Erwin Kuntz; Hans-Dieter Kuntz3540289763, 9783540289760, 9783540289777
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 3
ISBN 3540289763 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg……Page 4
Dedications……Page 5
Authors……Page 6
Preface to the second edition……Page 7
Foreword to the second edition……Page 8
Preface to the first edition……Page 9
Foreword to the first edition……Page 11
Clinical aspects of liver diseases……Page 12
1 History of Hepatology……Page 14
1.1 Hepatoscopy……Page 15
1.2 Mythological-speculative medicine……Page 18
1.6 Alexandrian School of Medicine……Page 19
1.8 Galenos of Pergamon……Page 20
2 Liver research in the Middle Ages……Page 21
3 Liver research up to modern times……Page 23
2 Morphology of the Liver……Page 26
1.2 Form and variants……Page 27
2.1 Intrahepatic vascular system……Page 29
2.2 Stroma of the liver……Page 31
2.3 Sinusoidal cells……Page 33
2.4 Hepatocytes……Page 34
3.1 Central vein lobule……Page 35
3.3 Liver acinus……Page 36
4.2 Cell nucleus……Page 38
4.3 Organelles……Page 39
4.5 Cytoskeleton……Page 40
5 Stem cells……Page 41
3 Biochemistry and Functions of the Liver……Page 44
2 Regulatory metabolic mechanisms……Page 45
3 Bilirubin metabolism of the liver……Page 46
5.1 Biosynthesis of bile acids……Page 48
5.2 Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids……Page 49
5.4 Composition and secretion of bile……Page 50
6.1 Biochemistry of amino acids……Page 51
7 Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver……Page 53
7.2 Gluconeogenesis and glucolysis……Page 54
8.1 Classification of lipoproteins……Page 55
8.2 Regulation of lipoproteins……Page 57
9 Hormone metabolism and the liver……Page 58
9.4 Thyroid hormones and the liver……Page 59
10.2 Mechanisms of vitamin action……Page 60
11.1 Iron……Page 62
11.3 Zinc……Page 63
11.7 Cobalt……Page 64
12.2 Metabolization of xenobiotics……Page 65
12.4 Biotransformation……Page 66
13.1 Urea cycle……Page 69
13.3 Bicarbonate neutralization……Page 71
14.1 Endogenous alcohol synthesis……Page 72
14.3 Alcohol absorption……Page 73
14.5 Alcohol degradation……Page 74
15.1 Systematics and nomenclature……Page 77
15.2 Functions of the hepatic RES……Page 78
16.2 Formation and importance of free radicals……Page 79
16.4 Scavengers and antioxidants……Page 80
16.6 Lipid peroxidation……Page 81
17.3 Vesicular transport……Page 82
4 Clinical findings……Page 86
1 Elements of liver diagnostics……Page 87
1.2 Diagnostic pillars……Page 88
2.1 Anamnesis……Page 89
2.2 Palpation……Page 90
2.4 Inspection……Page 92
3 Liver check list……Page 100
5 Laboratory diagnostics……Page 102
2 Difficulties of laboratory liver diagnostics……Page 103
3.1 Preanalytical phase……Page 104
4 Selection criteria for liver tests……Page 105
5.1 Enzyme diagnostics……Page 106
5.2 Iron and ferritin……Page 111
6.1 Bilirubin……Page 112
6.2 Bile pigments in the urine……Page 113
6.4 Enzymatic markers of cholestasis……Page 114
6.6 Cholesterol……Page 115
7.1 Cholinesterase (ChE)……Page 116
7.2 Coagulation factors……Page 117
7.3 Dysproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia……Page 118
7.5 α1-foetoprotein (AFP)……Page 119
9 Diagnostics of liver functions……Page 120
9.2 Indocyanine green test (ICG)……Page 121
9.6 Monoethylglycinexylidide test (MEGX)……Page 122
10.2 Immunoglobulins……Page 123
11.1 Hepatitis A virus (HAV)……Page 125
11.2 Hepatitis B virus (HBV)……Page 126
11.3 Hepatitis C virus (HCV)……Page 128
