Radar and laser cross section engineering

D. Jenn1563477025, 9781563477027

There have been many new developments in the ten years since the first edition of “Radar and Laser Cross Section Engineering” was published. Stealth technology is now an important consideration in the design of all types of platforms. The second edition includes a more extensive introduction that covers the important aspects of stealth technology and the unique tradeoffs involved in stealth design. Prediction, reduction, and measurement of electromagnetic scattering from complex three-dimensional targets remains the primary emphasis of this text, developed by the author from courses taught at the Naval Postgraduate School. New topics on computational methods like the finite element method and the finite integration technique are covered, as well as new areas in the application of radar absorbing material and artificial metamaterials. Matlab [registered] software, homework problems, and a solution manual (available to instructors) supplement the text. Written as an instructional text, this book is recommended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It is also a good reference book for engineers in industry who want an introduction to the physics and mathematics of radar cross section in order to better understand the interdisciplinary aspects of stealth. Matlab is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

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Table of contents :
Front Matter……Page 1
Foreword……Page 4
Foreword to First Edition……Page 5
Abbreviations and Acronyms……Page 9
Preface……Page 6
Table of Contents……Page 0
Table of Contents……Page 12
1.1 Introduction……Page 16
1.2 Radar Systems and the Radar Range Equation……Page 17
1.3 Polarization Definitions……Page 28
1.4 Multipath and Other Environmental Effects……Page 29
1.5 Radar Countermeasures……Page 31
1.6 General Characteristics of Radar Cross Sections……Page 36
1.7 Scattering Mechanisms……Page 40
1.8 Methods of Radar Cross Section Prediction……Page 43
1.9 Target Scattering Matrices……Page 47
Problems……Page 49
2.2 Uniqueness Theorem……Page 53
2.3 Reciprocity Theorem……Page 54
2.4 Duality Theorem……Page 55
2.5 Radiation Integrals……Page 56
2.6 Superposition Theorem……Page 58
2.7 Theorem of Similitude……Page 59
2.8 Method of Images……Page 60
2.9 Equivalence Principles……Page 62
2.10 Physical Optics Approximation……Page 65
2.11 Huygen’s Principle……Page 75
2.12 Arrays of Scatterers……Page 78
2.13 Impedance Boundary Conditions……Page 83
2.14 Discontinuity Boundary Conditions……Page 90
2.15 Surface Waves……Page 93
Problems……Page 102
3.1 Introduction……Page 111
3.2 Electric Field Integral Equation……Page 112
3.4 The Vector Wave Equation……Page 115
3.5 Method of Moments Technique……Page 117
3.6 Method of Moments for Surfaces……Page 126
3.7 Other Integral Equations……Page 137
3.8 Finite Element Method……Page 144
References……Page 155
Problems……Page 157
4.1 Introduction……Page 162
4.2 Relationship Between Time and Frequency……Page 164
4.3 Finite Difference-Time-Domain Method……Page 167
4.4 Finite Difference-Time-Domain Equations in One Dimension……Page 178
4.5 Finite Difference-Time-Domain Method in Two Dimensions……Page 201
4.6 Finite Difference-Time-Domain Method in Three Dimensions……Page 218
4.7 Finite Integration Technique……Page 221
4.8 The Transmission Line Matrix Method……Page 225
References……Page 227
Problems……Page 229
5.1 Introduction……Page 233
5.2 Geometrical Optics……Page 235
5.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction……Page 243
5.4 Diffraction Coefficients……Page 246
5.5 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Equivalent Currents……Page 253
5.6 Physical Theory of Diffraction……Page 255
5.7 Incremental Length Diffraction Coefficients……Page 258
5.8 Summary……Page 260
References……Page 261
Problems……Page 262
6.1 Introduction……Page 269
6.2 Geometrical Components Method……Page 270
6.3 Antenna Scattering Characteristics……Page 278
6.4 Basic Equation of Antenna Scattering……Page 280
6.5 Conjugate-Matched Antennas……Page 283
6.6 Rigorous Solutions for Antenna Radar Cross Section……Page 284
6.7 Scattering from Antenna Feeds……Page 289
6.8 Feed Scattering Characteristics……Page 301
6.9 Rigorous Calculation of Feed Radar Cross Section……Page 308
6.10 Frequency Selective Surfaces……Page 313
6.11 Cavities and Ducts……Page 317
6.12 Error and Imperfections……Page 323
6.13 Random Errors……Page 325
6.14 Periodic Errors……Page 334
6.15 Miscellaneous Discontinuities……Page 336
References……Page 339
Problems……Page 340
7.2 Target Shaping……Page 346
7.3 Materials Selection……Page 349
7.4 RCS Reduction Techniques Employing Materials……Page 363
7.5 Composite and Artificial Materials……Page 368
7.6 Passive Cancellation……Page 382
7.7 Active Cancellation……Page 384
7.9 Antenna Radar Cross Section Reduction……Page 385
7.10 Cavity Cross Section Reduction……Page 388
7.11 Summary: Radar Cross Section Design Guidelines……Page 389
7.12 Inverse Scattering and Radar Cross Section Synthesis……Page 391
References……Page 397
Problems……Page 399
8.1 Introduction……Page 407
8.2 Chamber Configurations……Page 408
8.3 Sources of Measurement Error……Page 413
8.4 Resolved Radar Cross Section and Target Imaging……Page 414
References……Page 417
Problems……Page 418
9.2 Scattering and Propagation of Light……Page 420
9.3 Definition of Quantities……Page 422
9.4 Laser Radar Equation……Page 425
9.5 Definition of Laser Cross Section……Page 428
9.6 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function……Page 429
9.7 Diffuse Surfaces……Page 432
9.8 Calculation of Laser Cross Section……Page 436
9.9 Multiple Reflections……Page 439
9.11 Antireflection Films……Page 442
9.12 Laser Cross Section Prediction for Complex Targets……Page 445
Problems……Page 446
A.2 Maxwell’s Equations……Page 450
A.3 Current Densities……Page 451
A.4 Boundary Conditions……Page 452
A.6 Types of Media……Page 453
A.7 Wave Equation and Plane Waves……Page 454
A.8 Wave Polarization……Page 455
A.9 Plane Waves in Lossy Media……Page 456
A.11 Power Flow and the Poynting Vector……Page 458
A.12 Reflection and Refraction at an Interface……Page 459
A.13 Total Reflection……Page 461
A.14 Standing Waves……Page 462
B.1 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems……Page 464
B.2 Coordinate Transformations……Page 465
B.4 Direction Cosines……Page 467
B.5 Azimuth-Elevation Coordinate System……Page 469
C.1 Antenna Parameters……Page 471
C.2 Aperture Theory……Page 477
C.3 Array Theory……Page 479
D.1 Waves on Transmission Lines……Page 483
D.2 Transmission Line Equivalent of Plane Wave Reflection……Page 484
D.3 Impedance Transformers……Page 485
E.1 Scattering Parameters……Page 487
E.2 Properties of the Scattering Matrix……Page 488
E.3 Network Analysis……Page 490
F.2 Nonmetallics and Nonmetallic Composites……Page 492
A……Page 495
C……Page 496
D……Page 497
F……Page 499
G……Page 500
I……Page 501
M……Page 502
P……Page 504
R……Page 506
S……Page 507
T……Page 509
W……Page 510
Y……Page 511