Hoe I. Ling, Dov Leshchinsky, Fumio Tatsuoka9780824742546, 0-8247-4254-0
Table of contents :
Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice……Page 1
Preface……Page 5
Contributors……Page 10
Contents……Page 7
2.1 Testing Standards……Page 14
3 GEOTEXTILES, GEOGRIDS, AND GEONETS/GEOCOMPOSITES……Page 15
3.1 Reinforcement of Steep Slopes, Retaining Structures, and Embankments……Page 16
3.2 Filter and Drainage Layer……Page 18
3.3 Large-Capacity Flow with Geonets/Geocomposites……Page 19
3.4 Separation and Reinforcement in Roadways……Page 20
4.1 Geomembranes……Page 21
4.2 Application of Geosynthetics in a Waste Containment System……Page 23
4.3 Geosynthetic Clay Liners as Hydraulic Barriers……Page 25
Mechanical Properties……Page 26
Endurance Properties……Page 27
Permeability and Filtration……Page 28
Geosynthetic Erosion Control……Page 29
Geomembranes……Page 30
REFERENCES……Page 31
2 INTRODUCTION……Page 32
3 MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS……Page 34
4 DESIGN STRENGTH……Page 35
5 PARTIAL FACTORS……Page 39
6 STIFFNESS……Page 40
7 COMPARISON OF DESIGN METHODS IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE……Page 41
8 SOIL REINFORCEMENT INTERACTION……Page 42
10 CONCLUSIONS……Page 46
REFERENCES……Page 47
1.1 Pseudocohesion Concept……Page 49
1.2 Confining Pressure Enhancing Concept……Page 52
2 REINFORCED SANDS……Page 53
2.1 Triaxial Compression Test……Page 54
2.2 Plane Strain Compression Test……Page 57
2.3 Direct Shear Test……Page 63
3.1 Triaxial Compression Test……Page 68
3.2 Direct Shear Test……Page 69
3.3 Anisotropically Consolidated Plane Strain Compression Tests……Page 72
4 THEORY OF REINFORCEMENT WITH REFERENCE TO STRAIN FIELDS……Page 74
REFERENCES……Page 77
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 80
2 GENERAL PROBLEM FORMULATION……Page 81
3 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION OF SOIL……Page 82
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF COHESIVE BACKFILL……Page 83
6 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION OF GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENT……Page 84
7.1 Models Proposed to Simulate Creep Response……Page 85
7.4 Concluding Remarks Concerning Modeling……Page 88
8 CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERFACES……Page 89
9 CONCLUSIONS……Page 90
REFERENCES……Page 91
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 95
2 NONISSUE (FOR POLYMER REINFORCEMENT)……Page 96
3 ISSUE (FOR POLYMER REINFORCEMENT)……Page 98
4 REMEDY (FOR POLYMERIC REINFORCEMENT)……Page 99
REFERENCES……Page 103
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 104
2 YIELD ACCELERATION……Page 106
3 REINFORCED SOIL RETAINING WALL……Page 108
4 PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT UNDER VERTICAL ACCELERATION……Page 114
5 LANDFILL COVER……Page 115
6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 119
REFERENCES……Page 120
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 122
3 FIRST WALL FAILURE……Page 123
4 SECOND WALL FAILURE……Page 127
5 BACK ANALYSIS……Page 129
6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 130
REFERENCES……Page 131
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 132
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION……Page 133
3 THE REINFORCED SOIL……Page 134
4 CONSTRUCTION……Page 135
6 BEHAVIOR……Page 136
7 CREEP AND CONSOLIDATION……Page 139
8 OBSERVATIONAL PROCEDURES……Page 141
REFERENCES……Page 144
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 146
2.1 Design Brief……Page 147
2.2 Global Stability……Page 148
2.3 Internal Stability of Reinforced Soil Block……Page 150
2.4 Face Detail……Page 152
3.1 Contract Award……Page 153
3.2 Lake 1: Wraparound Grid Face……Page 154
3.3 Lake 2: Precast Concrete Block Face……Page 156
REFERENCES……Page 160
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 161
