Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Donald M. Borchert (Ed.)0-02-865781-0

Since 1967, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, described by Booklist as «the best and most comprehensive English-language reference source for philosophy,» has been the cornerstone of the philosophy reference shelf. Lauded for its clear and accessible presentation of wide-ranging philosophical subjects, the Encyclopedia has earned its place as a first-stop resource for general readers, students and educators. A Supplement to the first edition was released to critical acclaim in 1996. A new and updated edition of this multivolume set — the first comprehensive new edition in almost 40 years — has been compiled under the close guidance of a 21-member board of scholars headed by Donald Borchert (Ohio University).

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page – Volume 1……Page 3
ISBN 0028657802 (set), 0028657810 (vol 1)……Page 4
EDITORIAL BOARD……Page 5
CONTENTS……Page 7
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF……Page 8
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION……Page 9
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION, 1967……Page 14
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS……Page 19
A……Page 67
B……Page 68
C……Page 69
D……Page 70
F……Page 71
H……Page 72
J……Page 73
L……Page 74
M……Page 75
P……Page 77
S……Page 79
V……Page 81
Z……Page 82
ABBAGNANO, NICOLA……Page 83
ABELARD, PETER……Page 85
ABORTION……Page 90
ABSOLUTE, THE……Page 92
ABUBACER……Page 95
ACTION……Page 96
ADDISON, JOSEPH……Page 104
ADLER, ALFRED……Page 105
ADORNO, THEODOR WIESENGRUND……Page 107
AENESIDEMUS……Page 112
AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE……Page 114
AESTHETIC JUDGMENT……Page 117
AESTHETIC QUALITIES……Page 119
AESTHETICS, HISTORY OF……Page 123
AESTHETICS, HISTORY OF [ADDENDUM]……Page 145
AESTHETICS, PROBLEMS OF……Page 154
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION……Page 163
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY……Page 164
AGENT CAUSATION……Page 170
AGENT INTELLECT, THE……Page 172
AGNOSTICISM……Page 174
AGRIPPA……Page 178
AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM, HENRICUS CORNELIUS……Page 179
AILLY, PIERRE D’……Page 180
AITIA……Page 181
ALBERT OF SAXONY……Page 182
ALBO, JOSEPH……Page 184
ALCINOUS……Page 185
ALCMAEON OF CROTON……Page 186
ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND D’……Page 187
ALEXANDER, SAMUEL……Page 189
ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS [ADDENDUM]……Page 194
ALEXANDER OF HALES……Page 195
AL-FA—RA—BI—……Page 197
AL-GHAZA—LI—, AH. MAD……Page 199
AL-GHAZA—LI—, MUH. AMMAD……Page 200
AL-GHAZA—LI—, MUH. AMMAD [ADDENDUM]……Page 201
ALIENATION……Page 202
ALIOTTA, ANTONIO……Page 209
ALISON, ARCHIBALD……Page 210
ABD……Page 211
AL-KINDI—, ABU—-YU—SUF YA#QU—B IBN ISHA—Q……Page 212
AL-MUQAMMIS., DAVID BEN MERWAN……Page 213
ALSTON, WILLIAM P…….Page 214
ALTERITY……Page 215
ALTHUSIUS, JOHANNES……Page 216
ALTRUISM……Page 218
AMPERE, ANDRÉ MARIE……Page 219
ANALOGY IN THEOLOGY……Page 220
ANALYSIS, PHILOSOPHICAL……Page 226
ANALYTIC FEMINISM……Page 239
ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC STATEMENTS……Page 241
ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC STATEMENTS [ADDENDUM]……Page 246
ANALYTICITY……Page 247
ANALYTIC JURISPRUDENCE……Page 250
ANAPHORA……Page 253