11.4 Hepatitis D virus (HDV)……Page 129
12 Immunological diagnostics……Page 130
12.2 Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)……Page 131
12.5 Antibodies against liver-kidney microsomes (LKM)……Page 132
12.7 Antibodies against soluble liver protein (SLA/LP)……Page 133
13 Biochemical algorithmic diagnostics……Page 134
6 Sonography……Page 138
3 Artefacts……Page 139
5.1 Normal findings……Page 140
6 Diffuse liver diseases……Page 141
6.3 Liver cirrhosis……Page 142
6.6 Obstruction of hepatic veins……Page 143
7.1 Echofree lesions……Page 144
7.2 Hypoechoic lesions……Page 145
7.3 Hyperechoic lesions……Page 146
8 Examination of the spleen……Page 148
9.2 Limitations and complementary procedures……Page 149
9.3 Colour-encoded Doppler sonography……Page 150
9.4 Endoscopic sonography……Page 151
7 Liver biopsy and laparoscopy……Page 154
1.1 Historical development……Page 155
1.2 Indications……Page 156
1.4 Technique of liver biopsy……Page 157
1.5 Postpuncture complaints……Page 158
1.6 Complications……Page 159
1.8 Liver biopsy in children……Page 160
1.12 Ultrasound- or CT-guided biopsy……Page 161
2.1 Historical development……Page 162
2.4 Exploratory laparoscopy……Page 163
2.5 Contraindications……Page 164
2.6 Laparoscopic technique……Page 166
2.7 Course of examination……Page 167
2.8 Photographic documentation……Page 169
2.9 Directed biopsy……Page 170
2.11 Extrahepatic findings……Page 171
2.13 Frequency of complications……Page 172
2.14 Diagnostic validity……Page 173
3 New technical progress……Page 175
8 Radiological diagnostics……Page 182
1.2 Hounsfield units……Page 183
1.5 Contraindications……Page 184
1.7 Diffuse liver diseases……Page 185
1.8 Focal liver lesions……Page 186
1.11 Surgical therapy……Page 188
2.4 Normal liver……Page 189
2.6 Focal liver lesions……Page 190
3 Angiography……Page 191
3.1 Arteriography……Page 192
3.2 Portography……Page 194
3.3 Phlebography……Page 195
4.2 Direct cholangiography……Page 196
9 Scintigraphic diagnostics……Page 204
2.1 Liver cirrhosis……Page 205
3 Hepatobiliary sequential scintigraphy……Page 206
3.5 Liver blood flow……Page 207
5 Positron emission tomography……Page 208
6 Flow diagram in suspected “liver tumour”……Page 209
10 Neurological and psychological diagnostics……Page 212
2.1 EEG……Page 213
2.2 Neuropsychological test procedures……Page 214
3.1 Psychometric test procedures……Page 215
3.2 Psychometric test programmes……Page 216
11 Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly……Page 222
1.2 Pathogenesis……Page 223
1.4 Diagnosis……Page 224
2.2 Definition……Page 225
2.5 Therapy……Page 226
12 Jaundice……Page 228
4 Clinical classification of jaundice……Page 229
4.2 Intrahepatic jaundice……Page 231
5.1 Neonatal and infant jaundice……Page 232
5.2 Jaundice in adults……Page 234
6 Differential diagnosis of jaundice……Page 237
7 Therapy……Page 238
13 Cholestasis……Page 240
2.1 Obstructive cholestasis……Page 241
3 Morphological changes……Page 242
5.3 Intrahepatic cholestasis……Page 243
5.4 Genetically determined cholestasis……Page 245
6.2 Clinical findings……Page 248
6.3 Laboratory diagnostics……Page 249
6.4 Imaging procedures……Page 250
6.5 Liver biopsy and laparoscopy……Page 251
8.2 Functional cholestasis……Page 253
14 Portal hypertension……Page 256
2 Pathogenesis……Page 257
3.1 Prehepatic portal hypertension……Page 258
3.2 Intrahepatic portal hypertension……Page 259
4.1 Anamnesis……Page 262
4.2 Clinical findings……Page 263
4.5 Doppler sonography……Page 264
