Reservoir formation damage: fundamentals, modeling, assessment, and mitigation

Faruk Civan PhD0884153010, 9780884153016

This comprehensive single source gives you the latest findings and techniques for understanding, assessing, and mitigating reservoir formation damage. It is the only book in the world to draw from the key disciplines of chemistry, engineering, petrophysics, geology, and mathematical modeling to provide state-of-the-art knowledge and valuable insights into formation damage. The author’s expertise in petroleum, chemical, and geological engineering make this book unique because of its broad, thorough coverage. It provides an understanding of the testing, modeling, and simulation techniques available for formation damage assessment. You will discover new strategies designed to minimize and avoid formation damage in petroleum reservoirs. Reservoir Formation Damage is a concise and practical reference for engineers, scientists, and operators engaged in various aspects of formation damage, including testing, evaluation, diagnosis, prediction, and mitigation.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 8
Preface……Page 16
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Formation Damage……Page 20
Common Formation Damage Problems, Factors, and Mechanisms……Page 23
Objectives of the Book……Page 25
PART I: Characterization of the Reservoir Rock for Formation Damage……Page 28
CHAPTER 2 Mineralogy and Mineral Sensitivity of Petroleum-Bearing Formations……Page 29
Constituents of Sedimentary Rocks……Page 30
Composition of Petroleum-Bearing Formations……Page 31
Mineral Sensitivity of Sedimentary Formations……Page 33
Mechanisms of Clay Swelling……Page 41
Models for Clay Swelling……Page 44
Graphical Representation of Clay Content……Page 61
Hayatdavoudi Hydration Index (HHI)……Page 62
Petrographical Characteristics……Page 68
Wettability Alteration……Page 85
Alteration of the Flow Functions: Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability……Page 91
The Carman-Kozeny Hydraulic Tubes Model……Page 99
The Modified Carman-Kozeny Equation Incorporating the Flow Units Concept……Page 102
The Flow Efficiency Concept……Page 103
The Plugging-Nonplugging Parallel Pathways Model……Page 106
Network Models……Page 111
Modified Fair-Hatch Equation……Page 112
Effect of Dissolution/Precipitation on Porosity and Permeability……Page 113
Effect of Temperature on Porosity and Permeability……Page 114
CHAPTER 6 Instrumental and Laboratory Techniques for Characterization of Reservoir Rock……Page 121
Formation Evaluation……Page 122
X-Ray CT Scanning……Page 126
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)……Page 127
Polarized Light Microscopy……Page 128
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)……Page 129
Cation Exchange Capacity……Page 130
(Zeta)–Potential……Page 135
Wettability……Page 136
Mineral Quantification……Page 139
PART II: Characterization of the Porous Media Processes for Formation Damage……Page 146
Multi-Phase and Species Systems in Porous Media……Page 147
Multi-Species and Multi-Phase Macroscopic Transport Equations……Page 152
CHAPTER 8 Particulate Processes in Porous Media……Page 159
Paniculate Processes……Page 160
Forces Acting Upon Particles……Page 164
Rate Equations for Particulate Processes in Porous Matrix……Page 167
Inorganic Precipitation……Page 183
Organic Precipitation……Page 184
Crystallization……Page 185
Grain Nucleation, Growth, and Dissolution……Page 186
Crystallization Kinetics……Page 190
Particle Growth and Dissolution in Solution……Page 193
Scale Formation and Dissolution at the Pore Surface……Page 195
Crystal Surface Displacement by Dissolution and Precipitation……Page 197
PART III: Formation Damage by Particulate Processes……Page 201
CHAPTER 10 Single-Phase Formation Damage by Fines Migration and Clay Swelling……Page 202
The Thin Slice Algebraic Model……Page 203
The Compartments-in-Series Ordinary Differential Model……Page 216
Simplified Partial Differential Model……Page 218
The Plugging-Nonplugging Parallel Pathways Partial Differential Model……Page 220
Model Considering the Clayey Formation Swelling and Indigeneous and External Particles……Page 227
Model Assisted Analysis of Experimental Data a……Page 232
CHAPTER 11 Two-Phase Formation Damage by Fines Migration……Page 257
Formulation……Page 258
Fluid and Species Transport……Page 260
Particle Retention in Porous Media……Page 266
Model Assisted Analysis of Experimental Data b……Page 270
CHAPTER 12 Cake Filtration: Mechanism, Parameters and Modeling……Page 281
Incompressive Cake Filtration……Page 284
Compressive Cake Filtration Including Fines Invasion……Page 310
PART IV: Formation Damage by Inorganic and Organic Processes……Page 341
