Henry L. Bertoni9780130263735, 0130263737
Table of contents :
1 The Cellular Concept and the Need for Propagation Prediction……Page 18
1.1 Concept of spatial reuse……Page 19
1.2 Linear cells as an example of FDMAspectrum reuse……Page 21
1.3 Hexagonal cells for area coverage……Page 23
1.3b Interference for symmetric reuse patterns……Page 25
1.4 Sectored cells……Page 26
1.5 Spatial reuse for CDMA……Page 27
1.6 Summary……Page 29
References……Page 30
2 Survey of Observed Characteristics of the Propagation Channel……Page 32
2.1 Narrowband signal measurements……Page 33
2.1a Signal variation over small areas:fast fading……Page 35
2.1b Variations of the small-area average:shadow fading……Page 38
2.1c Separating shadow fading from range dependence……Page 39
2.2 Slope-intercept models for macrocell range dependence……Page 41
2.3 Range dependence for microcells:influence of street geometry……Page 43
2.3a LOS paths……Page 44
2.3b Zigzag and staircase paths in Sunset and Mission districts……Page 46
2.4 Multipath model for fast fading and other narrowband effects……Page 48
2.4a Frequency fading……Page 49
2.4b Time-dependent fading……Page 50
2.4d Depolarization……Page 51
2.5 Narrowband indoor signal propagation……Page 52
2.5a Fast fading for indoor links……Page 53
2.5b Distance dependence of small-area average……Page 55
2.6 Channel response for pulsed excitation……Page 56
2.6a Power delay profile……Page 57
2.6c Measures of time-delay spread……Page 59
2.7 Multipath observed at elevated base station antennas……Page 62
Problems……Page 64
References……Page 66
3 Plane Wave Propagation,Reflection,and Transmission……Page 70
3.1 Plane waves in an unbounded region……Page 71
3.1a Phasor notation……Page 73
3.1b Propagation oblique to the coordinate axes……Page 74
3.1c Fast fading due to several plane waves……Page 75
3.1d Correlation function and Doppler spread……Page 77
3.2 Reflection of plane waves at planar boundaries……Page 79
3.2a Snell s law……Page 80
3.2b Reflection and transmission coefficients for TE polarization……Page 81
3.2c Reflection and transmission coefficients for TM polarization……Page 83
3.2d Height gain for antennas above ground……Page 85
3.2e Reflection of circularly polarized waves……Page 86
3.3 Plane wave incidence on dielectric layers……Page 88
3.3a Reflection at a brick wall……Page 89
3.3b Reflection at walls with loss……Page 91
3.3c Transmission through walls of uniform construction……Page 93
3.3d Transmission through in-situ walls and floors……Page 96
3.4 Summary……Page 97
Problems……Page 98
References……Page 99
4 Antennas and Radiation……Page 102
4.1 Radiation of spherical waves……Page 103
4.2 Receiving antennas,reciprocity,and path gain or loss……Page 107
4.2a Path gain or loss……Page 108
4.2b Effective area of a receiving antenna……Page 109
4.2c Received power in the presence of a multipath……Page 112
4.3 Two-ray model for propagation above a flat earth……Page 113
4.3a Breakpoint distance……Page 115
4.3b Two-slope regression fit……Page 117
4.4 LOS Propagation in an urban canyon……Page 118
4.6 Summary……Page 121
Problems……Page 122
References……Page 123
5 Diffraction by Edges and Corners……Page 124
5.1 Local nature of propagation……Page 125
5.1a Evaluation of the field distortion……Page 127
5.1b Interpretation of the local region in terms of Fresnel zones……Page 128
5.2 Plane wave diffraction by an absorbing half-screen……Page 130
5.2a Field in the illuminated region y＞0……Page 131
5.2b Field in the shadow region y＜0……Page 134
5.2d Evaluating the Fresnel integral for y near the shadow boundary……Page 135
5.2e Uniform theory of diffraction……Page 137
5.3 Diffraction for other edges and for oblique incidence……Page 139
5.3a Absorbing screen……Page 140
5.3c Right-angle wedge……Page 141
5.3d Plane waves propagating oblique to the edge……Page 143
5.4 Diffraction of spherical waves……Page 144
5.4a Diffraction for rays incident at nearly right angles to the edge……Page 145
5.4b Diffraction for rays that are oblique to the edge……Page 146
5.4c Path gain for wireless applications……Page 148
5.5 Diffraction by multiple edges……Page 149
5.5a Two parallel edges……Page 150
5.5b Two perpendicular edges……Page 152
Problems……Page 153
References……Page 155
6 Propagation in the Presence of Buildings on Flat Terrain……Page 158
6.1 Modeling propagation over rows of low buildings……Page 159
6.1a Components of the path gain……Page 160
6.1b Modeling PG2 by diffraction of the rooftop fields……Page 161
6.2 Approaches to computing the reduction PG1 of the rooftop fields……Page 164
6.2b Solutions for uniform row spacing and building height……Page 166
6.3 Plane wave incidence for macrocell predictions……Page 167
6.3a Solution in terms of Borsma s functions……Page 168
6.3b Using the settled field to find the path loss……Page 171
6.4 Cylindrical wave incidence for microcell predictions……Page 174
6.4a Solution in terms of Borsma s functions……Page 175
6.4b Path loss for low base station antennas……Page 179
6.4c Path lossfor mobile-to-mobile propagation……Page 181
6.4d Propagation oblique to rows of buildings……Page 183
6.5 Numerical evaluation of fields for variable building height and row spacing……Page 185
6.5a Windowing to terminate the integration……Page 186
6.5b Discretization of the integration……Page 187
6.5c Height dependence of the settled field……Page 188
6.5d Influence of roof shape……Page 190
6.6 Summary……Page 193
Problems……Page 194
References……Page 195
7.1 Shadow fading statistics……Page 198
7.1a Variation of the rooftop fields……Page 199
7.1b Combined variations for street-level signal……Page 202
7.2 Modeling terrain effects……Page 204
7.2a Paths with LOS to the rooftops near the subscriber……Page 205
7.2b Paths with diffraction over bare wedge-shaped hills……Page 206
7.2c Paths with diffraction over bare cylindrical hills……Page 209
7.2d Diffraction of cylindrical waves over hills with buildings……Page 211
7.2e Path loss formulas for building-covered hills……Page 217
7.3 Modeling the effects of trees……Page 218
7.3a Propagation to subscribers in forested areas……Page 220
7.3b Path loss to subscribers in forest clearings……Page 223
7.3c Rows of trees in residential areas……Page 225
Problems……Page 228
References……Page 230
8 Site-Specific Propagation Prediction……Page 234
8.1 Outdoor predictions using a two-dimensional building database……Page 237
8.1a Image and pincushion methods……Page 238
8.1b Ray contributions to total power……Page 240
8.1c Comparison of predictions with measurements……Page 242
8.2 Two-dimensional predictions for a Manhattan street grid……Page 243
8.2a Path loss in turning one corner……Page 244
8.2b Predictions made using two-dimensional ray methods……Page 247
8.3 Outdoor predictions using a three-dimensional building database……Page 248
8.3a Three-dimensional pincushion method……Page 249
8.3b Vertical plane launch method……Page 251
8.3c Slant plane-vertical plane method……Page 254
8.3d Monte Carlo simulation of higher-order channel statistics……Page 255
8.4 Indoor site-specific predictions……Page 258
8.4a Transmission through floors……Page 260
8.4b Effect of furniture and ceiling structure on propagation over a floor……Page 262
8.5 Summary……Page 265
Problems……Page 266
References……Page 267
Index……Page 270
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.