page 9
9 Investment Casting of Titanium……Page 10
12 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites: Fabrication, Properties and Applications……Page 11
14 Production, Processing and Application of γ(TiAl)-Based Alloys……Page 12
16 Titanium and its Alloys for Medical Applications……Page 13
19 Offshore Applications for Titanium Alloys……Page 14
Subject Index……Page 15
List of Contributors……Page 16
1.1 Introduction……Page 19
1.2 The Metallurgy of Titanium……Page 22
1.3 The Classification of Titanium Alloys……Page 27
1.4 Metallographic Preparation of the Microstructure……Page 29
1.5 The Microstructure of Titanium Alloys……Page 30
1.6 Property Profiles of the Titanium Alloy Classes……Page 34
1.7 The Alloying Elements of Titanium……Page 36
1.8 The Conventional Titanium Alloys……Page 37
1.9 Textures in Titanium Alloys……Page 41
1.10 Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys……Page 43
1.11 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 53
2.1 Introduction……Page 55
2.2 Metallurgy and Processing……Page 57
2.3 Mechanical Properties……Page 60
2.4 Applications……Page 72
2.5 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 73
3.1 Introduction……Page 77
3.2 Physical Metallurgy: Crystal Structures, Phase Equilibria, and Alloy Chemistry……Page 80
3.3 Properties of Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminides……Page 82
3.4 Oxidation and Environmental Embrittlement……Page 96
3.5 Concluding Remarks……Page 102
3.6 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 103
4.1 Introduction……Page 107
4.2 Constitution of γ-Titanium Aluminide Alloys……Page 108
4.3 Phase Transformations and Microstructure……Page 111
4.4 Micromechanisms of Deformation……Page 113
4.5 Mechanical Properties……Page 130
4.6 Basic Aspects of Processing……Page 151
4.7 Conclusions……Page 163
4.9 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 164
5.1 Introduction……Page 171
5.2 Influence of Microstructure……Page 172
5.3 Influence of Crystallographic Texture on Fatigue Life……Page 187
5.5 Influence of Mechanical Surface Treatments……Page 189
5.6 Influence of Thermomechanical Surface Treatments……Page 193
5.7 Titanium Aluminides……Page 196
5.8 Composite Materials……Page 198
5.9 Summary……Page 199
5.10 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 200
6.1 Introduction……Page 205
6.2 Fundamentals of Oxidation of Metals……Page 206
6.3 Oxidation Behavior of Titanium Alloys and Titanium Aluminides……Page 216
6.4 Measures to Improve Oxidation Resistance……Page 231
6.5 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 241
7.2 Titanium Sponge……Page 249
7.3 From Sponge to Ingot……Page 252
7.4 Titanium, Titanium Alloys and Special Alloys……Page 254
7.5 Processing to Semi-finished Products……Page 257
7.6 Applications……Page 259
7.7 Recycling……Page 261
7.8 Summary and Outlook……Page 262
8 Fabrication of Titanium Alloys……Page 263
8.3 Casting……Page 265
8.4 Welding……Page 268
8.5 Superplastic Forming/Diffusion Bonding……Page 273
8.6 Powder Metallurgy……Page 276
8.7 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 279
9.2 Cast Alloys……Page 281
9.4 Molding Materials……Page 283
9.6 Finishing……Page 284
9.7 Examples of Cast Parts……Page 285
10.1 Introduction……Page 291
10.2 Superplasticity……Page 293
10.3 Diffusion Bonding……Page 296
10.4 The SPF Process……Page 297
10.5 SPF-Material Investigations for Parameter Definition……Page 299
10.7 Examples of SPF Components……Page 301
10.9 SPF/DB Processing……Page 303
10.10 SPF/DB Structures and Components……Page 304
10.11 Summary……Page 305
10.12 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 306
11.2 General Properties and Applications……Page 307
11.3 Thermomechanical Treatment of Titanium Alloys……Page 310
11.4 Process Design……Page 314
11.5 Examples for Process Optimization and Applications……Page 319
11.6 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 322
12.1 Introduction……Page 323
12.2 Fabrication Processes……Page 324
12.3 Properties……Page 328
12.4 Dimensioning and Design with TMCs……Page 342
12.5 Material Modeling……Page 343
12.6 Applications……Page 344
12.7 Summary and Outlook……Page 347
12.8 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 348
13.1 Introduction……Page 351
13.2 Titanium Alloys in Aircraft……Page 352
13.3 Space Applications……Page 365
13.4 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 367
14.1 Introduction……Page 369
14.2 Constitution of γ(TiAl)-Based Alloys……Page 370
14.3 Controlled Microstructures by Heat-Treatments……Page 374
14.4 Processing of γ(TiAl)-Based Alloys……Page 378
14.5 Further Processing……Page 396
14.6 Requirements, Components, Tests and Applications……Page 398
14.7 Concluding Remarks……Page 404
14.8 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 406
15.2 Chemical, Process and Power Generation Industries……Page 411
15.3 Marine and Offshore Applications……Page 417
15.4 Automotive Industry……Page 419
15.5 Architecture……Page 423
15.6 Sports and Leisure……Page 425
15.7 Medical Applications……Page 430
15.8 Dental Implants……Page 434
15.9 Jewelry and Fashion……Page 435
15.10 Musical Instruments……Page 436
15.11 Optical Industry……Page 437
15.13 Safety and Security……Page 438
15.14 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 440
16.1 Introduction……Page 441
16.2 Comparison of the Various Groups of Metallic Biomaterials……Page 442
16.3 Examples of Tailor-made Ti-based Composites……Page 450
16.4 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 467
17.2 Clinically Relevant Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys in Dentistry……Page 471
17.3 Use of Titanium and Titanium Alloys in Dentistry……Page 476
17.4 Processing of Titanium in the Dental Laboratory……Page 481
17.6 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 483
18.1 Introduction……Page 485
18.2 Possible Applications for Titanium in Automotive Production……Page 486
18.3 Suspension Springs made from Titanium……Page 492
18.4 Exhaust Systems……Page 495
18.5 Conclusion……Page 498
18.6 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 499
19.2 Materials and Materials Requirements……Page 501
19.3 Fabrication……Page 506
19.4 Applications……Page 509
19.5 Availability and Cost……Page 512
19.6 Standards……Page 513
19.8 Referenced Literature and Further Reading……Page 514
A……Page 517
C……Page 518
D……Page 520
F……Page 521
G……Page 522
I……Page 523
M……Page 524
O……Page 525
P……Page 526
S……Page 527
T……Page 529
W……Page 530
X,Y,Z……Page 531
Back Page……Page 532