Paul K. Chu, Xuanyong Liu9780849379734, 0849379733
The different facets of biomaterials technology are split into four sections in the book—
Part I
The development of new materials and devices capable of interacting specifically with biological tissues and the preparation of scaffolds using materials with appropriate composition and structure
Part II
The necessary materials to create a drug delivery system capable of controlled release and the incorporation of drug reservoirs into implantable devices for sustained controlled release
Part III
The significant role nanotechnology plays in the biomedical and biotechnology fields
Part IV
More biomaterials, including synthetic and natural degradable polymeric biomaterials, electroactive polymers as smart materials, and biomaterials for gastrointestinal and cartilage repair and reconstruction
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title: Biomaterials Fabrication and Processing HANDBOOK……Page 4
ISBN 0849379733……Page 5
Contents (with page links)……Page 6
Preface……Page 10
Editors……Page 12
Contributors……Page 14
Part I: Tissue Engineering Scaffold Materials……Page 18
1 Inorganic and Composite Bioactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering……Page 20
1.2 DESIGN OF 3-D SCAFFOLDS……Page 21
1.3.1 BIOCERAMICS: CALCIUM PHOSPHATES……Page 23
1.3.2 BIOCERAMICS: BIOACTIVE SILICATE GLASSES……Page 25
1.3.3 BIOCERAMICS: GLASS-CERAMICS……Page 27
1.3.4 NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOPOLYMERS……Page 28
1.3.5 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS……Page 29
1.3.6 BIOCOMPOSITES……Page 33
1.3.7 SUMMARY……Page 35
1.4.1 FABRICATION OF INORGANIC SCAFFOLDS……Page 36
1.4.2 FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS……Page 45
1.5.2 SILANE-MODIFIED SURFACES (SILANIZATION TECHNIQUE)……Page 49
1.6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 50
REFERENCES……Page 51
2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 62
2.1.1 SCAFFOLD-BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 63
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 67
2.2.2 MORPHOLOGY/ARCHITECTURE……Page 68
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 70
2.3.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING……Page 73
2.3.3 SYSTEMS BASED ON EXTRUSION/DIRECT WRITING……Page 74
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 79
2.4.2 CELL/ORGAN PRINTING……Page 80
2.5 CONCLUSIONS……Page 82
REFERENCES……Page 83
3 Control and Monitoring of Scaffold Architecture for Tissue Engineering……Page 86
3.2 REQUISITES FOR ENGINEERING TISSUES……Page 87
3.3.1 MATERIALS……Page 88
3.3.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL THE SCAFFOLDS’ ARCHITECTURE……Page 89
3.4 MONITORING SCAFFOLDS’ ARCHITECTURE……Page 90
3.4.1 MICROSCOPY……Page 91
3.4.2 MICROCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY……Page 93
3.4.3 OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY……Page 94
3.5.1 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES TO TAILOR SCAFFOLD ARCHITECTURE……Page 95
3.5.2 MONITORING THE SCAFFOLDS’ ARCHITECTURE……Page 96
3.5.3 DISCUSSION……Page 100
REFERENCES……Page 105
4.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 112
4.2 MICROFABRICATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES: RAPID PROTOTYPING……Page 113
4.3 MATERIALS USED FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS……Page 115
4.4 RESOLUTION AND RESOLUTION/TIME OF MANUFACTURE RATIO AND GEOMETRY……Page 116
4.5 FLUID-BASED RP MICROFABRICATION……Page 117
4.5.1 PRESSURE-ASSISTED MICROSYRINGE SYSTEM……Page 118
4.5.2 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING……Page 119
4.5.3 ORGAN PRINTING……Page 120
4.6.1 MEMBRANE LAMINATION……Page 121
