Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts007041999X, 9780070419995
Table of contents :
I……Page 0
Front Matter……Page 1
Contributors……Page 3
About the Editors……Page 5
Preface……Page 6
Table of Contents……Page 7
1.1 Principles of Architecture……Page 22
1.2 Systems Design and Analysis……Page 24
1.3 Traditional Design Procedures……Page 25
1.4 Traditional Construction Procedures……Page 26
1.6 Building Costs……Page 29
1.7 Major Building Systems……Page 30
1.8 Value Engineering……Page 43
1.9 Execution of Systems Design……Page 50
1.10 Building Codes……Page 57
1.11 Zoning Codes……Page 59
1.13 Systems Design by Team……Page 61
1.15 Application of Systems Design……Page 62
2. The Building Team-Managing the Building Process……Page 64
2.2 Client Objectives for Buildings……Page 65
2.4 Organization of the Building Team……Page 67
2.5 Client-A/E Agreement……Page 69
2.6 A/E Liability and Insurance……Page 71
2.7 Definition of Project Phases……Page 73
2.8 Scheduling and Personnel Assignments……Page 74
2.9 Accelerated Design and Construction……Page 75
2.10 Design Management……Page 76
2.12 Codes and Regulations……Page 77
2.13 Permits……Page 78
2.15 The Interior Environment……Page 79
2.17 Technical Specifications……Page 81
2.18 Upfront Documents……Page 85
2.19 Quality Control for Architects and Engineers……Page 86
2.21 Construction Scheduling……Page 87
2.22 Shop Drawing Review……Page 88
2.23 Role of Architect or Engineer During Construction……Page 89
2.25 Postconstruction Operation and Maintenance……Page 92
2.28 Management of Disputes……Page 93
2.29 Professional Ethics……Page 94
3.1 Risk Management……Page 96
3.2 Wind Protection……Page 98
3.3 Protection against Earthquakes……Page 106
3.4 Protection against Water……Page 110
3.5 Protection against Fire……Page 123
3.6 Lightning Protection……Page 143
3.7 Protection against Intruders……Page 145
4.1 Types of Cementitious Materials……Page 148
4.2 Portland Cements……Page 149
4.3 Aluminous Cements……Page 152
4.5 Limes……Page 153
4.6 Low-Temperature Gypsum Derivatives……Page 155
4.9 Fly Ashes……Page 156
Aggregates……Page 157
4.11 Normal-Weight Aggregates……Page 158
4.13 Chemical and Mineral Admixtures……Page 161
4.14 Fibers for Concrete Mixes……Page 165
4.16 Mortars……Page 166
4.17 Portland-Cement Concrete……Page 168
4.18 Polymer Concretes……Page 173
4.19 Concrete Masonry Units……Page 174
4.20 Brick-Clay or Shale……Page 175
4.21 Structural Clay Tile……Page 177
4.24 Properties of Building Stones……Page 179
4.26 Gypsumboard……Page 182
4.30 Gypsum Plank……Page 184
4.31 Window Glass……Page 185
4.32 Glass Block……Page 187
Wood……Page 188
4.34 Effects of Hygroscopic Properties of Wood……Page 191
4.35 Commercial Grades of Wood……Page 193
4.36 Destroyers and Preservatives……Page 195
4.37 Glues and Adhesives for Wood……Page 197
4.38 Plywood and Other Fabricated Wood Boards……Page 198
4.40 Types of Irons and Steels……Page 199
4.41 Properties of Structural Steels……Page 205
4.42 Heat Treatment and Hardening of Steels……Page 208
4.44 Steel Alloys……Page 209
4.45 Welding Ferrous Metals……Page 215
4.46 Effects of Steel Production Methods……Page 217
4.47 Effects of Hot Rolling……Page 219
4.48 Effects of Punching and Shearing……Page 220
4.49 Corrosion of Iron and Steel……Page 221
4.51 Aluminum-Alloy Designations……Page 222
4.53 Structural Aluminum……Page 223
4.54 Welding and Brazing of Aluminum……Page 224