4.10 Portal pressure measurement……Page 265
5.2 Portacaval collateral circulation……Page 266
5.5 Pathophysiological sequelae……Page 270
6.1 Conservative therapy……Page 271
6.2 Invasive therapy……Page 272
15 Hepatic encephalopathy……Page 276
1.2 Impaired consciousness……Page 277
2.2 Hypotheses……Page 278
2.3 Endogenous neurotoxins……Page 279
2.4 Amino acid imbalance……Page 280
2.5 Disturbances of neurotransmitters……Page 281
4 Causative and trigger factors……Page 282
5 Clinical forms……Page 283
5.4 Fulminant liver failure……Page 284
5.5 Portosystemic encephalopathy……Page 285
6 Clinical stages……Page 286
7 Diagnosis……Page 288
9.2 Basic therapy……Page 290
9.3 Standard therapy……Page 291
9.5 Antibiotics……Page 293
9.7 Early detection and therapeutic success……Page 294
16 Oedema and ascites……Page 300
1 Water and electrolyte balance……Page 301
2.2 Oedema and anasarca……Page 302
3.1 Oedematization……Page 303
3.2 Formation of ascites……Page 304
4.2 Hepatogenic ascites……Page 309
5.1 Clinical findings……Page 310
5.2 Imaging procedures……Page 311
5.3 Laboratory diagnosis……Page 312
7.2 Forms and frequency……Page 315
7.5 Prophylaxis and therapy……Page 316
8.1 Prophylaxis……Page 317
8.2 Basic therapy (stage I)……Page 318
8.3 Diuretic therapy (stage II)……Page 319
8.4 Osmotic diuresis (stage III)……Page 321
8.5 Paracentesis (stage IV)……Page 322
10.1 Ascites reinfusion……Page 323
10.2 Peritoneovenous shunt……Page 324
10.3 TIPS……Page 327
11 Surgical treatment……Page 328
12 Liver transplantation……Page 329
17 Hepatorenal syndrome……Page 336
2.2 Haemodynamic factors……Page 337
3.2 Courses of disease……Page 338
3.5 Prognosis……Page 339
4.4 Secondary kidney diseases……Page 340
5.3 Conservative treatment……Page 341
5.4 Invasive therapy……Page 342
18 Hepatopulmonary syndrome……Page 346
3.1 Vasodilation……Page 347
3.4 Ventilation-perfusion distribution disorder……Page 348
5 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy……Page 349
7.1 Definition, morphology and diagnosis……Page 350
7.3 Prognosis and therapy……Page 351
19 Coagulopathy and haemorrhage……Page 354
1.4 Thrombocytopathies……Page 355
1.5 Plasmic coagulation disorders……Page 356
1.6 Consumptive coagulopathy……Page 357
1.7 Therapy of haemostatic disorders……Page 359
2.1 Definition……Page 360
2.4 Diagnostics……Page 361
2.6 Therapy……Page 363
3.1 Oesophageal varices as collateral circulation……Page 365
3.3 Predictive haemorrhagic factors……Page 366
3.4 Clinical aspects……Page 367
3.5 Conservative therapy……Page 368
3.7 Surgical treatment……Page 375
3.8 Liver transplantation……Page 378
4.3 Diagnosis……Page 379
4.5 Therapy……Page 380
20 Acute and chronic liver insufficiency……Page 388
3.1 Definition……Page 389
3.4 Frequency and causes……Page 390
3.5 Clinical findings……Page 391
3.7 Complications……Page 392
3.9 Regeneration……Page 393
4.3 Decompensation……Page 394
5.1 General therapeutic measures……Page 395
5.2 Specific therapeutic measures……Page 396
5.3 Liver support systems……Page 397
5.5 Transplantation of hepatocytes……Page 400
21 Clinical and morphological principles……Page 404
2.1 Primary and secondary liver diseases……Page 405
2.3 Acute and chronic liver diseases……Page 406
3.1 Cellular adaptation……Page 407
3.2 Hepatocellular degeneration……Page 408
3.3 Mesenchymal reactions……Page 410
3.4 Cell death and necrosis……Page 413
3.5 Regeneration……Page 415
3.6 Fibrogenesis……Page 416
4.2 Hepatosis……Page 417
5.1 Fibrosis……Page 418
