Encyclopedia of Animal Science

Dekker

Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Adaptation and Stress: Animal State of Being……Page 2
Adaptation and Stress: Neuroendocrine, Physiological, and Behavioral Responses……Page 6
Amino Acids: Metabolism and Functions……Page 10
Angora Goats: Production and Management……Page 14
Animal Agriculture and Social Ethics for Animals……Page 17
Animal By-Products: Biological and Industrial Products……Page 20
Animal Handling-Behavior……Page 23
Animal Health: Diagnostics……Page 0
Animal Source Food: Nutritional Value……Page 31
Animal Source Food: Quality and Safety—Meat and Poultry……Page 34
Animal Source Food: Quality and Safety—Milk and Eggs……Page 37
Antibiotics: Microbial Resistance……Page 40
Antibiotics: Subtherapeutic Levels……Page 43
Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals: Potential Alternatives……Page 46
Aquaculture: Production, Processing, Marketing……Page 49
Aquatic Animals: Fishes—Major……Page 53
Aquatic Animals: Fishes—Minor……Page 56
Beef: Carcass Composition and Quality……Page 59
Beef Cattle Management: Crossbreeding……Page 62
Beef Cattle Management: Extensive……Page 66
Beef Cattle Management: Intensive……Page 69
Beef Cattle: Behavior Management and Well-Being……Page 72
Beef Cattle: Breeds and Genetics……Page 75
Beef Cattle: Housing……Page 78
Beef Cattle: Marketing……Page 82
Beef Cattle: Nutritional Management……Page 86
Beef Cattle: Reproduction Management……Page 89
Behavior: Aberrant……Page 92
Behavior: Feeding……Page 95
Behavior: Maternal……Page 98
Behavior: Reproductive……Page 102
Beta Adrenergic Agonists……Page 105
Bioavailability: Amino Acids……Page 109
Bioavailability: Energy……Page 112
Bioavailability: Fat-Soluble Vitamins……Page 116
Bioavailability: Mineral Elements……Page 118
Bioavailability: Water-Soluble Vitamins……Page 121
Biodiversity: Germplasm Banks……Page 125
Biodiversity: Grazing Management……Page 128
Biotechnology: Artificial Insemination……Page 131
Biotechnology: Cloning Animals……Page 134
Biotechnology: Embryo Technology for Cattle……Page 137
Biotechnology: Genetically Modified Feeds……Page 140
Biotechnology: Sexing Sperm……Page 144
Biotechnology: Stem Cell and Germ Cell Technology……Page 147
Biotechnology: Transgenic Animals……Page 150
Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation……Page 153
Body Composition: Breed and Species Effects……Page 156
Body Composition: Chemical Analysis……Page 160
Body Composition: Genetic Influence……Page 164
Body Composition: Indirect Measurement……Page 167
Body Composition: Linear Dimensions……Page 171
Body Composition: Nutritional Influence……Page 175
Body Composition: Technical Options for Change……Page 178
By-Product Feeds: Animal Origin……Page 181
By-Product Feeds: Plant Origin……Page 185
Camelids……Page 188
Carcass Composition and Quality: Genetic Influence……Page 192
Carcass Composition and Quality: Postmortem……Page 196
Channel Catfish……Page 199
Chickens: Behavior Management and Well-Being……Page 203
Chickens: Broiler Housing……Page 206
Chickens: Broiler Nutrition Management……Page 209
Chickens: Broiler Reproduction Management……Page 212
Chickens: Layer Health Management……Page 216
Chickens: Layer Housing……Page 220
Chickens: Layer Nutrition Management……Page 223
Chickens: Layer Reproduction Management……Page 226
Colostrum……Page 230
Competition for Land Use: Agricultural/Urban Interface……Page 233
Conjugated Linoleic Acid……Page 236
Contributions to Society: Biomedical Research Models……Page 240
Contributions to Society: Companions and Pleasure……Page 243
Contributions to Society: Conversion of Feed to Food……Page 246
Contributions to Society: Draft and Transport……Page 249
Contributions to Society: Improved Animal Source Foods……Page 252
Contributions to Society: Manure-Fertilizer/Fuel, Developed Countries……Page 255
Contributions to Society: Slaughter By-Products……Page 259
Dairy Cattle: Behavior Management and State of Being……Page 262
Dairy Cattle: Breeding and Genetics……Page 265
Dairy Cattle: Health Management……Page 269
Dairy Cattle: Nutrition Management……Page 273
Dairy Cattle: Reproduction Management……Page 276
Deer and Elk……Page 280
Digesta Processing and Fermentation……Page 283
Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients……Page 286
Disease Resistance: Genetics……Page 289
Diseases: Metabolic Disorders of Ruminants……Page 292
