Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics

Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics Panel on Gravitation, Physics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council0-309-03579-1, 9780309035798

Table of contents :
PHYSICS THROUGH THE 1990s……Page 2
Copyright……Page 3
Preface……Page 8
Contents……Page 12
I Summary of Principal Recommendations……Page 18
Space Program in Gravitation……Page 20
Gravitation Theory……Page 21
Ground-Based Studies in Cosmology……Page 22
Space Program in Cosmic Rays……Page 23
Ground-Based Cosmic-Ray Studies……Page 24
II Gravitation……Page 26
1 Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Introduction……Page 28
EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE, EOTVOS TO LUNAR LASER RANGING……Page 32
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT, MÖSSBAUER TO ROCKETBORNE MASER……Page 34
SIGNAL RETARDATION, NEWEST AND MOST ACCURATE TEST……Page 36
CHANGING GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT, SOLAR-SYSTEM TIME VERSUS ATOMIC TIME……Page 38
LABORATORY TESTING OF GRAVITATION, SEARCHING FOR THE UNEXPECTED……Page 39
Relativity Gyroscope Experiment……Page 41
Black-Hole Jets……Page 43
RANGING TO THE MOON AND INNER PLANETS……Page 44
Ranging to Planetary Landers and Orbiters……Page 45
Lunar Laser Ranging……Page 47
MEASUREMENT OF SECOND-ORDER SOLAR-SYSTEM EFFECTS……Page 48
GRAVITATIONAL QUADRUPOLE MOMENT OF THE SUN……Page 50
SYSTEMS OF COMPACT STARS……Page 51
4 Search for Gravitational Waves: Introduction……Page 53
THEORY……Page 54
SOURCES……Page 55
DETECTORS……Page 57
BINARY PULSAR……Page 59
BAR DETECTORS……Page 60
INTERFEROMETRIC DETECTORS……Page 61
PULSAR TIMING AND MILLISECOND PULSARS……Page 63
SOURCES OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES—RECENT DEVELOPMENTS……Page 64
LASER INTERFEROMETER DETECTOR WITH 5-KILOMETER BASELINE……Page 66
BAR DETECTOR SENSITIVITY AND BANDWIDTH……Page 69
OBSERVATIONS WITH BAR DETECTORS……Page 71
SPACECRAFT TRACKING……Page 72
SPACE INTERFEROMETERS……Page 73
EVENT RATES AND SOURCE CALCULATIONS……Page 74
COMPUTATION……Page 75
7 Gravitation Theory: Introduction……Page 76
NEUTRON STARS……Page 78
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE AND BLACK HOLES……Page 79
QUANTUM EFFECTS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE……Page 81
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE EINSTEIN EQUATIONS……Page 82
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF SPACE-TIME……Page 83
EMISSION OF GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION……Page 84
THE POSITIVE ENERGY THEOREM……Page 85
QUANTUM GRAVITY……Page 86
Kaluza-Klein Theories……Page 88
CLASSICAL GRAVITATION, SINGULARITIES, ASYMPTOTIC STRUCTURE……Page 89
QUANTUM GRAVITY……Page 90
ASTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NEUTRON STARS AND BLACK HOLES……Page 92
NEW KINDS OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS……Page 94
COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER SUBFIELDS: GRAVITATION EXPERIMENT, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, FIELD THEORY AND ELEMENTATY-PARTICLE………Page 95
SPACE TECHNIQUES……Page 97
GRAVITATION THEORY……Page 98
III Cosmology……Page 100
11 Introduction — The Standard Model……Page 104
BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS……Page 107
LARGE-SCALE PROPERTIES OF THE UNIVERSE……Page 109
STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE……Page 111
INVISIBLE MASS……Page 113
COSMOLOGY AND GRAND UNIFICATION……Page 115
THE INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE……Page 116
GRAVITATIONAL LENSES……Page 117
OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE……Page 118
CONTINUED GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS……Page 121
THEORY……Page 123
SPACE PROGRAM……Page 125
HUMAN AND COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES……Page 126
IV Cosmic Rays……Page 128
15 Overview……Page 132
16 Highlights……Page 138
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS……Page 140
Abundances of Heavy Elements……Page 142
Solar Neutrinos……Page 143
ACCELERATION……Page 144
Shock Acceleration……Page 145
Acceleration Fractionation……Page 146
Termination of Acceleration Mechanism……Page 147
High-Energy Gamma Rays……Page 148
GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY TRANSPORT AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM……Page 149
Energy Dependence of Escape from Galaxy……Page 150
Secondaries from Light Nuclei……Page 152
Propagation in Galactic Halo……Page 153
HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS……Page 154
Nucleon Decay Experiments as Cosmic-Ray Detectors……Page 155
Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions……Page 156
Cross Sections, Spectra, Anisotropies, and Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays Above 1017 Electron Volts……Page 157
Magnetic Monopoles……Page 158
SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS……Page 160
GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY ISOTOPES……Page 161
Ultraheavy Elements……Page 162
High-Energy Composition and Spectra……Page 163
Positrons, Antiprotons, Deuterium, and 3He……Page 164
Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions……Page 165
Gamma-Ray Astronomy……Page 166
Air-Shower Detectors……Page 167
Neutrino Astronomy……Page 168
Nucleon Decay Detectors……Page 170
Solar Neutrinos……Page 171
THEORY……Page 172
SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS……Page 174
Major New Programs……Page 175
Continuing Programs……Page 176
Studies for the Future……Page 177
GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTS……Page 178
HIGHEST-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS……Page 179
Large Underground Detectors……Page 180
THEORY……Page 181
Index……Page 182