Scott M. Auerbach, Kathleen A. Carrado, Prabir K. Dutta9780824753498, 0-8247-5349-6
Table of contents :
HANDBOOK OF LAYERED MATERIALS……Page 1
FOREWORD……Page 4
PREFACE……Page 6
CONTENTS……Page 8
CONTRIBUTORS……Page 10
CONTENTS……Page 0
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 12
II. STRUCTURES……Page 13
A. KAOLIN – SERPENTINE GROUP……Page 15
C. SMECTITE GROUP……Page 21
F. MICA AND BRITTLE MICA GROUPS……Page 22
A. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION XRD)……Page 23
B. THERMAL ANALYSIS……Page 25
C. ELECTRON AND SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY……Page 26
E. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHODS……Page 28
A. SURFACE AREA……Page 29
B. N2 ISOTHERMS……Page 30
C. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY……Page 33
D. SURFACE ACIDITY……Page 34
A. CLAYS IN HYDROCARBON CRACKING CATALYSTS……Page 38
B. CLAYS AS SPECIALTY CATALYSTS……Page 40
C. NMR STUDIES OF CLAY CATALYSIS……Page 42
VII. FINAL COMMENT……Page 44
REFERENCES……Page 45
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 49
II. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF CLAY MINERAL HYDRATES……Page 51
A. STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS……Page 52
B. CLAY MINERAL HYDRATES……Page 53
C. DIFFICULTIES IN FINDING THE STRUCTURE OF MINERAL HYDRATES FROM EXPERIMENTS, AND THE NEEDS FOR MOLECULAR MODELING……Page 55
A. QUANTUM MECHANICS……Page 56
B. MOLECULAR MECHANICS MM)……Page 62
C. ENERGY MINIMIZATION……Page 64
D. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS MD)……Page 65
E. MONTE CARLO SIMULATION……Page 67
IV. COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURE AND THE CLAY – WATER INTERFACE……Page 69
A. CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURE……Page 70
B. CLAY MINERAL HYDRATES CLAY – WATER INTERFACE)……Page 74
V. PERSPECTIVE ON COMPUTATIONAL CLAY MINERAL CHEMISTRY……Page 81
A. INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRA……Page 85
B. SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION……Page 88
VI. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS……Page 91
REFERENCES……Page 94
I. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND, HISTORY, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CLAY – ORGANIC INTERACTIONS……Page 100
II. INTERACTION OF CLAYS WITH ORGANIC CATIONS……Page 103
A. INTERCALATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN 2:1 PHYLLOSILICATES……Page 112
B. INTERCALATION PROCESSES IN KAOLIN MINERALS……Page 120
C. ADSORPTION ON PALYGORSKITE AND SEPIOLITE……Page 121
IV. INTERACTIONS THROUGH COVALENT BONDING: ORGANIC DERIVATIVES OF CLAYS……Page 124
V. POLYMER – CLAY INTERACTIONS: NANOCOMPOSITES……Page 129
A. DIRECT INTERCALATION……Page 131
B. IN SITU INTERCALATIVE POLYMERIZATION……Page 135
C. TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS OF THE CLAY IN THE PRESENCE OF A POLYMER……Page 138
D. TWO-STEP METHODS……Page 139
E. NANOCOMPOSITES DERIVED FROM SEPIOLITE AND KAOLINITE……Page 141
A. SELECTIVE ADSORPTION AND SEPARATION PROCESSES USING ORGANOCLAYS……Page 142
B. MEMBRANES AND ELECTROACTIVE SENSORS BASED ON ORGANOCLAYS……Page 145
C. ORGANOCLAYS AS SUPPORTS FOR ORGANIC REACTIONS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS……Page 146
D. CLAY – DYE COMPLEXES AND PHOTOACTIVE MATERIALS AND DEVICES……Page 147
E. ORGANOCLAYS AS IONIC AND ELECTRONIC CONDUCTORS……Page 150
F. POLYMER – CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES……Page 151
REFERENCES……Page 155
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 164
A. NEUTRAL SILOXANE SURFACE……Page 167
B. EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS……Page 172
C. WATER MOLECULES SURROUNDING EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS……Page 173
III. NITROAROMATIC COMPOUND SORPTION ON CLAY MINERALS……Page 175
A. INFLUENCE OF CLAY TYPE……Page 176
B. INFLUENCE OF EXCHANGEABLE CATION……Page 182
C. INFLUENCE OF NAC PROPERTIES……Page 191
REFERENCES……Page 195
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 199
A. HOST – GUEST SYSTEMS……Page 200
B. FORMS OF INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS……Page 202