4.56 Prevention of Corrosion of Aluminum……Page 226
4.58 Copper……Page 227
4.59 Brass……Page 228
4.60 Nickel Silvers……Page 229
4.62 Bronze……Page 230
4.64 Applications of Lead……Page 231
4.66 Properties of Nickel and Its Alloys……Page 232
4.68 General Properties of Plastics……Page 233
4.70 Molding and Fabricating Methods for Plastics……Page 234
4.71 Thermosetting Plastics……Page 235
4.72 Thermoplastic Resins……Page 237
4.73 Elastomers, or Synthetic Rubbers……Page 239
4.75 Reinforced Plastics……Page 240
4.76 Laminated Rubber……Page 241
Porcelain-Enameled Products……Page 242
4.79 Porcelain Bibliography……Page 243
4.81 Bituminous Roofing……Page 244
4.82 Asphalt Shingles……Page 245
Joint Seals……Page 246
4.87 Sealants……Page 247
4.89 Joint Seals Bibliography……Page 248
4.90 Vehicles or Binders……Page 249
4.91 Pigments for Paints……Page 250
4.92 Resins for Paints……Page 251
4.93 Coatings Bibliography……Page 252
5. Structural Theory……Page 253
5.1 Design Loads……Page 254
5.2 Stress and Strain……Page 269
5.3 Stresses at a Point……Page 276
5.4 Torsion……Page 280
5.5 Straight Beams……Page 282
5.6 Curved Beams……Page 304
5.7 Buckling of Columns……Page 310
5.8 Graphic-Statics Fundamentals……Page 314
5.9 Roof Trusses……Page 315
5.10 General Tools for Structural Analysis……Page 319
5.11 Continuous Beams and Frames……Page 330
5.12 Load Distribution to Bents and Shear Walls……Page 353
5.13 Finite-Element Methods……Page 362
5.14 Stresses in Arches……Page 367
5.15 Thin-Shell Structures……Page 371
5.16 Cable-Supported Structures……Page 380
5.17 Air-Stabilized Structures……Page 390
5.18 Structural Dynamics……Page 392
5.19 Earthquake Loads……Page 414
5.20 Floor Vibrations……Page 435
5.21 Wiss and Parmelee Rating Factor for Transient Vibrations……Page 437
5.22 Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations……Page 438
5.23 Murray Criterion for Walking Vibrations……Page 440
6.1 Introduction……Page 441
6.2 Field Exploration……Page 443
6.3 Laboratory Testing……Page 463
6.4 Effective Stress and Stress Distribution……Page 483
6.5 Settlement Analyses……Page 490
6.6 Bearing Capacity Analyses……Page 501
6.7 Retaining Walls……Page 516
6.8 Foundations……Page 528
6.9 Foundation Excavations……Page 536
6.10 Grading and Other Site Improvement Methods……Page 537
6.11 Geosynthetics……Page 555
7. Structural Steel Construction……Page 562
7.2 Mill Materials……Page 563
7.3 Fasteners……Page 569
7.5 Quality Assurance……Page 578
7.6 Wall Bearing Framing……Page 579
7.7 Skeleton Framing……Page 581
7.8 Long-Span Framing……Page 583
7.9 Steel and Concrete Framing……Page 590
7.10 Bracing Design Considerations……Page 591
7.11 Frame Bracing……Page 592
7.12 Bracing for Individual Members……Page 597
7.13 Floor-Framing Design Considerations……Page 600
7.15 Bases for ASD and LRFD……Page 605
7.16 Design Aids and References……Page 606
7.17 Serviceability Criteria……Page 608
7.18 Tension Members……Page 610
7.19 Columns and Other Compression Members……Page 611
7.20 Beams and Other Flexural Members……Page 618
7.21 Plate Girders……Page 628
7.22 Web or Flange Load-Bearing Stiffeners……Page 637
7.23 Bearing……Page 639
7.24 Combined Axial Compression and Bending……Page 641
7.25 Combined Axial Tension and Bending……Page 643
7.26 Composite Construction……Page 644
7.27 Members Subject to Torsion……Page 650
Design of Connections……Page 651
7.30 Load Capacity of Bolts……Page 652
7.31 Load Capacity of Welds……Page 654