ANAPHORA [ADDENDUM]……Page 257
ANARCHISM……Page 258
ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE……Page 263
ANAXIMANDER……Page 266
ANAXIMENES……Page 267
ANCIENT AESTHETICS……Page 269
ANCIENT SKEPTICISM……Page 273
ANDERSON, JOHN……Page 279
ANIMAL MIND……Page 282
ANIMAL RIGHTS AND WELFARE……Page 290
ANNET, PETER……Page 292
ANOMALOUS MONISM……Page 293
ANSCOMBE, GERTRUDE ELIZABETH MARGARET……Page 294
ANSELM, ST…….Page 296
ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE, THE……Page 301
ANTIOCHUS OF ASCALON……Page 304
ANTIREALISM……Page 305
ANTISTHENES……Page 306
APEL, KARL-OTTO……Page 307
APOLOGISTS……Page 309
APPEARANCE AND REALITY……Page 311
APPERCEPTION……Page 315
APPLIED ETHICS……Page 317
A PRIORI AND A POSTERIORI……Page 322
ARCESILAUS……Page 329
ARCHE—……Page 330
ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM……Page 332
ARDIGO, ROBERTO……Page 333
ARENDT, HANNAH……Page 334
ARETE—/AGATHON/KAKON……Page 338
ARISTO OF CHIOS……Page 339
ARISTOTELIANISM……Page 340
ARISTOTLE……Page 345
ARIUS AND ARIANISM……Page 364
ARKOUN, MOHAMMED……Page 366
ARMINIUS AND ARMINIANISM……Page 367
ARMSTRONG, DAVID M…….Page 368
ARNAULD, ANTOINE……Page 369
ARNOLD, MATTHEW……Page 375
ART, AUTHENTICITY IN……Page 377
ART, DEFINITIONS OF……Page 378
ART, EXPRESSION IN……Page 384
ART, FORMALISM IN……Page 389
ART, INTERPRETATION OF……Page 392
ART, ONTOLOGY OF……Page 397
ART, PERFORMANCE IN……Page 403
ART, REPRESENTATION IN……Page 406
ART, STYLE AND GENRE IN……Page 412
ART, TRUTH IN……Page 415
ART, VALUE IN……Page 419
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LANGUAGES……Page 424
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE……Page 427
ASCETICISM……Page 432
ASTELL, MARY……Page 437
ATHEISM……Page 438
ATHEISMUSSTREIT……Page 459
ATOMIC THEORY IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY……Page 462
ATOMISM……Page 465
AUGUSTINE, ST…….Page 471
AUGUSTINE, ST. [ADDENDUM 1]……Page 483
AUGUSTINIANISM……Page 484
AUSTIN, JOHN……Page 486
AUSTIN, JOHN LANGSHAW……Page 488
AUTHORITY……Page 494
AVENARIUS, RICHARD……Page 500
AVERROES……Page 503
AVERROES [ADDENDUM]……Page 508
AVERROISM……Page 509
AVICEBRON……Page 513
AVICENNA……Page 514
AYER, ALFRED JULES……Page 518
B……Page 521
BACHELARD, GASTON……Page 522
BACHOFEN, JOHANN JAKOB……Page 523
BACON, FRANCIS……Page 524
BACON, ROGER……Page 534
BACON, ROGER [ADDENDUM]……Page 536
BAD FAITH……Page 537
BAHRDT, CARL FRIEDRICH……Page 538
BAH. YA— BEN JOSEPH IBN PAQU—DA……Page 539
BAIER, ANNETTE……Page 540
BAIER, KURT……Page 542
BAIN, ALEXANDER……Page 543
BAKER, LYNNE RUDDER……Page 545
BAKHTIN, MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH……Page 546
BAKHTIN, MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH [ADDENDUM]……Page 549
BAKHTIN CIRCLE, THE……Page 551
BAKUNIN, MICHAEL……Page 552
BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH……Page 553
BALFOUR, ARTHUR JAMES……Page 555
BALGUY, JOHN……Page 556
BANFI, ANTONIO……Page 558
BARTH, KARL……Page 559
BARTH, KARL [ADDENDUM]……Page 561
BARTHES, ROLAND……Page 562
BASEDOW, JOHANN BERNHARD……Page 564
BASIC STATEMENTS……Page 565
BATAILLE, GEORGES……Page 570
BATTEUX, ABBÉ CHARLES……Page 571
BAUDRILLARD, JEAN……Page 572
BAUER, BRUNO……Page 574
BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB……Page 575
BAYES, BAYES’ THEOREM, BAYESIAN APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE……Page 577
BAYLE, PIERRE……Page 584
BEARDSLEY, MONROE……Page 590