Domestication of Animals……Page 295
Ducks: Health Management……Page 298
Ducks: Nutrition Management……Page 301
Ecology and Environment: Issues……Page 304
Egg Products: Retail, Catering and Food Service Products……Page 307
Eggs: Marketing……Page 312
Eggs: Pricing……Page 315
Eggs: Processing, Inspection, and Grading……Page 318
Egg Products: Industrial Egg Products……Page 321
Eggs: Shell Egg Products……Page 326
Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals……Page 330
Environment: Accommodations for Animals……Page 333
Environment: Effects on Animal Health……Page 336
Environmental Pollutants……Page 339
Estrous Cycle: Cattle, Sheep, Goat……Page 343
Estrous Cycle: Mare, Sow……Page 346
Estrus Synchronization: Cattle……Page 350
Estrus Synchronization: Horses, Pigs, Sheep, and Goats……Page 354
Farm Animal Welfare: Philosophical Aspects……Page 357
Feed Quality: External Flow Markers……Page 360
Feed Quality: Natural Plant Markers—Alkanes……Page 363
Feed Quality: Natural Plant Markers—Indigestible Fiber……Page 366
Feed Supplements: Antibiotics……Page 370
Feed Supplements: Crystalline Vitamins……Page 373
Feed Supplements: Enzymes, Probiotics, Yeasts……Page 377
Feed Supplements: Mineral Salts……Page 380
Feed Toxicants……Page 385
Feedstuffs: High-Energy Sources……Page 388
Feedstuffs: Nonconventional Energy Sources……Page 391
Feedstuffs: Protein Sources……Page 394
Female Reproduction: Anatomy and Physiology……Page 399
Female Reproduction: Endocrine System……Page 405
Female Reproduction: Maternal–Fetal Relationship……Page 409
Fertilization……Page 412
Fiber-Producing Animals……Page 415
Forages: Grasses……Page 418
Forages: Legumes……Page 422
Forages: Shrubs and Forbs……Page 426
Fur and Mink……Page 430
Future of Animal Agriculture: Demand for Animal Products……Page 433
Future of Animal Agriculture: Market Strategies……Page 437
Future of Animal Agriculture: Urban/Rural Agriculture Ecosystems……Page 441
GI Tract: Anatomical and Functional Comparisons……Page 446
GI Tract: Animal/Microbial Symbiosis……Page 450
Geese……Page 454
Gene Action, Types of……Page 457
Gene Mapping……Page 460
Genetics: Mendelian……Page 464
Genetics: Molecular……Page 467
Genomics……Page 470
Goat Meat: Carcass Composition/Quality……Page 473
Goat Milk: Composition, Characteristics……Page 475
Goat Milk Products: Quality, Composition, Processing, Marketing……Page 479
Goats: Behavior, Stress, and Management……Page 483
Goats: Breeding and Genetics……Page 487
Goats: Breeds……Page 490
Goats: Health Management……Page 493
Goats: Nutrition Management……Page 497
Grazing Practices, Soil Conservation……Page 500
Growth and Development: Avian Embryos……Page 503
Growth and Development: Cell Differentiation……Page 506
Growth and Development: Mammalian Fetus……Page 511
Growth and Development: Postnatal……Page 514
Hormones: Anabolic Agents……Page 518
Hormones: Protein……Page 521
Hormones: Steroid……Page 524
Horse: Nutrition Management……Page 529
Horses: Behavior Management and Well-Being……Page 532
Horses: Breeds/Breeding/Genetics……Page 535
Horses: Reproduction Management……Page 537
Immune System: Nutrition Effects……Page 542
Immune System: Stress Effects……Page 545
Immunity: Acquired……Page 549
Immunity: Innate……Page 553
Implantation……Page 556
International Animal Germplasm Exchange……Page 560
Lactation, Land Mammals, Species Comparisons……Page 563
Lactation, Marine Mammals, Species Comparisons……Page 566
Lamb: Carcass Composition and Quality……Page 569
Lamb: International Marketing……Page 572
Lamb: U.S. Marketing……Page 576
Lipids……Page 579
Livestock Breeds……Page 583
Lower Digestive Tract Microbiology……Page 586
Male Reproduction: Physiological Comparisons……Page 589
Mammals: Carnivores……Page 592
Mammals: Nonruminant Herbivores……Page 594
Mammals: Omnivores……Page 598
Mammals: Ruminants……Page 600
Mammary Glands: Developmental Changes……Page 604
Mathematical Models: Metabolism……Page 607
Mathematical Models: Population Dynamics……Page 610
Mathematical Models: Production Systems……Page 613
Mating Systems……Page 616
Meat Quality in Carcasses: Visual Appraisal……Page 620
Meat Quality in Cattle: Live Evaluation……Page 623
Milk Composition, Species Comparisons……Page 626
Milk Synthesis……Page 630
Milk Yield Differences……Page 633
Mineral Elements: Macro……Page 636
Mineral Elements: Micro (Trace)……Page 639
Mitosis and Meiosis……Page 643
Mohair: Biology and Characteristics……Page 646