7.32 Bearing-Type Bolted Connections……Page 657
7.33 Slip-Critical Bolted Connections……Page 661
7.34 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections……Page 662
7.35 Types of Beam Connections……Page 664
7.36 Beams Splices……Page 674
7.37 Column Splices……Page 675
Steel Erection……Page 676
7.39 Clearance for Erecting Beams……Page 678
7.40 Erection Sequence……Page 680
7.41 Field-Welding Procedures……Page 681
7.42 Erection Tolerances……Page 682
7.43 Adjusting Lintels……Page 684
7.44 Corrosion of Steel……Page 685
7.46 Paint Systems……Page 686
7.47 Field-Painting Steel……Page 687
7.48 Steel in Contact with Concrete……Page 688
Fire Protection of Structural Steel……Page 689
7.50 Fire Protection of Exterior……Page 690
7.51 Materials for Improving Fire Resistance……Page 691
7.52 Pierced Ceilings and Floors……Page 692
7.53 Fire-Resistance Ratings……Page 694
7.54 Bibliography……Page 695
Cold-Formed Shapes……Page 696
8.1 Material for Cold-Formed Steel Shapes……Page 697
8.2 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming……Page 702
8.3 Types of Cold-Formed Shapes……Page 703
8.4 Some Basic Concepts of Cold-Formed Steel Design……Page 705
8.5 Structural Behavior of Flat Compression Elements……Page 709
8.7 Stiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling……Page 712
8.8 Application of Effective Widths……Page 716
8.11 Laterally Unsupported Cold-Formed Beams……Page 717
8.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members……Page 718
8.15 Welding of Cold-Formed Steel……Page 720
8.16 Arc Welding of Cold-Formed Steel……Page 721
8.17 Resistance Welding of Cold-Formed Steel……Page 726
8.18 Bolting of Cold-Formed Steel Members……Page 728
8.19 Self-Tapping Screws for Joining Sheet Steel Components……Page 735
Cold-Formed Steel Floor, Roof, and Wall Construction……Page 736
8.21 Steel Roof Deck……Page 737
8.22 Cellular Steel Floor and Roof Panels……Page 742
8.23 Corrugated Sheets for Roofing, Siding, and Decking……Page 745
8.24 Lightweight Steel Metric Sheeting……Page 748
8.25 Stainless Steel Structural Design……Page 749
8.26 Characteristics of Preengineered Steel Buildings……Page 750
8.27 Structural Design of Preengineered Buildings……Page 751
8.28 Design of Open-Web Steel Joists……Page 752
8.29 Construction Details for Open-Web Steel Joists……Page 754
9.1 Cementitious Materials……Page 755
9.3 Aggregates……Page 756
9.4 Proportioning Concrete Mixes……Page 757
9.5 Yield Calculation……Page 760
9.6 Properties and Tests of Fresh (Plastic) Concrete……Page 761
9.7 Properties and Tests of Hardened Concrete……Page 762
9.8 Measuring and Mixing Concrete Ingredients……Page 764
9.9 Admixtures……Page 765
9.10 Mix Design……Page 768
9.12 At the Mixing Plant – Yield Adjustments……Page 771
9.14 Strength Tests……Page 772
Formwork……Page 775
9.18 Loads on Formwork……Page 776
9.19 Form Removal and Reshoring……Page 779
9.22 Reinforcing Bars……Page 780
9.23 Welded-Wire Fabric (WWF)……Page 782
9.25 Fabrication and Placing of Rebars……Page 783
9.26 Bar Supports……Page 786
9.27 Inspection of Reinforcement……Page 787
9.30 Excess Water……Page 788
9.32 Concreting Vertical Elements……Page 789
9.33 Concreting Horizontal Elements……Page 790
9.35 Heavy-Duty Floor Finishes……Page 791
9.37 Concreting in Hot Weather……Page 792
9.38 Curing Concrete……Page 793
9.39 Joints in Concrete……Page 794
9.40 Inspection of Concrete Placement……Page 795