5.2 Cirrhosis……Page 420
6.2 Malignant tumours……Page 422
22 Acute viral hepatitis……Page 424
1 History of acute viral hepatitis……Page 426
2 Morphology and aetiopathogenetic range……Page 427
2.1 Histomorphological changes……Page 428
2.3 Specific courses of disease……Page 429
2.4 Aetiopathogenetic diversity……Page 430
3.2 Pathogen……Page 431
3.4 Epidemiology……Page 432
3.7 Stages of disease……Page 433
3.9 Clinical courses of disease……Page 434
3.12 Therapy……Page 435
4.3 Antigens and antibodies……Page 436
4.6 Chronic HBsAg carriers……Page 438
4.8 Transmission……Page 439
4.9 Hepatitis B and medical personnel……Page 441
4.10 Stages of disease……Page 443
4.12 Specific clinical courses of disease……Page 444
4.15 Prophylaxis……Page 446
4.16 Therapy……Page 449
4.17 Healing of hepatitis B……Page 450
5.2 Pathogen……Page 452
5.4 Epidemiology……Page 453
5.5 Transmission……Page 454
5.7 Stages of disease……Page 455
5.8 Extrahepatic manifestations……Page 456
5.10 Prophylaxis and therapy……Page 457
6.4 Epidemiology……Page 458
6.6 Courses of disease……Page 459
7.2 Pathogen……Page 460
7.6 Clinical aspects and courses of disease……Page 461
11 GB viruses……Page 462
12 TT virus……Page 463
14 Other viruses……Page 464
23 Acute concomitant viral hepatitis……Page 476
1.1 Herpesviruses……Page 477
1.7 HIV hepatitis……Page 480
2.1 Yellow fever……Page 481
2.5 Ebola haemorrhagic fever……Page 482
2.6 Rift Valley fever……Page 483
24 Bacterial infections and the liver……Page 486
3 Bacterial pathogens……Page 487
3.3 Enterobacteriaceae……Page 488
3.4 Mycobacteria……Page 489
3.5 Spirochaetes……Page 491
3.7 Brucellosis……Page 493
3.12 Tropheryma whippeli……Page 494
3.16 Burkholderia pseudomallei……Page 495
25 Parasitic infections and the liver……Page 498
1.1 Amoebiasis……Page 499
1.2 Lambliasis……Page 501
1.5 Malaria……Page 502
1.6 Toxoplasmosis……Page 504
2.1 Nematodes……Page 505
2.2 Trematodes……Page 507
2.3 Cestodes……Page 510
26 Mycotic infections and the liver……Page 518
3 Diagnosis……Page 519
5.3 Blastomycosis……Page 520
5.10 Protothecosis……Page 521
6 Therapy……Page 522
27 Liver abscess……Page 524
3 Pathogens……Page 525
5.2 Imaging procedures……Page 526
5.4 Aspiration material……Page 527
8.2 Aspiration treatment……Page 528
9 Prognosis……Page 529
28 Alcohol-induced liver damage……Page 532
1.3 Addiction to alcohol……Page 533
1.5 Costs for the economy……Page 534
2.3 Alcoholic hyperlipidaemia……Page 535
2.9 Alcohol-related interactions……Page 536
3.2 Types of damage……Page 537
3.4 Hepatic fibrosis……Page 539
4.1 Genetic predisposition……Page 540
4.6 Chemical additives in alcoholic drinks……Page 541
5.1 Types of disease……Page 542
6.3 Cholestasis……Page 546
7.2 Laboratory findings as markers……Page 547
8 Prognosis……Page 548
9.5 Drug therapy……Page 549
9.7 Liver transplantation……Page 550
29 Drug-induced liver damage……Page 554
2 Frequency……Page 555
3.1 Obligate hepatotoxins……Page 556
4.1 Adaptive changes……Page 557
4.2 Morphological changes……Page 558
5.2 Anamnesis……Page 564
5.5 Search for causes……Page 565
5.6 Herbal remedies……Page 566
7 Therapy……Page 567
8 Hepatotoxic remedies (selection)……Page 568
30 Liver damage due to toxic substances……Page 576
1 Historical review……Page 577
3 Pathophysiology……Page 578
5.1 Regulations governing occupational diseases……Page 579
5.2 Industrial toxins……Page 580
5.4 Phytotoxins……Page 583
6.1 Chronic intoxication……Page 584
7 Therapeutic aspects……Page 585
8 Industrial hepatotoxic agents……Page 586
