Advanced thermodynamics engineering

Kalyan Annamalai, Ishwar K. Puri, Milind A. Jog0849325536, 9780849325533

Although there are a number of satisfactory advanced thermodynamics texts on the market, virtually all of them take a rigorous theoretical and mathematical approach to the subject. Engineering students need a more practical approach-one that offers physical explanations along with the mathematical relation and equations-so they can readily apply them to real world problems.Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering fills that need. The authors take a down-to-earth approach that lays a strong conceptual foundation and provides simple, physical explanations for thermodynamic processes and the practical evaluation of thermodynamic systems. They employ a phenomenological approach throughout the book and include more than 150 engineering examples.The authors stress applications throughout the book, illustrate availability concepts, and emphasize the use of two conservation and two balance equations. They include an abundance of figures, exercises, and tables, plus a summary of important formulae and a summary of each chapter, ideal for quick reference or review. The authors have also developed spreadsheet software that covers many of the applications presented.This text eliminates the need for students to wade through the abstract generalized concepts and mathematical relations that govern thermodynamics. You can now offer them the perfect text for understanding the physics of thermodynamic concepts and apply that knowledge in the field: Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering.

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Information……Page 2
PREFACE……Page 7
ABOUT THE AUTHORS……Page 9
NOMENCLATURE *……Page 10
Greek symbols……Page 11
Subscripts……Page 12
Acronyms……Page 13
Laws of Thermodynamics in Lay Terminology……Page 15
CONTENTS……Page 16
A.IMPORTANCE,SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS……Page 28
a.System and Boundary……Page 29
b.Simple System……Page 30
c.Constraints and Restraints……Page 31
e.Phase……Page 32
g.Pure Substance……Page 33
i.Mixture……Page 34
j.Property……Page 35
k.State……Page 36
l.Equation of State……Page 37
n.Partial Pressure……Page 38
o.Process……Page 39
p.Vapor –Liquid Phase Equilibrium……Page 40
1.Explicit and Implicit Functions and Total Differentiation……Page 41
2.Exact (Perfect)and Inexact (Imperfect)Differentials……Page 43
i.Two Variables (x and y)……Page 45
3.Conversion from Inexact to Exact Form……Page 47
a.Work and Heat……Page 48
b.Integral Over a Closed Path (Thermodynamic Cycle)……Page 49
5.Homogeneous Functions……Page 50
ii.Intensive Property……Page 52
iv.Conversion of Extensive Into Intensive Properties……Page 53
7.LaGrange Multipliers……Page 55
8.Composite Function……Page 56
a.Stokes Theorem……Page 57
1.Matter……Page 58
2.Intermolecular Forces and Potential Energy……Page 59
b.Collision Number and Mean Free Path……Page 62
ii.Diatomic Gas……Page 65
4.Pressure……Page 66
a.Relation between Pressure and Temperature……Page 67
5.Gas,Liquid,and Solid……Page 69
6.Work……Page 71
7.Heat……Page 72
b.Single Component into Multicomponent……Page 73
a.Single Component Fluid……Page 74
b.Multiple Components……Page 75
10.Entropy……Page 76
E.SUMMARY……Page 81
ii.Work Done to Move an Electrical Charge……Page 82
c.Gradient of a Scalar……Page 83
d.Curl of a Vector……Page 84
b.Energy Conservation……Page 86
iii.Potential Energy……Page 87
v.Integrated Form……Page 88
vii.Coupled Systems……Page 89
c.Systems with Internal Motion……Page 90
ix.Cyclical Work……Page 91
xi.Rate Form……Page 92
e.Quasiequilibrium Work……Page 93
f.Nonquasiequilibrium Work……Page 95
g.First Law in Enthalpy Form……Page 99
xii.Internal Energy and Enthalpy……Page 100
xiii.Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and Volume……Page 102
xv.Polytropic Process……Page 104
a.Conservation of Mass……Page 106
xvi.Nonsteady State……Page 107
b.Conservation of Energy……Page 108
xx.Flow Work……Page 109
xxi.Nonsteady State……Page 110
xxv.Unit Mass Basis……Page 111
xxix.Steady State Steady Flow (SSSF)……Page 112
xxxi.Energy Conservation……Page 115
a.Heating of a Residence in Winter……Page 116
b.Thermodynamics of the Human Body……Page 117
c.Charging of Gas into a Cylinder……Page 119
d.Discharging Gas from Cylinders……Page 122
e.Systems Involving Boundary Work……Page 123
f.Charging of a Composite System……Page 125
a.Integral Form……Page 127
a.Integral Form……Page 128
c.Deformable Boundary……Page 129
1.Conservation Relations for a Deformable Control Volume……Page 130
1.Thermal and Mechanical Energy Reservoirs……Page 132