9.41 Analyses of One-Way Floor and Roof Systems……Page 796
9.42 Two-Way Slab Frames……Page 798
9.44 Strength Design with Factored Loads……Page 799
9.45 Allowable-Stress Design at Service Loads (Alternative Design Method)……Page 801
9.46 Strength Design for Flexure……Page 803
9.47 Shear in Flexural Members……Page 807
9.48 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members……Page 809
9.49 Development, Anchorage, and Splices of Reinforcement……Page 812
9.50 Crack Control……Page 824
9.51 Deflection of Reinforced-Concrete Beams and Slabs……Page 825
9.52 Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs……Page 829
One-Way Concrete-Joist Construction……Page 831
9.55 Design of One-Way Concrete-Joist Construction……Page 833
9.56 Reinforcement of Joists for Flexure……Page 834
9.57 Shear in Joists……Page 835
9.58 Wide-Module Joist Construction……Page 836
Two-Way Slab Construction……Page 837
9.59 Analysis and Design of Flat Plates……Page 838
9.60 Flat Slabs……Page 844
9.61 Two-Way Slabs on Beams……Page 846
Beams……Page 847
9.64 Flexural Reinforcement……Page 848
9.65 Reinforcement for Shear and Flexure……Page 852
9.67 Crack Control in Beams……Page 854
9.68 Bearing Walls……Page 855
9.70 Cantilever Retaining Walls……Page 857
9.71 Counterfort Retaining Walls……Page 859
9.73 Types of Foundations……Page 860
9.74 General Design Principles for Foundations……Page 861
9.75 Spread Footings for Walls……Page 864
9.76 Spread Footings for Individual Columns……Page 865
9.77 Combined Spread Footings……Page 866
9.78 Strap Footings……Page 868
9.80 Pile Foundations……Page 869
Columns……Page 871
9.82 Basic Assumptions for Strength Design of Columns……Page 872
9.83 Design Requirements for Columns……Page 876
9.85 Biaxial Bending of Columns……Page 878
9.86 Slenderness Effects on Concrete Columns……Page 879
9.87 Economy in Column Design……Page 882
9.88 Deep Beams……Page 883
9.89 Shear Walls……Page 885
9.90 Reinforced-Concrete Arches……Page 887
9.91 Reinforced-Concrete Thin Shells……Page 888
9.92 Concrete Folded Plates……Page 890
9.93 Slabs on Grade……Page 891
9.95 Composite Flexural Members……Page 892
9.98 Tolerances for Precast Construction……Page 894
9.100 Precast Floor and Roof Systems……Page 895
9.102 Wall Panels……Page 896
9.104 Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete……Page 898
9.105 Losses in Prestress……Page 899
9.106 Allowable Stresses at Service Loads……Page 901
9.108 Flexural-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete……Page 903
9.109 Shear-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete……Page 905
9.110 Bond, Development, and Grouting of Tendons……Page 907
9.112 Concrete Cover in Prestressed Members……Page 909
10.1 Basic Characteristics of Wood……Page 910
10.2 Sectional Properties of Wood Products……Page 915
10.3 Design Values for Lumber and Timber……Page 919
10.5 Adjustment Factors for Structural Members……Page 920
10.6 Pressure-Preservative Treatments for Wood……Page 928
10.7 Design Provisions for Flexural Members……Page 930
10.8 Wood Compression Members……Page 937
10.10 Combined Bending and Axial Loading……Page 939
10.11 Bearing Stresses……Page 941
10.12 Structural Panels……Page 942
10.14 Adjustment of Design Values for Connections……Page 960
10.15 Bolts……Page 968
10.16 Lag Screws……Page 969
10.17 Split-Ring and Shear-Plate Connectors……Page 970
10.18 Wood Screws……Page 972