A. LOCATION OF THE DYES……Page 203
B. DYE AGGREGATES……Page 221
C. ORIENTATION OF INTERCALATED DYE……Page 224
A. PHOTOCHROMISM……Page 232
B. PHOTOCHEMICAL CYCLOADDITION……Page 240
C. PHOTOCHEMICAL HOLE BURNING……Page 246
D. PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON/ENERGY TRANSFER……Page 248
E. PHOTOCATALYSIS……Page 252
V. POSSIBLE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF DYE – CLAY HYBRIDS……Page 255
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES……Page 257
REFERENCES……Page 258
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 268
A. AL-PILLARED SMECTITE CLAYS……Page 269
B. AL-PILLARED CLAYS DERIVED FROM HIGH-CHARGE-DENSITY CLAYS……Page 273
C. SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS CLAY – DERIVED MATERIALS……Page 275
D. POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PILLARED CLAYS……Page 277
E. SURFACE ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF PILLARED CLAYS……Page 285
F. APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ADSORPTION AND CATALYSIS……Page 286
III. POROUS CLAY HETEROSTRUCTURES……Page 297
A. SYNTHESIS MECHANISM OF POROUS CLAY HETEROSTRUCTURES……Page 298
B. ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF POROUS CLAY HETEROSTRUCTURES……Page 305
C. CATALYTIC AND ADSORPTION APPLICATIONS OF POROUS CLAY HETEROSTRUCTURES……Page 310
IV. CONCLUSIONS……Page 313
REFERENCES……Page 314
B. POTENTIAL OF METAL PHOSPHATES AND PHOSPHONATES……Page 319
B. STRUCTURE……Page 321
C. ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES……Page 323
D. INTERCALATION PROPERTIES……Page 326
III. PROBING THE GALLERIES OF ZRP IN PHOTOPHYSICAL STUDIES……Page 332
A. PROBING THE GALLERIES WITH ORGANIC, HYDROPHOBIC CATIONS……Page 333
B. PROBING THE GALLERIES WITH INORGANIC METAL COMPLEXES……Page 338
C. ACCELERATED ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE GALLERIES……Page 340
D. ACCELERATED ELECTRON TRANSFER IN THE GALLERIES……Page 342
A. OXIDATION……Page 344
C. DEHYDRATION……Page 347
E. DESULFURIZATION……Page 348
V. ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHONATES……Page 349
A. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE……Page 350
4. POLYMERIZATION……Page 354
C. THIN FILMS OF ZRRPS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS……Page 355
1. VIOLOGENS……Page 357
3. METAL COMPLEXES……Page 358
A. PROTEIN/ENZYME INTERCALATION……Page 359
C. ENHANCED THERMAL STABILITIES OF INTERCALATED PROTEINS……Page 362
E. REVERSIBLE THERMAL DENATURATION OF PROTEINS……Page 364
F. FOOTPRINTING OF PROTEINS BOUND TO SOLID SURFACES ( ZRP AND ZRRP)……Page 365
G. OTHER BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF ZRP AND ZRRP……Page 366
REFERENCES……Page 367
B. BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW……Page 379
C. REVIEWS……Page 380
II. SYNTHETIC ASPECTS……Page 381
B. DIRECT SYNTHESIS……Page 382
D. ANION EXCHANGE WITHIN AN LDH PRECURSOR……Page 386
F. PREPARATION FROM OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES……Page 388
H. PREPARATION BY REACTION OF METAL OXIDES/HYDROXIDES WITH SALTS……Page 389
K. PREPARATION FROM METALS……Page 390
M. POSTPREPARATIVE TREATMENTS……Page 391
P. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION……Page 392
1. BASIC STRUCTURE……Page 393
2. WITHIN THE HYDROXIDE LAYERS……Page 395
A. NATURE OF THE ANIONS……Page 397
B. ORIENTATION OF THE ANIONS……Page 398
D. WATER IN LDHS……Page 402
4. STACKING AND POLYTYPE……Page 403
5. SUPERLATTICE FORMATION……Page 404
A. X-RAY DIFFRACTION……Page 406
A. INFRARED AND RAMAN STUDIES……Page 408
D. ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE……Page 412
E. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE……Page 413
F. EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE……Page 414
A. ADSORPTION……Page 415
B. THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES……Page 416
4. MOLECULAR MODELING……Page 417
A. PARTICLE SIZE AND CRYSTALLINITY……Page 418
B. POROSITY AND SURFACE AREA……Page 420
C. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY……Page 421
A. GENERAL……Page 422
C. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION……Page 423
VI. CATALYSIS……Page 426