b.Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycle……Page 133
1.Informal Statements……Page 134
a.Kelvin (1824-1907)– Planck ((1858-1947)Statement……Page 135
i.Perpetual Motion Machines……Page 136
1.Reversible and Irreversible Processes……Page 137
2.Cyclical Integral for a Reversible Heat Engine……Page 138
3.Clausius Theorem……Page 140
5.External and Internal Reversibility……Page 144
b.Characteristics of Entropy……Page 145
7.Relation between ds,dq and T During an Irreversible Process……Page 149
ii.Proof……Page 151
a.Uniform Temperature within a System……Page 152
b.Nonuniform Properties within a System……Page 155
2.Integrated Form……Page 157
4.Cyclical Form……Page 158
5.Irreversibility and Entropy of an Isolated System……Page 159
6.Degradation and Quality of Energy……Page 160
a.Adiabatic Reversible Processes……Page 161
E.ENTROPY EVALUATION……Page 162
a.Constant Specific Heats……Page 165
b.Variable Specific Heats……Page 166
2.Incompressible Liquids……Page 168
4.Entropy During Phase Change……Page 169
a.Gibbs –Dalton ´s law……Page 172
b.Reversible Path Method……Page 173
F.LOCAL AND GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM……Page 174
G.SINGLE –COMPONENT INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS……Page 175
H.THIRD LAW……Page 180
1.General Expression……Page 182
2.Evaluation of Entropy for a Control Volume……Page 187
3.Internally Reversible Work for an Open System……Page 191
4.Irreversible Processes and Efficiencies……Page 194
b.Differential Form……Page 195
a.Steady Flow……Page 196
b.Solids……Page 197
J.MAXIMUM ENTROPY AND MINIMUM ENERGY……Page 198
a.Entropy Maximum (For Specified U,V,m)……Page 199
b.Internal Energy Minimum (for specified S,V,m)……Page 206
c.Enthalpy Minimum (For Specified S,P,m )……Page 211
d.Helmholtz Free Energy Minimum (For Specified T,V,m)……Page 214
e.Gibbs Free Energy Minimum (For Specified T,P,m)……Page 215
2.Generalized Derivation for a Single Phase……Page 218
iv.No Thermal Constraint……Page 220
vii.Other Cases……Page 221
1.Proof for Additive Nature of Entropy……Page 222
2.Relative Pressures and Volumes……Page 223
a.U,V,m System……Page 224
viii.One Component……Page 225
ix.Multiple Components……Page 226
A.INTRODUCTION……Page 227
B.OPTIMUM WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY IN A CLOSED SYSTEM……Page 228
a.Irreversibility or Gouy –Stodola Theorem……Page 229
1.Absolute and Relative Availability Under Interactions with Ambient……Page 230
2.Irreversibility or Lost Work……Page 233
a.Comments……Page 234
1.Optimum Work……Page 239
3.Availability Balance Equation in Terms of Actual Work……Page 241
a.Irreversibility due to Heat Transfer……Page 242
4.Applications of the Availability Balance Equation……Page 243
a.Multiple Reservoirs……Page 249
c.Mixtures……Page 250
7.Helmholtz Function……Page 252
b.Availability or Exergetic (Work Potential)Efficiency……Page 253
a.Coefficient of Performance……Page 257
b.Closed Systems……Page 260
4.Graphical Illustration of Lost,Isentropic,and Optimum Work……Page 263
F.CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY……Page 265
1.Closed System……Page 266
a.Ideal Gas Mixtures……Page 269
b.Vapor or Wet Mixture as the Medium in a Turbine……Page 272
c.Vapor –Gas Mixtures……Page 273
d.Psychometry and Cooling Towers……Page 274
1.Integral Form……Page 277
3.Some Applications……Page 278
H.SUMMARY……Page 282
B.CLASSICAL RATIONALE FOR POSTULATORY APPROACH……Page 283
1.Simple Legendre Transform……Page 285
a.Relevance to Thermodynamics……Page 287
2.Generalized Legendre Transform……Page 288
3.Application of Legendre Transform……Page 290
2.Elastic Work……Page 291
3.Surface Tension Effects……Page 292
5.Work Involving Gravitational Field……Page 293
1.Postulate I……Page 294
F.ENTROPY FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION……Page 295
H.INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES……Page 296
I.SUMMARY……Page 298
B.EQUATIONS OF STATE……Page 299
1.Virial Equation of State……Page 300
a.Exact Virial Equation……Page 301
a.Clausius –I Equation of State……Page 302
b.VW Equation……Page 304
i.Comments……Page 306
3.Redlich –Kwong Equation of State……Page 308
4.Other Two –Parameter Equations of State……Page 309
5.Compressibility Charts (Principle of Corresponding States)……Page 314
b.Boyle Curve……Page 318
c.The Z =1 Island……Page 319
7.Deviation Function……Page 320
b.Pitzer Factor……Page 322
ii.Empirical Relations……Page 323
c.Peng –Robinson (PR)Equation……Page 324
10.Generalized Equation of State……Page 325
c.Modified BWR Equation……Page 326
a.Generalized State Equation……Page 327
d.Relation for Densities of Saturated Liquids and Vapors…….Page 329
1.Cubic Equation……Page 330
b.Case II:•