31 Metabolic disorders and storage diseases……Page 590
3.1 Physiological aspects……Page 592
3.4 Morphology……Page 593
3.5 Causes……Page 595
3.6 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis……Page 596
3.7 Diagnosis……Page 598
3.10 Therapy……Page 599
4.1 Malnutrition……Page 600
4.5 Obesity……Page 601
6.1 Clinical picture……Page 602
8 Protein storage diseases……Page 603
8.1……Page 604
8.2 Amyloidosis……Page 605
9.1 Hereditary tyrosinaemia……Page 606
9.4 Homocystinuria……Page 607
10.1 Glycogenoses……Page 608
10.2 Galactosaemia……Page 609
11.1 Wolman’s disease……Page 610
11.2 Cholesterol ester storage disease……Page 611
12.1 Gaucher’s disease……Page 612
12.2 Fabry’s disease……Page 613
12.5 Mucopolysaccharidoses……Page 614
13 Mucoviscidosis……Page 615
15.3 Biochemistry……Page 616
15.5 Clinical aspects……Page 617
15.7 Hepatic porphyrias……Page 618
16.3 Pathogenesis……Page 623
16.5 Morphological changes……Page 624
16.6 Clinical picture……Page 626
16.8 Diagnostic measures……Page 627
16.10 Treatment……Page 628
16.11 Indian childhood cirrhosis……Page 629
17.2 Classification……Page 630
17.3 Hereditary haemochromatosis……Page 631
18.4 Haemolytic anaemia……Page 639
18.6 African iron overload……Page 640
32 Cholangitis and cholangiodysplasia……Page 650
2 Systematics and aetiology……Page 651
3.2 Obstructive cholangitis……Page 652
3.5 Morphology……Page 653
3.6 Diagnostics……Page 654
3.8 Therapy……Page 655
4.3 Aetiology……Page 656
4.4 Pathogenesis……Page 657
4.5 Morphology……Page 658
4.6 Clinical courses……Page 659
4.7 Complications……Page 660
4.9 Diagnosis……Page 661
4.10 Prognosis……Page 662
4.11 Therapy……Page 663
5.3 Epidemiology……Page 666
5.5 Morphology……Page 667
5.7 Diagnosis……Page 668
5.10 Course and prognosis……Page 670
5.11 Therapy……Page 671
6.1 Clinical aspects……Page 672
7 Overlap syndrome……Page 673
8.1 Cholangiogenesis……Page 674
8.4 Ductal plate malformation……Page 675
8.5 Alagille’s syndrome……Page 677
8.8 Acquired ductopenia……Page 678
8.9 Idiopathic ductopenia……Page 679
33 Autoimmune hepatitis……Page 690
4.1 HLA system……Page 691
4.3 Autoantibodies……Page 692
5.2 Type 2……Page 693
5.6 Association with HV infection……Page 694
6 Morphology……Page 695
8.1 Course of disease……Page 696
9.1 Detailed diagnosis……Page 697
9.2 Immunosuppressive therapy……Page 698
9.3 Liver transplantation……Page 700
34 Chronic hepatitis……Page 704
3.2 Histological criteria……Page 705
3.4 Classification (1994)……Page 706
5.1 Clinical findings……Page 709
6.1 Course……Page 710
6.4 Prognosis……Page 711
6.5 Chronic HBV infection……Page 712
6.6 Chronic HCV infection……Page 713
7.1 General treatment……Page 714
7.2 Therapy of chronic hepatitis B……Page 715
7.3 Therapy of chronic hepatitis C……Page 719
7.5 Liver transplantation……Page 721
35 Liver cirrhosis……Page 728
2.1 Aetiological classification……Page 729
2.2 Morphological classification……Page 730
4 Aetiology……Page 733
5 Clinical classification……Page 735
6.2 Complaints……Page 736
6.4 Laboratory findings……Page 737
6.5 Imaging procedures……Page 738
6.6 Liver biopsy and laparoscopy……Page 739
7 Prognostic classification……Page 740
9.2 Carbohydrate metabolism disorders……Page 741
9.3 Protein metabolism disorders……Page 742
9.6 Endocrine disorders……Page 743
9.8 Hepatic osteopathy……Page 744
9.9 Hepatic encephalopathy……Page 745
9.10 Ascites……Page 746
9.11 Pleuropulmonary complications……Page 747
9.12 Gastrointestinal bleeding……Page 749