CHAPTER 13 Inorganic Scaling and Geochemical Formation Damage……Page 342
Geochemical Phenomena—Classification, Formulation, Reactions in Porous Media……Page 345
Geochemical Modeling……Page 354
Graphical Description of the Rock-Fluid Chemical Equilibria……Page 358
Geochemical Model Assisted Analysis of Solid Mineral—Aqueous Phase Interactions and Construction of Charts……Page 363
CHAPTER 14 Formation Damage by Organic Deposition……Page 398
Characteristics of Asphaltenic Oils……Page 401
Mechanisms of the Heavy Organic Deposition……Page 407
Asphaltene and Wax Phase Behavior and Deposition Envelopes……Page 411
Asphaltene Adsorption……Page 424
Empirical Algebraic Model for Formation Damage by Asphaltene Precipitation in Single Phase……Page 429
Simplified Analytic Model for Asphaltene-Induced Formation Damage in Single-Phase……Page 433
Plugging-Nonplugging Pathways Model for Asphaltene Deposition in Single-Phase……Page 440
Two-Phase and Dual-Porosity Model for Simultaneous Asphaltene-Paraffin Deposition……Page 447
Single-Porosity and Two-Phase Model for Organic Deposition……Page 457
PART V: Assessment of the Formation Damage Potential……Page 474
CHAPTER 15 Laboratory Evaluation of Formation Damage……Page 475
Fundamental Processes of Formation Damage in Petroleum Reservoirs……Page 477
Experimental Set-up for Formation Damage Testing……Page 478
Special Purpose Core Holders……Page 480
Guidelines and Program for Laboratory Formation Damage Testing……Page 489
Laboratory Procedures for Evaluation of Formation Damage Problems……Page 497
The Liquid Block Problem……Page 500
Evaluation of Drilling Muds—Damage Potential and Removal……Page 501
Evaluation of Workover and Injection Fluids……Page 507
Critical Interstitial Fluid Velocity and pH for Hydrodynamic Detachment of Fines in Porous Media……Page 510
Scaling from Laboratory to Bottom Hole……Page 518
Determination of the Formation Damage Potential by Laboratory Testing……Page 519
CHAPTER 16 Simulator Development……Page 547
Description of Fundamental Model Equations……Page 548
Numerical Solution of Formation Damage Models……Page 551
Ordinary Differential Equations……Page 552
Partial Differential Equations……Page 557
CHAPTER 17 Model Assisted Analysis and Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Tests……Page 571
Measurement Error……Page 573
Error Analysis—Propagation, Impact, Estimation……Page 575
Sensitivity Analysis—Stability and Conditionality……Page 580
Model Validation, Refinement, and Parameter Estimation……Page 583
Determination of the Formation Damage Potential by Simulation……Page 589
PART VI: Formation Damage Models for Field Applications……Page 626
CHAPTER 18 Drilling Mud Filtrate and Solids Invasion and Mudcake Formation……Page 627
Simplified Single Phase Mud Filtrate Invasion Model……Page 632
Two-Phase Wellbore Mud Invasion and Filter Cake Formation Model……Page 636
CHAPTER 19 Interjectivity of the Water-flooding Wells……Page 646
Injectivity Ratio……Page 647
Models Separating the Internal and External Filtration Processes……Page 651
Diagnostic-Type Curves for Water Injectivity Tests……Page 658
Models for Field Applications……Page 660
Models Coupling the Internal and External Filtration Processes……Page 662
CHAPTER 20 Reservoir Sand Migration and Gravel-Pack Damage: Stress-Induced Formation Damage, Sanding Tendency, Prediction, and Control……Page 666
Sand Control……Page 667
Gravel Design Criteria……Page 670
Prediction of Sanding Conditions……Page 674
Massive Sand Production Model……Page 677
Sand Retention in Gravel-Packs……Page 683
Sulfur Deposition Model……Page 688
Calcite Deposition Model……Page 693
PART VII: Diagnosis and Mitigation of Formation Damage……Page 698
CHAPTER 22 Field Diagnosis and Measurement of Formation Damage……Page 699
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Formation Damage in the Field……Page 700
Measures of Formation Damage……Page 703
Flow Efficiency……Page 710
Depth of Damage……Page 712
Model-Assisted Analysis of the Near-Wellbore Permeability Alteration using Pressure Transient Data……Page 713
Continuous Real Time Series Analysis for Detection and Monitoring Formation Damage Effects……Page 717
Formation Damage Expert System……Page 721
CHAPTER 23 Formation Damage Control and Remediation……Page 725
Selection of Treatment Fluids……Page 729
Clay Stabilization……Page 730
pH–Buffer Solutions……Page 733
Clay and Silt Fines……Page 734
Bacterial Damage……Page 735
Organic Deposits……Page 736
Wettability Alteration and Emulsion and Water Blocks……Page 737
Stimulation by Hydraulic Fracturing……Page 738
C……Page 749
D……Page 750
F……Page 751
K……Page 753
M……Page 754
P……Page 755
S……Page 757
V……Page 758
Z……Page 759
About the Author……Page 760