4.6.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING……Page 122
4.6.3 LASER SINTERING……Page 123
4.7.1 SACRIFICIAL MOLDS……Page 124
4.7.2 ELECTROSPINNING……Page 125
4.9 COMMERCIAL RP SYSTEMS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS……Page 127
4.10 DISCUSSION: LIMITATIONS AND CRITIQUES……Page 128
4.11 CONCLUSION……Page 129
REFERENCES……Page 130
5.1 BACKGROUND……Page 132
5.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCAFFOLD-BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 133
5.2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 134
5.2.2 ELECTROSPINNING OF NATURAL POLYMERS……Page 141
5.2.3 ELECTROSPINNING OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS……Page 142
5.3.1 MEASURING POROSITY, SURFACE ROUGHNESS, AND SPECIFIC SURFACE ENERGY OF SCAFFOLDS……Page 144
5.3.2 MECHANICAL TESTING……Page 148
5.4.1 BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 149
5.4.2 CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 150
5.4.3 VASCULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 151
5.4.4 NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 152
5.5 CONCLUSION……Page 153
REFERENCES……Page 154
Part II: Drug Delivery Systems……Page 158
6 Nanoparticles in Cancer Drug Delivery Systems……Page 160
6.2.1 TUMOR TISSUES……Page 161
6.3.1 PARTICULATE DRUG CARRIERS……Page 162
6.3.2 LIPOSOMES……Page 164
6.3.3 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES……Page 165
6.3.4 OTHER NANOSTRUCTURES……Page 167
6.4.1 BIODISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE DRUG CARRIERS……Page 169
6.4.2 PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING BIODISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE DRUG CARRIERS……Page 170
6.4.3 DESIGN OF LONG-CIRCULATING NANOPARTICLES: PEO-MODIFIED NANOPARTICLES……Page 171
6.5.3 ACTIVE TARGETING……Page 173
6.5.4 IN VIVO STUDIES WITH NANOPARTICULATES FOR TARGETED CHEMOTHERAPY……Page 180
REFERENCES……Page 181
7.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 188
7.2 BARRIERS TO ORAL DELIVERY OF PROTEINS/PEPTIDES……Page 189
7.4 POLYMERIC NANO/MICROPARTICLES AS A POSSIBLE ORAL PEPTIDE-DELIVERY SYSTEM……Page 190
7.4.1 SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERIC NANO/MICROPARTICLES……Page 192
7.4.2 NONBIODEGRADABLE SYNTHETIC POLYMERS……Page 196
7.4.3 NATURAL AND PROTEIN-BASED POLYMERS FOR ORAL PEPTIDE DELIVERY……Page 199
7.4.4 PREPARATION OF NANO/MICROPARTICLES……Page 200
REFERENCES……Page 204
8.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 210
8.2.1 SOFT NANOSTRUCTURED POROUS MATERIALS……Page 213
8.2.2 INORGANIC NANOSTRUCTURED POROUS MATERIALS……Page 214
8.3 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK……Page 226
REFERENCES……Page 227
9.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 234
9.2 NANOSTRUCTURED SILICA AS DRUG CARRIERS……Page 235
9.3 NANOSTRUCTURED CALCIUM CARBONATE AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATES AS DRUG CARRIERS……Page 241
9.4 MAGNETIC TARGETING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS……Page 243
REFERENCES……Page 248
Part III: Nano Biomaterials and Biosensors……Page 252
10 Self-Assembly of Nanostructures as Biomaterials……Page 254
10.1.2 METHODS FOR LBL SELF-ASSEMBLY……Page 255
10.1.3 MATERIALS FOR LBL SELF-ASSEMBLY……Page 256
10.1.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF LBL SELF-ASSEMBLY……Page 259
10.2.2 MULTILAYERED POLYELECTROLYTE FILMS FOR CELL ADHESION……Page 261
10.2.3 ULTRATHIN COATINGS ON MEDICAL IMPLANTS……Page 263
10.2.5 MICROPATTERNING OF SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES……Page 265
10.3.2 LOADING BIOMACROMOLECULES INTO HOLLOW POLYELECTROLYTE SHELLS……Page 267
10.3.3 MICROENCAPSULATION FOR GENE DELIVERY……Page 271