B. ALKYL OXIDATION TO CARBONYL……Page 427
E. EPOXIDATION……Page 428
3. HALIDE SUBSTITUTIONS……Page 429
1. ACID-CATALYZED REACTIONS……Page 430
A. DISULFIDE FORMATION FROM THIOLS……Page 431
C. EPOXIDATION……Page 432
4. PHOTOCATALYSIS……Page 433
A. HYDROGENATION……Page 434
2. ALKANE DEHYDROGENATION……Page 435
3. ALDOL CONDENSATIONS……Page 436
4. ALKYLATION……Page 438
5. ACYLATION……Page 439
7. EPOXIDE RING OPENING……Page 440
D. MEERWEIN–PONNDORF–VERLEY REDUCTION……Page 441
2. POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE……Page 442
B. APPLICATION……Page 443
4. STEAM REFORMING OF METHANOL (SRM)……Page 444
E. SUMMARY……Page 445
1. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR OXIDES……Page 446
2. WATER PURIFICATION……Page 447
B. POLYMER-LDH COMPOSITES……Page 448
2. POLYMER-LDH BLENDS……Page 449
3. POLYMER-LDH NANOCOMPOSITES……Page 450
1. POLYMERIZATION……Page 451
D. ELECTRODES, SENSORS, AND OPTICAL MATERIALS……Page 452
E. SEPARATION MEDIUM……Page 453
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 454
REFERENCES……Page 455
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 481
1. FEITKNECHTITE……Page 482
2. PYROCHROITE……Page 483
1. PRECIPITATION ROUTES……Page 485
2. SOL-GEL ROUTES……Page 488
3. INTERLAYER/FRAMEWORK SUBSTITUTION……Page 491
1. PILLARED LAYERED MANGANESE-BASED MATERIALS……Page 494
2. MANGANESE-BASED MESOPOROUS MATERIALS AND MANGANESE- BASED POROUS MIXED OXIDES……Page 499
A. ION REMOVAL FROM WATER……Page 502
B. OXIDATIVE CATALYSIS……Page 504
C. DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS……Page 507
E. APPLICATIONS OF MANGANESE OXIDE MESOPOROUS SOLIDS AND MANGANESE BASED POROUS MIXED OXIDES……Page 509
IV. CONCLUSIONS……Page 510
REFERENCES……Page 511
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 515
B. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS……Page 516
II. SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDES……Page 517
3. CHEMICAL VAPOR TRANSPORT……Page 518
4. LOW-TEMPERATURE SYNTHESES……Page 519
B. SYNTHESES OF INORGANIC FULLERENE-LIKE MATERIALS AND NANOTUBES FROM LAYERED MS2……Page 520
D. SYNTHESES OF LAYERED TERNARY TRANSITION METAL CHALCOGENIDES……Page 523
E. MISFIT LAYERED COMPOUNDS……Page 524
B. STRUCTURES FOR LAYERED MPX3……Page 525
IV. INTERCALATION REACTIONS……Page 527
V. POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES OF LAYERED METAL CHALCOGENIDES……Page 528
A. TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS……Page 531
B. INSERTION MATERIALS FOR POSITIVE ELECTRODES……Page 532
D. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY……Page 534
1. CATALYTIC HYDRODESULFURIZATION (HDS)……Page 536
2. CATALYTIC HYDRODENITROGENATION……Page 538
3. FISCHER – TROPSCH PROCESS/METHANATION……Page 539
4. PILLARED MS2 STRUCTURES……Page 540
REFERENCES……Page 541
I. INTRODUCTION……Page 546
A. CLASSIFICATION OF SILICA MATERIALS……Page 547
B. ANALYTICAL ASPECTS……Page 549
C. STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL MODELS……Page 553
D. MORPHOLOGY……Page 565
A. HISTORY……Page 566
B. GENERAL ASPECTS……Page 567
C. THE CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS……Page 571
1. COMPOSITION OF THE REACTION MIXTURE……Page 575
2. RAW MATERIALS……Page 576
4. SEEDING EFFECTS……Page 580
5. ISOMORPHIC SUBSTITUTION……Page 581
7. ADDITION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS……Page 583
8. RECRYSTALLIZATION……Page 584
A. SURFACE ACIDITY……Page 585
B. ION EXCHANGE BY INORGANIC IONS……Page 586
C. EXCHANGE REACTIONS WITH PROTONS……Page 588
D. EXCHANGE WITH ORGANIC CATIONS……Page 590
F. INTERCALATION REACTIONS OF CRYSTALLINE SILICIC ACIDS……Page 600
G. ADSORPTION FROM BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES……Page 605
H. INTERCALATION OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS AND DELAMINATION……Page 609
I. ADSORPTION OF POLYMERS AND NANOCOMPOSITES……Page 613
J. GRAFTING REACTIONS……Page 615
A. GAS ADSORPTION……Page 617
B. PILLARED COMPOUNDS……Page 620
C. MESOPOROUS MATERIALS FROM KANEMITE……Page 621
B. RECRYSTALLIZATION INTO ZEOLITES……Page 625
C. NEW TYPES OF SILICA……Page 626
REFERENCES……Page 627
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.