Stand Alone Photovoltaic Systems

Table of contents :
SAND87-7023……Page 1
ABSTRACT……Page 4
FOREWORD……Page 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 6
INTRODUCTION……Page 7
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED DESIGN PRACTICES……Page 8
HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK……Page 9
SYSTEM DESIGN ANDSPECIFICATIONS……Page 13
CALCULATE THE LOAD……Page 16
THE SOLAR RESOURCE……Page 20
BATTERIES……Page 25
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAYS……Page 35
HYBRID INDICATOR……Page 41
CONTROLLERS……Page 42
INVERTERS……Page 45
INTERCONNECTING THE SYSTEM……Page 50
SYSTEM INSTALLATION……Page 55
MAINTENANCE……Page 61
ECONOMICS: LIFE-CYCLE COST……Page 65
WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS……Page 74
HYBRID SYSTEMS……Page 80
DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS……Page 86
CATHODIC PROTECTION……Page 88
RECOMMENDED READING……Page 92
GLOSSARY……Page 93
POINT DESIGNS……Page 107
WARNING SIGNALS……Page 109
LIGHTING……Page 121
REFRIGERATION……Page 133
COMMUNICATIONS……Page 149
RESIDENTIAL……Page 191
WATER PUMPING……Page 236
REMOTE MONITORING STATIONS……Page 282
DIRECT-DRIVE APPLICATIONS……Page 294
CATHODIC PROTECTION……Page 302
APPENDIX A – INSOLATION DATA……Page 314
APPENDIX B – SAMPLE SIZING WORKSHEETS & INSTRUCTIONS……Page 384