2 WEB-SOIL TECHNOLOGY……Page 162
3 REINFORCED EARTH WALLS……Page 163
5 AN EXPERIMENTAL WALL……Page 167
6 BLOCK FACED GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED WALL……Page 168
7 SUMMARY……Page 170
REFERENCE……Page 171
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 172
2.1 Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil Structure in Consideration of Direction of Geotextile……Page 173
2.2 Influence of Modulus of Reinforcing Materials on the Stability of a Reinforced Retaining Wall……Page 175
2.3 Tests of Fiber-Reinforced Cohesive Soil……Page 177
2.4 Full-Scale Test Study on Frost Heave of Retaining Wall Reinforced with Geotextile……Page 179
3.1 A New Method for Analysis of Reinforced Earth……Page 180
3.2.1 Analysis of Earth Pressure……Page 182
4.1 Retaining Wall with Height of 35.5 Meters……Page 183
4.1.2.2 Lateral Deformation of Facing Plate…….Page 184
4.2 Reinforced Retaining Wall with Two Opposite Facing Plates……Page 185
4.3.2 Monitoring……Page 187
4.4 A Highway Bridge with Reinforced Earth Pier and Abutment……Page 188
4.4.2 Monitoring……Page 189
4.6 Retaining Walls in a Foundation Engineering of Pump Station……Page 190
4.6.1 The Scheme of Reinforced Earth……Page 191
REFERENCES……Page 192
ABSTRACT……Page 194
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 195
2 CONSTRUCTION OF NCKU WALLS……Page 196
3 CONSTRUCTION OF TEST EMBANKMENT……Page 201
4 STABILITY ANALYSES FOR NCKU WALLS……Page 202
6 TEST RESULTS FOR NCKU WALLS……Page 206
7 TEST RESULTS FOR EMBANKMENT……Page 215
8 FEM ANALYSES FOR NCKU WALLS AND EMBANKMENT……Page 219
REFERENCES……Page 225
ABSTRACT……Page 227
2.1 Site Characteristics……Page 228
2.2.1 Sauipe River Structure……Page 229
2.2.3 Subauma River Structure……Page 231
2.2.5 Mucambo River Structure……Page 232
3 PERFORMANCE OF THE REINFORCED STRUCTURES……Page 234
4 CONCLUSIONS……Page 238
REFERENCES……Page 242
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 243
3 TESTING PROGRAM……Page 244
4 CRITICAL HEIGHT OF SOIL COVER……Page 245
5 FLOTATION……Page 250
6 STRAIN IN GEOGRID……Page 253
7 DEFORMATION OF GEOGRID……Page 254
8 LOAD ACTING ON THE PIPE……Page 256
REFERENCES……Page 258
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 259
2 OVERVIEW……Page 260
3 DESIGN……Page 261
3.1 Calculation of Actions……Page 262
3.2 Long-Term Designed Strength of Geosynthetics Reinforcement……Page 263
3.3 Modular Block Walls……Page 265
4.1.1 Fly Ash as Select Fill……Page 266
4.1.2 Pullout Resistance of Polyester Straps……Page 267
4.2 Tied Back-to-Back Walls……Page 269
4.3 Measurement of Soil Temperature……Page 271
5.1 GRS Walls Constructed with Fine-Grain Soils……Page 272
5.2 Multitier Modular Block Wall……Page 273
5.3 M2 Motorway……Page 281
6 CONCLUSION……Page 284
APPENDIX: FLAC ANALYSIS……Page 285
REFERENCES……Page 286
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 288
2 FOUNDATION AND SOIL PROPERTIES……Page 289
3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION……Page 290
4 FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS……Page 293
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 296
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 297
REFERENCES……Page 300
ABSTRACT……Page 301
1 REINFORCED SOIL APPLICATIONS IN TAIWAN……Page 302
2 SEISMIC DESIGN……Page 303
3 JI-JI (CHI-CHI) EARTHQUAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES……Page 304
4.1 Ta Kung Housing Development Site, Tai Chung……Page 306
4.2 Ta Kung Roadway 129, Tai Chung City……Page 309
4.3 Chung-Hsin Stadium, Chung Hsin New Village……Page 311
4.4 Chung Hsin Nai Lu Shi Park, Chung Hsin New Village……Page 312
5.1 Chi-Nan University, Pu Li……Page 314
5.2 Nai Lu Housing Development Site, Chung Hsin New Village……Page 315
6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 317
REFERENCES……Page 318
ABSTRACT……Page 321