9.13 Febrile phases of disease……Page 750
9.15 Hepatocardiovascular syndrome……Page 751
9.16 Hepatocellular carcinoma……Page 752
11.1 Causal treatment……Page 753
11.4 Symptomatic treatment……Page 754
11.5 Monitoring……Page 757
11.6 Liver transplantation……Page 758
36 Benign hepatic lesions and tumours……Page 764
3.1 Anamnesis……Page 765
3.5 Biopsy and laparoscopy……Page 766
4.1 Adenoma……Page 767
4.2 Focal nodular hyperplasia……Page 768
4.3 Nodular regenerative hyperplasia……Page 769
4.4 Haemangioma……Page 770
4.6 Fat-containing tumours……Page 772
4.14 Cysts……Page 773
4.15 Cholangiocellular tumours……Page 775
4.18 Peliosis hepatis……Page 776
4.19 Granulomas……Page 777
4.21 Calcareous foci……Page 778
5 Surgical treatment……Page 779
37 Malignant liver tumours……Page 784
2.1 Systematization……Page 785
2.2 TNM staging system……Page 786
3.3 Risk factors and causes……Page 787
3.5 Morphology……Page 789
3.6 Symptomatology……Page 790
3.7 Diagnosis……Page 791
3.8 Prognosis……Page 794
3.9 Therapy……Page 795
4 Cholangiocellular carcinoma……Page 801
4.2 Morphology……Page 802
4.5 Clinical features and diagnosis……Page 803
5 Cystadenocarcinoma……Page 804
7.2 Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma……Page 805
7.5 Rhabdomyosarcoma……Page 806
8.1 Hepatic gastrinoma……Page 807
10.2 Morphology……Page 808
10.3 Symptomatology……Page 809
10.4 Diagnosis……Page 810
10.6 Therapy……Page 812
38 Systemic diseases and the liver……Page 824
1.3 Myeloproliferative syndrome……Page 825
2.1 Hodgkin lymphoma……Page 827
2.2 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma……Page 829
3.1 Rheumatoid arthritis……Page 831
3.7 Polymyositis……Page 832
4 Mastocytosis……Page 833
5 Histiocytosis X……Page 834
39 Cardiovascular diseases and the liver……Page 838
1 Cardiocirculatory disorders of the liver……Page 839
1.1 Acute heart insufficiency……Page 840
1.2 Chronic heart insufficiency……Page 841
2 Disorders of the hepatic veins……Page 842
2.1 Budd-Chiari syndrome……Page 843
2.2 Veno-occlusive disease……Page 845
3.1 Anomalies of the portal vein……Page 846
3.3 Portal vein thrombosis……Page 848
4.1 Aneurysm……Page 849
4.2 Arterial occlusion……Page 850
5 Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia……Page 851
40 Treatment of liver diseases……Page 856
1.2 In hepatology……Page 857
2.2 Problems of clinical studies……Page 858
2.5 Provability of treatment……Page 859
3.2 Preconditions……Page 860
3.6 Active substances……Page 861
3.7 Dose adjustment of medicaments……Page 862
4.1 Artificial feeding……Page 863
4.2 Diet in malnutrition……Page 864
4.3 Special diets……Page 865
5.1 Virostatics……Page 866
5.2 Immunosuppressants……Page 868
5.4 Ursodeoxycholic acid……Page 870
5.5 Lactulose……Page 871
5.6 Branched-chain amino acids……Page 874
5.8 D-penicillamine……Page 875
5.10 Terlipressin……Page 876
5.13 Phytotherapeutics……Page 877
6.2 Bleeding in portal hypertension……Page 882
6.3 Liver resection……Page 883
7 Liver transplantation……Page 885
7.1 Indications……Page 886
7.3 Preoperative diagnostics……Page 887
7.5 Surgical aspects……Page 888
7.6 Postoperative features……Page 889
7.7 Aftercare and rehabilitation……Page 892
8.2 Preventive medicine……Page 893
8.4 Capacity for work……Page 894
8.5 Self-help groups……Page 896
B……Page 906
C……Page 907
D……Page 908
G……Page 909
H……Page 910
K,L……Page 911
O……Page 912
P……Page 913
R,S……Page 914
X,Y,Z……Page 915
Abbreviations……Page 916
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