10.19 Nails and Spikes……Page 974
10.21 Glued Fastenings……Page 975
10.22 Wood Trusses……Page 977
10.23 Design of Timber Arches……Page 981
10.24 Timber Decking……Page 982
10.25 Wood-Frame Construction……Page 985
10.26 Permanent Wood Foundations……Page 989
10.27 Post Frame and Pole Construction……Page 990
10.28 Design for Fire Safety……Page 992
10.29 Timber Fabrication and Erection……Page 994
10.30 Engineered Glued Wood Products……Page 998
11. Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Systems……Page 1004
11.1 Masonry Definitions……Page 1005
11.2 Quality of Materials for Masonry……Page 1008
11.3 Construction of Masonry……Page 1011
11.4 Lateral Support for Masonry Walls……Page 1019
11.5 Chimneys and Fireplaces……Page 1021
11.6 Provisions for Dimensional Changes……Page 1022
11.7 Repair of Leaky Joints……Page 1024
11.8 Masonry-Thickness Requirements……Page 1025
11.9 Determination of Masonry Compressive Strength……Page 1027
11.10 Allowable Stresses in Masonry……Page 1028
11.11 Floor-Wall Connections……Page 1034
11.12 Glass Block……Page 1036
11.13 Masonry Bibliography……Page 1037
11.14 Stud-Wall Construction……Page 1038
11.16 Functional Requirements of Curtain Walls……Page 1040
11.17 Wood Facades……Page 1041
11.19 Stucco……Page 1042
11.20 Precast-Concrete or Metal and Glass Facings……Page 1043
11.21 Sandwich Panels……Page 1044
11.22 Types of Partitions……Page 1046
Plaster and Gypsumboard……Page 1047
11.24 Plaster and Gypsumboard Construction Terms……Page 1048
11.25 Plaster Finishes……Page 1056
11.26 Gypsumboard Finishes……Page 1065
11.27 Isolation and Control Joints in Gypsumboard Construction……Page 1073
11.28 Types of Ceramic Tile……Page 1075
11.29 Tile Installation Methods……Page 1076
11.30 Plywood Finishes……Page 1080
11.32 Asphalt Tiles……Page 1081
11.34 Vinyl Flooring……Page 1082
11.36 Installation of Thin Coverings……Page 1083
11.37 Carpets……Page 1085
11.38 Terrazzo……Page 1086
11.40 Wood Floors……Page 1087
11.41 Industrial Floors……Page 1088
11.43 Specifications and Standards for Flooring……Page 1089
11.45 Window Definitions……Page 1090
11.47 Window Sash Materials……Page 1092
11.48 Glazing……Page 1096
11.49 Window Types……Page 1101
11.50 Windows in Wall-Panel Construction……Page 1109
11.51 Mechanical Operators for Windows……Page 1110
Doors……Page 1111
11.52 Traffic Flow and Safety……Page 1112
11.54 Ordinary Doors……Page 1113
11.55 Fire and Smokestop Doors……Page 1121
11.57 Large Horizontally Sliding Doors……Page 1123
11.58 Large Vertically Sliding Doors……Page 1124
11.59 Large Swinging Doors……Page 1125
Builders’ Hardware……Page 1126
11.62 Selection of Hardware……Page 1127
11.64 Standards for Finishing Hardware……Page 1128
11.65 Hinges and Butts……Page 1129
11.66 Door-Closing Devices……Page 1134
11.67 Locks, Latches, and Keys……Page 1135
11.68 Window Hardware……Page 1139
11.69 Inserts, Anchors, and Hangers……Page 1140
11.70 Nails……Page 1141
11.71 Screws……Page 1142
11.72 Welded Studs……Page 1144
11.73 Powder-Driven Studs……Page 1146
11.74 Bolts……Page 1147
11.76 Nomenclature for Analysis of Sound……Page 1148
11.77 Sound Characteristics and Effects on Hearing……Page 1149
11.78 Measurement of Sound……Page 1152
11.79 Sound and Vibration Control……Page 1154
11.80 Acoustical Performance Data……Page 1165
11.81 Acoustical Criteria……Page 1167
11.82 Helpful Hints for Noise Control……Page 1169
11.83 Acoustics Bibliography……Page 1172