10.3.4 DIRECT COATING ON PROTEIN AGGREGATES……Page 272
10.3.5 ENCAPSULATION OF SMALL-MOLECULE DRUG MICRO/NANOPARTICLES……Page 273
10.3.6 CARRIER SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION……Page 275
10.4.2 AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLES: PEO-PPO-PEO BLOCK COPOLYMER (PLURONIC)……Page 276
10.4.3 AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS BASED ON ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS……Page 278
10.4.4 BLOCK COPOLYMERS BASED ON POLY L-AMINO ACID (PLAA)……Page 280
10.4.5 “SMART” MICELLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION……Page 282
10.5 ENCAPSULATION OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS……Page 284
10.6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 285
REFERENCES……Page 286
11.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 292
11.2.1 DEFINITION……Page 293
11.2.2 BACKGROUND……Page 294
11.2.3 MECHANISMS AND MODES OF ELECTROSPRAYING……Page 296
11.2.4 PROCESSING PARAMETERS……Page 297
11.2.5 THEORY DESCRIPTION AND MODELING……Page 300
11.2.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROSPRAYING……Page 304
11.2.8 FABRICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS……Page 305
11.3 SUMMARY……Page 346
REFERENCES……Page 347
12.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 352
12.2 LIPID-BASED HYBRID NANOMATERIALS……Page 353
12.3 HYBRID NANOMATERIALS WITH OTHER SMALL BIOACTIVE MOLECULES……Page 358
12.4 HYBRID NANOMATERIALS WITH PROTEINS……Page 366
12.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES……Page 376
REFERENCES……Page 378
13 Polypyrrole Nano- and Microsensors and Actuators for Biomedical Applications……Page 384
13.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 385
13.2.2 POLYPYRROLE ELECTROCHEMISTRY……Page 386
13.2.3 ACTUATION OF POLYPYRROLE MICROSTRUCTURES……Page 391
13.2.4 INTEGRATION OF POLYPYRROLE MICROSTRUCTURES WITH SILICON DEVICES……Page 393
13.3.1 BILAYER ACTUATORS……Page 395
13.3.2 DIRECT-MODE POLYPYRROLE–PDMS MICROVALVE……Page 396
13.4.2 POLYPYRROLE NANOWIRE ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICALLY CONTROLLED VOLUME CHANGE……Page 400
13.4.3 POLYPYRROLE NANOWIRE MORPHOLOGY……Page 404
13.4.4 TIME RESPONSE OF ISOLATED NANOWIRES……Page 406
13.5 POLYPYRROLE BIOSENSORS……Page 410
REFERENCES……Page 415
14 Processing of Biosensing Materials and Biosensors……Page 418
14.1.1 ENZYMES……Page 419
14.1.2 MICROORGANISMS……Page 432
14.2 INTERMEDIA MATERIALS……Page 439
14.2.1 CARBON NANOTUBES……Page 440
14.2.2 POLYMER……Page 445
14.2.3 NANOMATERIALS……Page 450
14.2.4 FUNCTIONALIZED MONOLAYERS……Page 455
14.2.5 DIAMOND……Page 456
REFERENCES……Page 457
Part IV: Other Biomaterials……Page 472
15.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 474
15.2.1 POLYESTERS……Page 476
15.2.3 POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL……Page 482
15.2.4 TRIMETHYLENE CARBONATE……Page 483
15.2.6 POLY(ALKYL 2-CYANOACRYLATES)……Page 484
15.2.7 POLYURETHANES……Page 485
15.3.1 ALGINATES……Page 486
15.3.2 CHITOSAN……Page 487
15.3.5 HYALURONIC ACID……Page 489
15.4.2 TISSUE ENGINEERING AND DEGRADABLE POLYMERS……Page 490
15.5 CONCLUSION……Page 492
REFERENCES……Page 493
16.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 500
16.2 ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS……Page 502
16.3 POLYMER GELS……Page 503
16.4 IONIC POLYMER–METAL COMPOSITES……Page 506
16.5 CONDUCTING POLYMERS……Page 507
16.6 DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS……Page 513
REFERENCES……Page 515
17.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 522
17.2 BLOOD……Page 523
17.2.2 LEUKOCYTES……Page 524
17.3 BLOOD VESSELS……Page 525
17.4 BLOOD-CONTACTING DEVICES……Page 526
17.5.2 COAGULATION……Page 527
