United States0160361850, 9780160361852
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Front Matter……Page 2
Foreword……Page 4
Advisory Panel……Page 5
Project Staff……Page 6
Workshop Participants……Page 7
Outside Reviewers……Page 9
Table of Contents……Page 11
1:Overview……Page 12
ENERGY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES……Page 14
The Example of Electricity……Page 16
Impediments to the Adoption of Energy Efficient Technology……Page 19
Conversion Technologies……Page 20
Primary Energy Supplies……Page 21
Impediments to Adoption……Page 22
ISSUES AND OPTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES……Page 23
2:Energy and the Developing Countries……Page 26
Boxes……Page 27
INTRODUCTION……Page 28
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK……Page 30
DEVELOPING AND INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES……Page 32
Energy Use……Page 33
Energy Supply……Page 36
Developing Countries in World Energy……Page 37
Factors Increasing Energy Demand……Page 38
Difficulties in Meeting Energy Demands……Page 40
Energy and Economic Development……Page 42
Energy and the Traditional Economy……Page 44
Energy and the Environment……Page 48
Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change……Page 50
CONCLUSION……Page 54
3:Energy Services: Residential and Commercial……Page 55
Boxes……Page 56
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY……Page 57
COOKING……Page 60
WATER HEATING……Page 70
LIGHTING……Page 73
REFRIGERATION……Page 81
SPACE CONDITIONING……Page 87
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT……Page 92
BARRIERS TO CONSUMER PURCHASE OF’ ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES……Page 93
POLICY RESPONSES……Page 94
CONCLUSION……Page 98
4:Energy Services: Industry and Agriculture……Page 99
Box……Page 100
Small Scale Industry……Page 101
Modern Industry……Page 104
MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEMS……Page 113
Motor Drive System Design……Page 114
Motors……Page 117
Pumps and Fans……Page 118
Adjustable Speed Drives……Page 122
Pipes and Ducts……Page 125
Steel……Page 127
Cement……Page 133
Pulp and Paper……Page 137
Chemicals……Page 139
IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MATERIAL USAGE……Page 140
Small Scale……Page 142
Financial Constraints……Page 143
Information……Page 144
AGRICULTURE……Page 146
Irrigation……Page 147
Traction……Page 150
CONCLUSION……Page 151
5:Energy Services: Transport……Page 152
Boxes……Page 153
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY……Page 154
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES……Page 164
The Truck Fleet……Page 165
Modal Shifts……Page 168
IMPROVING PASSENGER TRANSPORT ENERGY EFFICIENCY……Page 170
Motorized Two- and Three-Wheelers……Page 174
Modal Shifts in Urban Passenger Transport……Page 175
NONMOTORIZED MODES……Page 178
ALTERNATIVE FUELS……Page 180
CONCLUSION……Page 185
6:Energy Conversion Technologies……Page 186
Boxes……Page 187
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY……Page 188
Energy Conversion Technologies……Page 189
Generating System Rehabilitation The……Page 192
System Interconnections The……Page 196
Improved Management……Page 197
Environmental Considerations……Page 198
Clean Coal The……Page 199
Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)……Page 200
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)……Page 201
Large Hydro……Page 202
Nuclear Power……Page 203
6-D—Nuclear Power in China……Page 205
Cogeneration……Page 206
Geothermal……Page 207
Comparing the Technologies I-f……Page 209
OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRICITY SERVICE……Page 210
Photovoltaics (PVs)……Page 213
MicroHydropower……Page 215
Comparing the Technologies……Page 218
Grid Extension The……Page 220
OIL REFINING……Page 221
BIOMASS……Page 223
Gases and Electricity From Biomass……Page 224
6-J-Current Gas Turbine Research……Page 229
Liquid Fuels From Biomass The……Page 231
$250,000…….Page 234
7:Energy Resources and Supplies……Page 237
Contents……Page 238
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY……Page 239
OIL AND GAS SUPPLY……Page 241
Oil and Gas Reserves The……Page 242
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technologies In the……Page 244
Policy options……Page 251
Coal Reserves and Consumption in the Developing World Coal……Page 252
Coal Cleaning Techniques Coal……Page 254
BIOMASS RESOURCES……Page 255
Agricultural/Industrial Residues In the……Page 256
Forest Management……Page 258
Energy Crops……Page 259
2…….Page 260
Conclusions……Page 266
8:Issues and Options……Page 267
Boxes……Page 268
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY……Page 269
The U.S. Policy Framework……Page 271
AID Programs……Page 272
AID Office of Energy and Infrastructure……Page 274
Technology Transfer Support……Page 277
Improving the Institutional Framework In……Page 282
Financing Issues The……Page 284
Investment……Page 287
Reducing Poverty and Improving Social Welfare The……Page 291
Protecting the Environment……Page 292
Appendixes……Page 295
A:Capital and Life Cycle Costs for Electricity Services……Page 296
Capital Costs of Electricity Supplies……Page 297
Calculating Operating Costs for Electric Power Systems and End Use……Page 301
Sensitivity Analysis……Page 308
On-Grid Electricity Supply Technologies……Page 311
Off-Grid Electricity Generating Technologies……Page 316
Conversion Factors……Page 319
Abbreviations……Page 320
Glossary……Page 321
Index……Page 324
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