12.1 Roof Decks……Page 1173
12.2 Vapor Retarders……Page 1174
12.3 Roof Insulation……Page 1176
12.4 Low-Slope Roof Coverings……Page 1177
12.5 Steep-Slope Roof Coverings……Page 1185
12.6 Need for Familiarity with Roof Design……Page 1189
12.9 Effects of Climate……Page 1190
12.10 Effects of Roof Size, Shape, and Slope……Page 1191
12.13 Esthetic Considerations……Page 1192
12.16 Preroofing Conference……Page 1193
12.18 Roof Maintenance……Page 1194
12.19 Reroofing……Page 1195
12.20 Roofing Industry Associations and Related Organizations……Page 1196
12.21 Roof Systems Bibliography……Page 1200
13.1 Definitions of Terms of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)……Page 1201
13.2 Heat and Humidity……Page 1207
13.3 Major Factors in HVAC Design……Page 1216
13.4 Ventilation……Page 1227
13.5 Movement of Air with Fans……Page 1231
13.6 Duct Design……Page 1233
13.7 Heat Losses……Page 1235
13.8 Heat Gains……Page 1237
13.9 General Procedure for Sizing a Heating Plant……Page 1241
13.10 Heating-Load-Calculation Example……Page 1243
13.11 Warm-Air Heating……Page 1245
13.12 Hot-Water Heating Systems……Page 1249
13.13 Steam-Heating Systems……Page 1253
13.14 Unit Heaters……Page 1256
13.15 Radiant Heating……Page 1257
13.16 Snow Melting……Page 1259
13.17 Radiators and Convectors……Page 1260
13.19 Solar Heating……Page 1262
13.20 Sizing an Air-Conditioning Plant……Page 1265
13.21 Refrigeration Cycles……Page 1269
13.22 Air-Distribution Temperature for Cooling……Page 1271
13.23 Condensers……Page 1272
13.24 Compressor-Motor Units……Page 1273
13.25 Cooling Equipment-Central Plant Packaged Units……Page 1274
13.27 Packaged Air-Conditioning Units……Page 1276
13.28 Absorption Units for Cooling……Page 1278
13.29 Ducts for Air Conditioning……Page 1279
13.31 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems……Page 1282
13.32 Air-Water Systems……Page 1285
13.33 Control Systems for Air Conditioning……Page 1286
13.34 Heating and Air Conditioning……Page 1289
13.35 Control of Computerized HVAC Systems……Page 1290
13.36 Direct Digital Control……Page 1292
13.37 Industrial Air Conditioning……Page 1293
13.39 Year-Round Air Conditioning……Page 1294
14.1Plumbing and Fire Prevention Codes……Page 1296
14.2 Health Requirements for Plumbing……Page 1297
14.3 Water Quality……Page 1298
14.4 Water Treatment……Page 1300
14.5 Water Quantity and Pressures……Page 1301
14.6 Water Distribution in Buildings……Page 1302
14.7 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment……Page 1308
14.8 Water Demand and Fixture Units……Page 1314
14.9 Water-Pipe Sizing……Page 1316
14.10 Domestic Water Heaters……Page 1324
14.11 Wastewater Disposal……Page 1326
14.12 Sewers……Page 1329
14.13 Wastewater-System Elements……Page 1331
14.15 Layout of Waste Piping……Page 1333
14.17 Piping for Indirect Wastes……Page 1334
14.18 Rainwater Drainage……Page 1335
14.19 Waste-Pipe Sizing……Page 1338
14.20 Venting……Page 1340
14.21 Plumbing-System Inspection and Tests……Page 1343
14.22 Gas Supply……Page 1344
14.24 Estimating Gas Consumption……Page 1345
14.25 Gas-Pipe Materials……Page 1346
14.26 Sprinkler Systems……Page 1347
14.27 Automatic Sprinklers……Page 1348
14.28 Types of Sprinkler Systems……Page 1349
14.29 System Design……Page 1354
14.30 Standpipes……Page 1358
14.31 Water Supplies for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems……Page 1359
14.33 Additional Information……Page 1360
