Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-16 December 2005]

I. Ethem Gonenc, Vladimir G. Koutitonsky, Brenda Rashleigh, Robert B. Jr Ambrose, John P. Wolflin1402055269, 9781402055263, 9781402055287, 1402055277, 9781402055270

Like all limited and vulnerable resources, water has become one of the potential targets of terrorists. Coastal lagoons are especially vulnerable as they are densely populated centers of commerce and/or tourism. This volume addresses the basic scientific concepts that must be integrated by decisionmakers to minimize damages and optimize recovery operations in the aftermath of such an attack. Scientists from many disciplines including water resource management, hydrodynamics, aquatic ecology and social science combine their expertise in an effort to assess and model emergency scenarios for coastal lagoon systems. This case study uses existing numerical models such as-EFCD, WASP and AQUATOX are used to demonstrate how to optimize rapid response and decision-making.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 10
Preface……Page 6
Acknowledgements……Page 8
PART 1. INTRODUCTION……Page 19
1. Introduction……Page 20
PART 2. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON COASTAL LAGOONS……Page 25
2.1. Introduction……Page 26
2.2. Decision Making in Rapid Assessment and Response……Page 27
2.3. Preparation of a Continuity of Operations Plan……Page 62
2.4. Conclusion……Page 67
PART 3. PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND MODELING……Page 68
3.1. Introduction……Page 69
3.2. Part I: External Conditions……Page 70
3.3. Part II: Internal Structure and Water Dynamics……Page 81
3.4. Conclusions……Page 93
4.2. The Eulerian and the Lagrangian View……Page 96
4.3. Conservation Laws……Page 99
4.4. Simplifications and Scale Analysis……Page 107
4.5. The Shallow Water Equations……Page 113
4.6. Boundary Processes……Page 116
5.1. Introduction……Page 121
5.2. Definition and Objectives of Environmental Monitoring……Page 122
5.3. Multi-Purposefulness of Monitoring Activity……Page 124
5.4. Types of Monitoring……Page 126
5.5. Baseline and Targeted Monitoring From a View of System Approach……Page 127
5.6. Monitoring Parameters……Page 128
5.7. Spatial Schemes of Monitoring……Page 131
5.8. Types of Monitoring Measurements……Page 133
5.9. Temporal Schedule of Monitoring……Page 134
5.10. Monitoring and Short-Term Data Collection Dedicated to Modelling……Page 135
6.2. Lagoon Time Series……Page 138
6.3. Time Series Preprocessing……Page 139
6.4. Time Domain Analysis……Page 140
6.5. Filters……Page 144
6.6. Frequency Domain Analysis……Page 145
6.7. Summary……Page 153
7.2. The Basics……Page 154
7.3. The Decay Equation—A Simple Example……Page 156
7.4. Inertial Motion—A System of Equations……Page 162
7.5. The Diffusion Equation—The Spatial Dimension……Page 165
7.6. The Transport Equation……Page 169
7.7. Gravity Waves……Page 177
7.8. Conclusions……Page 180
8.1. Decision Support Tools……Page 182
8.2. Brief History of Modelling Tools……Page 183
8.3. MOHID……Page 185
8.4. MOHID: A Modular System……Page 186
PART 4. EFFECTS OF CBRN AGENTS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM……Page 207
9.1. Introduction……Page 208
9.2. Processes and Functions……Page 216
9.3. Functional Values and Socio-Economic Valuation……Page 218
9.4. Lower Danube Wetlands System Case study……Page 220
9.5. Conclusions……Page 229
10.1. Introduction……Page 234
10.2. The Conceptual Frameworks of Environmental Quality Indicators and Indices……Page 235
10.3. Examples of P–S–R Indicators for the Main Environmental Concerns……Page 238
10.4. Illustrative Examples of D-Type Indicators……Page 248
10.5. Summary and Conclusions……Page 249
11.2. Phytoplankton Systematic and Functional Diversity……Page 253
11.3. Environmental Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Biomass……Page 256
11.4. Size as an Alternative State Variable……Page 262
12.1. Ecosystem Organization……Page 267
12.2. Ecosystem Succession……Page 269
12.3. Pollutants and Bioamplification……Page 270
12.5. Terrorist Attack Consequences in The Lagoon Ecosystem……Page 271
12.7. Ecological Modeling with Stella……Page 273
12.8. Model Development……Page 274
12.9. Simulation of Different Scenarios……Page 282
12.10. Remarks……Page 284
13.1. Introduction……Page 286
13.2. Bioaccumulation of Toxic Substances in Food Webs……Page 287
13.3. Bioaccumulation Web Models……Page 289
13.4. ECOPATH……Page 290
13.5. ECOSIM……Page 291
13.6. ECOTRACE……Page 292
14.1. Introduction……Page 297
14.2. The AQUATOX Model……Page 298
14.3. General AQUATOX Model Results: Factors Determining the Aquatic Ecosystem Response……Page 299
14.4. Coralville Reservoir Example……Page 300
14.5. Summary……Page 302
15.1. Introduction……Page 304
15.2. Chemical Ammunition……Page 309
15.4. Research on Dumped Chemical Weapon in The Baltic Sea……Page 316
15.5. Lessons Learned from Unintentional Human Contact with Dumped Chemical Munitions……Page 319
15.6. Designing Research on Dumped Chemical Weapons……Page 320
15.7. Conclusions and Comments……Page 322
16.1. Introduction……Page 325
16.2. Critical Points……Page 326
16.3. Chemical and Biological Monitoring and Detection……Page 328
PART 5. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON COASTAL LAGOONS……Page 331
17.1. Background……Page 332
17.2. Tools and Techniques……Page 339
17.3. Results and Discussion……Page 342
17.4. Conclusions and Recommendations……Page 369
Appendix 1: The WASP7 Surface Water Body Model……Page 390
Appendix 2: Properties of Dieldrin……Page 398
List of Participants……Page 402