Mohair: Production and Marketing……Page 650
Molecular Biology: Animal……Page 654
Molecular Biology: Microbial……Page 658
Myostatin: Physiology and Applications……Page 662
Nutrient Management: Diet Modification……Page 665
Nutrient Management: Water Quality/Use……Page 668
Nutrient Requirements: Carnivores……Page 671
Nutrient Requirements: Nonruminant Herbivores……Page 675
Nutrient Requirements: Ruminants……Page 679
Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids……Page 682
Ontogeny: Adipose Tissue……Page 685
Ontogeny: Muscle……Page 689
Ontogeny: Skeleton……Page 693
Overall Contributions of Domestic Animals to Society……Page 697
Pathogens in Animal Products: Major Biological Hazards……Page 699
Pathogens in Animal Products: Sources and Control……Page 702
Phytases……Page 705
Placenta: Development……Page 709
Placenta: Functions……Page 713
Placenta: Types……Page 717
Policy Issues: Local/State Land Use Regulation……Page 720
Policy Issues: Rural/Urban Community Effects……Page 723
Pork: Carcass Composition and Quality……Page 726
Pork: Inspection/Processing/Marketing……Page 729
Poultry Meat: Carcass Composition and Characteristics……Page 732
Poultry Meat: Inspection/Grading……Page 736
Poultry Meat: Processing……Page 741
Poultry Production: Manure and Wastewater Management……Page 745
Pregnancy: Maternal Response……Page 749
Pregnancy: Recognition/Signaling……Page 752
Probiotics……Page 755
Proteins……Page 758
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)……Page 761
Ratites: Biology, Housing, and Management……Page 764
Ratites: Nutrition Management……Page 768
Religious Foods: Jewish and Muslim Laws for Animal Slaughter/Welfare……Page 771
Rumen Microbiology……Page 774
Salmon……Page 778
Selection: Marker Assisted……Page 782
Selection: Traditional Methods……Page 785
Sheep: Breeding/Genetics—Improving Meat Production……Page 788
Sheep: Health Management……Page 792
Sheep Milk and Milk Production: Processing and Marketing……Page 795
Sheep Milk and Milk Products: Composition……Page 798
Sheep: Nutrition Management……Page 801
Sheep: Reproduction Management……Page 804
Somatotropin……Page 807
Spermatogenesis, Sperm Transport, and Semen……Page 811
Superovulation……Page 815
Swine: Behavior Management and Well-Being……Page 819
Swine: Breeding and Genetics……Page 822
Swine: Health Management……Page 825
Swine: Product Marketing……Page 829
Swine: Reproductive Management……Page 832
Swine: Waste Management……Page 835
Transgenic Animals: Improved Performance……Page 838
Transgenic Animals: Modifying the Mitochondrial Genome……Page 841
Transgenic Animals: Secreted Products……Page 844
Turkeys: Behavior, Management, and Well-Being……Page 848
Turkeys: Nutrition Management……Page 851
Ultrasound Technology: Live Animal and Carcass Evaluation……Page 854
Vitamin E—Selenium and Their Interrelationship……Page 857
Vitamins—Fat Soluble……Page 860
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Biotin, Choline, Niacin, and Ascorbic Acid……Page 863
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, and B12……Page 866
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, and B6……Page 869
Water……Page 872
Water Buffalo……Page 875
Well-Being and Handling……Page 878
Well-Being Assessment: Behavioral Indicators……Page 881
Well-Being Assessment: Concepts and Definitions……Page 884
Well-Being Assessment: Physiological Criteria……Page 888
Wool: Biology and Production……Page 891
Xenotransplantation: Biological Barrier……Page 895
Yak……Page 899
Zoo Animals……Page 902
Agroterrorism……Page 906
Dairy Cattle: Waste Management……Page 909
Eggs: Composition and Structure……Page 912
Farm Animal Welfare: Economic Policies……Page 916
Genetics: Population……Page 920
Genetics: Quantitative……Page 923
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Production Systems……Page 926
Growth and Development: Peri-Implantation Embryo……Page 930
Growth and Development: Pre-Implantation Embryo……Page 934
Mammary Glands: Hormonal Regulation……Page 937
Nutrient Requirements: Omnivores—Poultry and Swine……Page 940
Physiology of Lactation……Page 943
Sperm Capacitation……Page 946
Swine Management Systems: Intensive……Page 949
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Biology and Disease……Page 953
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Detection and Diagnosis……Page 956
Water Buffalo: Reproduction Management……Page 959
Wool: Skirting, Classing, and Marketing……Page 962