BEATTIE, JAMES……Page 592
BEAUTY……Page 593
BEAUVOIR, SIMONE DE……Page 597
BECCARIA, CESARE BONESANA……Page 599
BECK, JAKOB SIGISMUND……Page 601
BEHAVIORISM……Page 602
BEING……Page 609
BELIEF……Page 614
BELIEF ATTRIBUTIONS……Page 618
BELINSKII, VISSARION GRIGOR’EVICH……Page 620
BELL, JOHN, AND BELL’S THEOREM……Page 621
BELLARMINE, ST. ROBERT……Page 624
BENEKE, FRIEDRICH EDUARD……Page 625
BEN GERSHON, LEVI……Page 626
BENJAMIN, WALTER……Page 627
BENN, GOTTFRIED……Page 629
BENNETT, JONATHAN……Page 631
BENTHAM, JEREMY……Page 632
BERDYAEV, NIKOLAI ALEKSANDROVICH……Page 640
BERGMANN, GUSTAV……Page 643
BERGSON, HENRI……Page 645
BERKELEY, GEORGE……Page 655
BERKELEY, GEORGE [ADDENDUM]……Page 666
BERLIN, ISAIAH……Page 670
BERNARD, CLAUDE……Page 671
BERNARD OF CHARTRES……Page 672
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ST…….Page 673
BERNARD OF TOURS……Page 674
BERTALANFFY, LUDWIG VON……Page 675
BIEL, GABRIEL……Page 676
BILFINGER, GEORG BERNHARD……Page 677
BINET, ALFRED……Page 678
BINSWANGER, LUDWIG……Page 679
BIOETHICS……Page 680
BLACK, MAX……Page 687
BLACK HOLES……Page 688
BLAKE, WILLIAM……Page 691
BLANCHOT, MAURICE……Page 693
BLANSHARD, BRAND……Page 695
BLOCH, ERNST……Page 696
BLONDEL, MAURICE……Page 699
BLOUNT, CHARLES……Page 701
BODIN, JEAN……Page 702
BODY-MIND PROBLEM……Page 705
BOEHME, JAKOB……Page 706
BOETHIUS, ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS……Page 707
BOETHIUS, ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS [ADDENDUM]……Page 709
BOETIUS OF DACIA……Page 710
BOHM, DAVID……Page 711
BOHMIAN MECHANICS……Page 712
BOHR, NIELS……Page 718
BOILEAU, NICOLAS……Page 721
BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN……Page 723
BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG……Page 725
BOLZANO, BERNARD……Page 728
BONALD, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VICOMTE DE……Page 730
BONAVENTURE, ST…….Page 731
BONHOEFFER, DIETRICH……Page 737
BONNET, CHARLES……Page 739
BOOLE, GEORGE……Page 740
BOSANQUET, BERNARD……Page 743
BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH……Page 746
BOSSUET, JACQUES BÉNIGNE……Page 749
BOSTRÖM, CHRISTOPHER JACOB……Page 750
BOULAINVILLIERS, HENRI, COMTE DE……Page 751
BOWNE, BORDEN PARKER……Page 753
BOYLE, ROBERT……Page 754
BRADLEY, FRANCIS HERBERT……Page 757
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS……Page 762
BRAHMAN……Page 763
BRAITHWAITE, RICHARD BEVAN……Page 767
BRANDT, R. B…….Page 769
BRENTANO, FRANZ……Page 770
BRIDGMAN, PERCY WILLIAM……Page 775
BRIGHTMAN, EDGAR SHEFFIELD……Page 776
BROAD, CHARLIE DUNBAR……Page 777
BROUWER, LUITZEN EGBERTUS JAN……Page 782
BROUWER, LUITZEN EGBERTUS JAN [ADDENDUM]……Page 784
BROWN, THOMAS……Page 785
BROWNSON, ORESTES AUGUSTUS……Page 787
BRUNNER, EMIL……Page 788
BRUNO, GIORDANO……Page 790
BRUNSCHVICG, LÉON……Page 795
BUBER, MARTIN……Page 796
BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS……Page 799
BUDDHISM……Page 803
BUDDHISM—SCHOOLS……Page 808
BUDDHIST EPISTEMOLOGY……Page 835
BUFFON, GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE……Page 840
BULGAKOV, SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH……Page 841
BULLOUGH, EDWARD……Page 843
BULTMANN, RUDOLF……Page 844
BURCKHARDT, JAKOB……Page 847
BURIDAN, JOHN……Page 848
BURKE, EDMUND……Page 852
BURLEY, WALTER……Page 854
BURTHOGGE, RICHARD……Page 857
BUSINESS ETHICS……Page 858
BUTLER, JOSEPH……Page 862
BUTLER, SAMUEL……Page 866
BYZANTINE PHILOSOPHY……Page 868