Rough Surfaces

T. R. Thomas9781860941009, 1-86094-100-1

Treats roughness primarily as an engineering phenomenon, reflecting author’s interests and background in tribology and production engineering. Assumes a general familiarity with scientific and engineering terms and concepts.

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Table of contents :
CONTENTS……Page 8
PREFACE……Page 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 14
1.1.1. What Causes Roughness?……Page 18
1.1.2. Why is Roughness Important?……Page 20
1.2. Principles of Roughness Measurement……Page 21
1.2.1. Range and Resolution……Page 23
1.3. References……Page 26
2.1. Mechanical Instruments……Page 28
2.2. Electrical Instruments……Page 30
2.2.1. Stylus and Skid……Page 32
2.2.2. Transducers……Page 33
2.2.3. Pickup……Page 35
2.2.4. Output Recording……Page 36
2.3.1. Effect of Stylus Size……Page 37
2.3.2. Effect of Stylus Load……Page 40
2.3.3. Other Sources of Error……Page 41
2.4. Calibration and Standards……Page 45
2.5. References……Page 46
CHAPTER 3 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS……Page 52
3.1.1. Optical Sections……Page 53
3.1.2. Optical Probes……Page 54
3.1.3. Interferometers……Page 61
3.2. Parametric Techniques……Page 63
3.2.1. Specular Reflectance……Page 64
3.2.2. Total integrated scatter……Page 66
3.2.3. Angular Distributions……Page 67
3.2.5. Ellipsometry……Page 69
3.2.6. Speckle……Page 71
3.3. References……Page 73
4.1.1. Taper Sectioning……Page 80
4.1.2. Electron Microscopy……Page 81
4.1.3. Capacitance……Page 83
4.1.4. Scanning Microscopies……Page 85
4.2.1. Mechanical Methods……Page 88
4.2.2. Electrical Methods……Page 94
4.2.3. Fluid Methods……Page 97
4.2.4. Acoustic Methods……Page 100
4.3. References……Page 101
5.1. 3D Measurement……Page 108
5.2. Relocation……Page 112
5.3. Replication……Page 114
5.4. In-process Measurement……Page 117
5.4.1. Optical Techniques……Page 119
5.5. References……Page 123
6.1. Data Acquisition……Page 130
6.2. Filtering……Page 132
6.2.1. Envelope Filters……Page 142
6.3. References……Page 147
CHAPTER 7 AMPLITUDE PARAMETERS……Page 150
7.1. Extreme-value Parameters……Page 151
7.2. Average Parameters……Page 155
7.3. The Height Distribution……Page 156
7.4. Bearing Area……Page 161
7.5. References……Page 164
CHAPTER 8 TEXTURE PARAMETERS……Page 168
8.1. Random Processes……Page 169
8.2. The Profile as a Random Process……Page 174
8.3. Practical Computation……Page 176
8.4. Fractal Roughness……Page 179
8.5. References……Page 185
CHAPTER 9 SURFACES IN THREE DIMENSIONS……Page 188
9.1. Filtering……Page 189
9.2. Parameters……Page 190
9.3. Random Processes in Three Dimensions……Page 194
9.4. The Surface as a Random Process……Page 197
9.5. Practical Computation……Page 202
9.6. Anisotropy……Page 205
9.7. References……Page 212
CHAPTER 10 APPLICATIONS: CONTACT MECHANICS……Page 216
10.1. The Contact of Rough Surfaces……Page 218
10.2. Rough Contact Mechanics……Page 222
10.2.1. Contact of Curved Surfaces……Page 229
10.2.2 Joint Stiffness……Page 231
10.3. The Plasticity Index……Page 232
10.4. References……Page 237
11.1. Friction……Page 242
11.2. Lubrication……Page 244
11.3. Wear……Page 246
11.4. Seals……Page 252
11.5. References……Page 255
12.1. Contact Resistance……Page 264
12.2. Noise and Vibration……Page 267
12.3. Fluid Flow……Page 268
12.4. Dimension and Tolerance……Page 272
12.5. Abrasive Machining……Page 274
12.6. Bioengineering……Page 276
12.7. Geomorphometry……Page 278
12.8. References……Page 280
INDEX……Page 286