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 322
3 MATERIALS USED TO CONSTRUCT MODEL WALLS……Page 323
4 BACKFILL AND SUBSOIL MATERIAL……Page 325
5.1 Model Construction……Page 326
5.2 Seismic Load Application……Page 327
6.1 Failure Pattern……Page 329
6.2 Angle of Failure Plane……Page 333
6.4 Reaction Force from Subsoil……Page 336
6.5 Tensile Force in Reinforcement Layers……Page 339
6.6 Resultant Force of Normal Earth Pressures……Page 343
7.1 Calculation of Critical Seismic Coef.cients……Page 353
7.3 Comparison Between Observed and Calculated Critical Seismic Coefficients……Page 355
8 CONCLUSIONS……Page 359
REFERENCES……Page 361
ABSTRACT……Page 363
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 364
2 DEVELOPMENT, INSTRUMENTATION, AND CONSTRUCTION OF FULL-SCALE TEST WALL……Page 366
3 TEST PROCEDURES……Page 369
4 COMPARISONS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE OF RS AND RE WALLS SUBJECT TO BLAST……Page 371
5 INSTRUMENTATION RESULTS FOR THE RS WALL……Page 377
6 FEM MODELING OF RS WALL SUBJECT TO BLAST LOADING……Page 382
7 CONCLUSION……Page 391
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 392
REFERENCES……Page 393
ABSTRACT……Page 394
2.1 Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Sand……Page 395
2.2.1 Small-Scale Shaking Table Model Test……Page 398
2.2.2 Large-Scale Shaking Table Model Tests……Page 400
2.3.1 Method of Analysis……Page 403
2.3.2 Analytical Results……Page 405
3.1.1 Small-Scale Model……Page 407
3.1.2 Large-Scale Model……Page 409
4 COMPARISON OF REINFORCED EMBANKMENT MODEL TESTS WITH GEOGRID AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT……Page 411
4.1.1 Test Procedures and Results……Page 412
4.2.1 Test Procedures……Page 413
4.2.2 Experimental Results……Page 415
REFERENCES……Page 417
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 419
2.1 Principles of Centrifuge Modeling……Page 421
2.2.1 Advantages of Centrifuge Modeling……Page 422
2.2.2 Limitations of Centrifuge Modeling……Page 425
3.1.1 Test Procedures and Model Preparation……Page 429
3.1.2 Test Conditions……Page 432
3.2.1 Permanent Deformation of Reinforced Soil Wall……Page 434
3.2.2 Tensile Strain of Geogrids……Page 437
3.2.3 Acceleration Responses and Stress – Strain Relationships of Reinforced Soils……Page 439
REFERENCES……Page 442
ABSTRACT……Page 445
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 446
2 CASE STUDY: ARIFIYE BRIDGE OVERPASS……Page 447
2.1 Subsoil Conditions……Page 448
2.2 Observed Field Performance……Page 449
3 NUMERICAL ANALYSES……Page 451
4 MODEL GEOMETRY AND INPUT PARAMETERS……Page 452
5 STATIC ANALYSIS AND RESULTS……Page 454
6 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND RESULTS……Page 456
7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 459
REFERENCES……Page 464
ABSTRACT……Page 466
2.1 Previous Slope Failure at the Site……Page 467
4 GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE……Page 471
5 DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE REINFORCED SLOPE……Page 474
6 FAILURE MECHANISM OF THE REINFORCED SLOPE INDUCED BY THE CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE……Page 476
7 CONCLUSIONS……Page 479
REFERENCES……Page 480
ABSTRACT……Page 481
2 THE ENSEMBLE OF CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION DATA……Page 482
3 CONDENSATION AND ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION OF EXCITATION DATA……Page 483
4 ANALYTICAL TRANSIENT RESPONSE SOLUTION……Page 486
5 CONCLUSIONS……Page 488
REFERENCES……Page 489
1 INTRODUCTION……Page 491
2 REINFORCED EARTH WALL……Page 492
3 MULTIANCHORED REINFORCED SOIL WALL……Page 495
4 JR WALL……Page 501
5 PWRIWALL (NONSEISMIC, NONMODULAR BLOCKWALL)……Page 504
6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FROM LARGE-SCALE SHAKING TABLE TESTS……Page 507
REFERENCES……Page 509
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