17.5.3 PLATELET ADHESION AND ACTIVATION……Page 532
17.5.4 COMPLEMENT SYSTEM……Page 533
17.6 SURFACES OF BLOOD-CONTACTING DEVICES……Page 534
17.6.1 BIOINERT MATERIALS IN BLOOD-CONTACTING DEVICES……Page 535
17.6.2 POLYMERIC COATINGS……Page 536
17.6.3 LIVING CELL LAYER AS BOUNDARY LAYER……Page 538
17.6.4 TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 539
17.7 BLOOD COMPATIBILITY TESTING……Page 540
17.7.1 THROMBIN GENERATION AND THROMBUS FORMATION……Page 541
17.7.2 PLATELET ADHESION AND ACTIVATION……Page 543
17.7.3 LEUKOCYTE ADHESION AND ACTIVATION……Page 545
17.7.6 CELL COMPATIBILITY/ENDOTHELIALIZATION……Page 546
17.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 547
REFERENCES……Page 548
18.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 552
18.2.1 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTITHROMBIN……Page 555
18.2.2 FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF ANTITHROMBIN……Page 556
18.3.1 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HEPARIN……Page 558
18.3.2 FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF HEPARIN……Page 559
18.4.1 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT HEPARINS……Page 561
18.4.2 POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF COVALENT ANTITHROMBIN-HEPARIN COMPLEXES……Page 562
18.5.1 CONCEPTS FOR COVALENT ANTITHROMBIN-HEPARIN SYNTHESIS……Page 564
18.5.2 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES AND In Vitro ACTIVITIES……Page 565
18.5.3 EFFECTS In Vivo……Page 570
18.6.1 CHEMISTRY AND In Vitro CHARACTERIZATION……Page 573
18.6.2 IN VIVO PERFORMANCE……Page 575
REFERENCES……Page 577
19 Surface Modification of Biomaterials Using Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition……Page 590
19.1.1 PLASMA SOURCES……Page 591
19.1.2 PLASMA PROPERTIES AND DIAGNOSTICS……Page 593
19.2.1 CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF PIII……Page 595
19.2.2 ION-SOLID INTERACTIONS INDUCED BY ION IMPLANTATION……Page 596
19.2.3 DEPOSITION PROCESS AND DYNAMICS……Page 597
19.2.5 APPLICATIONS OF PIII……Page 598
19.3.1 HYDROGEN PIII……Page 600
19.3.2 Ca/Na PIIID OF TITANIUM……Page 607
19.4 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NiTi ALLOY……Page 612
19.5.1 DLC THIN FILMS……Page 618
19.5.2 TI–O THIN FILM……Page 631
19.6.1 Cu-IMPLANTED POLYMERS……Page 635
19.6.2 GRAFTING OF ANTIMICROBIAL REAGENTS ON POLYMERS……Page 639
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 640
REFERENCES……Page 641
20 Biomaterials for Gastrointestinal Medicine, Repair, and Reconstruction……Page 650
20.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 651
20.2.2 SPHINCTER AUGMENTATION USING BIOMATERIALS……Page 652
20.3.2 FISTULA REPAIR USING BIOMATERIALS……Page 653
20.4.1 FECAL INCONTINENCE……Page 654
20.4.2 INJECTABLE BULKING MATERIALS……Page 655
20.5.2 BIOMATERIALS TO PREVENT INTRA-ABDOMINAL ADHESIONS……Page 658
20.6.1 DRUG DELIVERY TO THE COLON……Page 661
20.7.1 INTESTINAL FAILURE AND TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 664
20.7.2 BIOMATERIALS USED FOR INTESTINAL TISSUE ENGINEERING……Page 665
20.8 SUMMARY……Page 670
REFERENCES……Page 671
21.1 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BIOLOGY—STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES……Page 676
21.2 REPAIR OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE……Page 678
21.3.1 HYDROGELS……Page 679
21.3.2 SYNTHETIC SEGMENTED POLYESTERS AND POLYURETHANES……Page 684
21.4 TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACH……Page 685
21.5 TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT……Page 687
REFERENCES……Page 692
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Back Page……Page 720
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