15. Electrical Systems……Page 1361
15.2 Direct-Current Systems……Page 1362
15.3 Alternating-Current Systems……Page 1365
15.4 Electrical Loads……Page 1372
15.5 Emergency Power……Page 1374
15.6 Electrical Conductors and Raceways……Page 1375
15.7 Power System Apparatus……Page 1380
15.8 Electrical Distribution in Buildings……Page 1389
15.9 Circuit and Conductor Calculations……Page 1394
15.10 Light and Sight……Page 1405
15.11 Quality of Light……Page 1411
15.12 Color Rendering with Lighting……Page 1414
15.13 Quantity of Light……Page 1415
15.14 Lighting Methods……Page 1418
15.16 Characteristics of Lamps……Page 1420
15.17 Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures……Page 1428
15.18 Systems Design of Lighting……Page 1432
15.19 Special Electrical Systems……Page 1433
15.20 Electrical Systems Bibliography……Page 1437
16.1 Classification of Vertical Circulation Systems……Page 1439
16.2 Ramps……Page 1440
16.3 Stairs……Page 1443
16.4 Escalators……Page 1449
16.5 Elevator Installations……Page 1456
16.6 Definitions of Elevator Terms……Page 1457
16.7 Elevator Hoistways……Page 1460
16.8 Elevator Cars……Page 1464
16.9 Electric Elevators……Page 1466
16.10 Hydraulic Elevators……Page 1473
16.11 Planning for Passenger Elevators……Page 1475
16.13 Conveyers and Pneumatic Tubes……Page 1483
16.14 Mail Chutes……Page 1485
17.1 Types of Construction Companies……Page 1486
17.2 Construction Company Organization……Page 1488
17.3 Contractors’ Business Consultants……Page 1491
17.4 Sources of Business……Page 1492
17.5 What Constitutes the Contract Documents?……Page 1494
17.7 Estimating, Bidding, and Costs……Page 1496
17.8 Types of Bids and Contracts……Page 1497
17.9 Professional Construction Managers……Page 1500
17.10 Contract Administration……Page 1501
17.11 Purchase Orders……Page 1513
17.12 Scheduling and Expediting……Page 1515
17.13 Fast Tracking……Page 1519
17.14 Changes, Claims, and Dispute Resolution……Page 1521
17.15 Insurance……Page 1527
17.16 Construction Contract Bonds……Page 1537
17.17 Trade Payment Breakdowns and Payments……Page 1539
17.18 Cost Records……Page 1541
17.19 Accounting Methods……Page 1546
17.20 Safety……Page 1547
17.21 Community Relations……Page 1548
17.22 Relations with Public Agencies in Executing Construction Operations……Page 1549
17.23 Labor Relations……Page 1550
17.24 Social and Environmental Concerns in Construction……Page 1552
17.25 Systems Building……Page 1554
17.26 Basics of Successful Management……Page 1555
18.1 Glossary……Page 1556
18.2 Grounding……Page 1563
18.3 Communications Room and Communications Closet Layout……Page 1565
18.4 Wiring Diagrams……Page 1566
18.5 Fiberoptic Cable……Page 1568
18.6 Fiberoptic Connectors……Page 1571
18.7 Horizontal Cabling……Page 1572
18.8 Budget……Page 1575
18.9 Links……Page 1581
19.1 Composition of Project Price……Page 1582
19.2 Estimating Direct Costs……Page 1583
19.3 Estimating Contingency Costs……Page 1588
19.4 Estimating Margin (Markup)……Page 1589
19.5 Sample Estimate……Page 1590
19.7 Computer Estimating……Page 1595
Appendix: Factors for Conversion to the Metric System (SI) of Units……Page 1597
A……Page 1610
B……Page 1615
C……Page 1625
D……Page 1644
E……Page 1647
F……Page 1654
G……Page 1661
H……Page 1664
I……Page 1667
L……Page 1669
M……Page 1675
N……Page 1678
P……Page 1679
R……Page 1686
S……Page 1690
T……Page 1709
V……Page 1711
W……Page 1713
Z……Page 1721
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